Fit measures in Structural Equation Modelling (SEM)

Absolute fit measures: These measure helps researchers to identify which priori model fits the

sample data and which proposed model will be having better fit.(Hooper, D., et.al 2008).

CMIN/DF: The acceptable value varies among statisticians. Mr. Wheaton recommends

acceptable of the fit even as high as 5 while Mr. Fidel restricts the acceptance level to 2

(Hooper, D., et.al 2008).Statisticians like Klien proposes model fit acceptance up to 3
Iacobucci, D. (2010).
RMR : Root mean Square residual
GFI : Goodness of Fit Index
This index is less sensitive to sample size(Hair et al). The values greater than 0.95 should

be accepted (Hooper, D., et.al 2008).

AGFI: Adjusted Goodness of Fit statistic
This is the corrected version of GFI on the latent model. The values greater than 0.95

should be accepted (Hooper, D., et.al 2008).

PGFI

Relative fit measures: Measures of relative fit model compares researchers hypothesized model

with null model (Glenn 2008)

NFI : Normed Fit Index

Values greater than 0.95 should be considered for model fitting (Hooper, D., et.al 2008).
RFI
IFI ( Incremental fit Indices)
This indices was popularized by Bentler and Bonnet. The indices developed on argument

that all variables in the null model should be uncorrelated so that it will help defining an

appropriate basis for defining zero point ( Marsh, H. W.1 et al 1996).

TLI ( Tucker Lewis Index)
Values greater than 0.95 will have perfect fit for the model (Hooper, D., et.al 2008).

CFI( Comparative fit Index)

Parsimony fit measures

 PRATIO
PNFI
PCFI

Fit measures based on the non-central chi-square distribution

NCP
FMIN
F0
RMSEA: Root Mean Square Error of Approximation
This measure was developed by Stiger and Lind. This measure discusses the fit between

parameter estimates and population covariance (Hooper, D., et.al 2008).The value less than

0.05 is considered to be good fit. The value in the range of 0.05 to 0.08 is considered to

be acceptable fit and the value greater than 0.10 is considered to be poor fit ( Schmidt

2007)

Information theoretic fit measures

AIC
BCC
BIC
CAIC
ECVI
MECVI

Fit measures based on sample size

HOELTER

References:
Blunch Neils Introduction to structural equation modeling using SPSS and AMOS sage 1e 2008,

P 113.

Gamst Glenn .C Readings in multicultural practices, sage 2008 p 18

Hair Jr Black Babin Anderson , Multivariate Data analysis Pearson 7e 2010

Hooper, D., Coughlan, J., & Mullen, M. (2008). Structural equation modelling: Guidelines for determining

model fit. Articles, 2.

Iacobucci, D. (2010). Structural equations modeling: Fit indices, sample size, and advanced

topics. Sample Size, and Advanced Topics.

Marsh, H. W., Balla, J. R., & Hau, K. T. (1996). An evaluation of incremental fit indices: A clarification of

mathematical and empirical properties. Advanced structural equation modeling: Issues and techniques,

315-353.

Schmidt Marcus, Hollensen Svend Marketing research an International approach Pearson 1e

2007 p 534.