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Prepared to meet English for Biology task guided by Mr. Dr. Sueb, M.Kes.
ABSTRACT
Diabetes is the leading cause of endstage renal disease (treatable by
dialysis or transplantation), accounting for 36 percents of new cases. More than
half of lower limb amputations in the Mardi Waluyo Blitar Hospital occur among
people with diabtes. From that case, the purpose of this research to understand
what causes of diabetes, how to treat diabetes, and how to prevent diabetes. The
method use a quantitative approach. The quantitative data collected through self-
administered questionnaires distributed personally to the subject by the researcher.
The sample size of 20 from reached of 50 populations diabetes patients at Mardi
Waluyo Hospital. The results of this research are the factors that causes diabetes
are obesity, lack of exercise or activity exercise, foods that contain lots of sugar
and hereditary, to treat diabetes are consider their food consumption, often
consume fruit and vegetables every day, have daily at least 30 minutes of physical
activity at work and/or during leisure time, and taking medication regularly, and
to prevent diabetes are maintain an ideal body weight in order to remain, check
their blood sugar levels regularly, food does not contain sugar, and soak rice in
water before cooking.
Keywords : diabetes mellitus, the cause of diabetes, to treat diabetes, to prevent
diabetes, Mardi Waluyo Hospital
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Preface
Praise to Allah SWT who has given the abundance of grace and gift to me
so I can finish this paper with the best. This paper discusses about "Handling
Diabetic as a Degenerative Disease At Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar".
The purpose of this paper is to deepen our knowledge of diabetes, which
can prevent or reduce the adverse effects of diabetes disease transmission. This
paper is submitted to the Department of Biology Universitas Negeri Malang in
partial fulfillment of requirements for taking the English for Biology assignment
by Dr Sueb, M. Kes.
Furthermore, The author not forget thank you goes to Dr. Sueb, M. kes,
lecturer subjects as English for biology that has guided the author in the process of
finalizing this paper. Also to all those who have supported and provided direction
and enter to the author in this paper that the settlement was reached completion of
this paper.
Final word, no ivory yang no crack, as well as the case with this paper is
still far from perfect. Therefore, I always expect criticism and suggestions from
the readers in order to achieve maximum results in the future.
Thus, this paper may be useful and used. Aamiin.
Authors
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover
Abstract .. ii
Preface .... iii
Table of Contents ... iv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Background ....... 1
B. Research of Problems 2
C. Objective ... 2
D. Benefits . 3
CHAPTER II THEORY REVIEW
A. The Cause of Diabetes ... 4
B. How to Treat Diabetes ... 5
C. How to Prevent Diabetes .. 8
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODS
A. Research Approach and Design .... 11
B. The Study Population and Sample 13
C. Time and Date .. 13
D. Data Collection . 13
E. Analysis Data 15
CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. The causes of diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital .... 19
B. How to treat diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital 19
C. How to treat diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital 20
CHAPTER V CONCLUSION
A. Conclusions 22
B. Suggestions 22
References ... 23
Attachment .. 24
iv
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Backgroud
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic disease with major longterm
implications, not only for the health and wellbeing of affected individuals, but
also for costs to Canadian society as a whole. There have been numerous
attempts to quantify the costs of diabetes using a Cost of Illness (COI)
methodological framework in other jurisdictions, but no comprehensive study has
yet been carried out for Canada provinces (Wild, 2009).
As a chronic metabolic disorder, diabetes mellitus can affect all of the
bodys major organ systems. These effects lead to complications which constitute
a significant burden of the disease. Consider the following statistics from the
National Institue of Health in Malang. For example, cardiovascular disease is 2 to
4 times more common in people with diabetes; cardiovascular disease is also
present in 75 percents of diabetes related deaths. The risk of stroke is 2,5 times
higher in people with diabetes. High blood pressure affects 60 to 65 percents of
people with diabetes (Polit D & Hungler, 1995).
Diabetes is the leading cause of new cases of blindness among adults 20 to
74 years of age. From 12.000 up to 24.000 new cases of blindness per year are
caused by diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes is the leading cause of endstage renal
disease (treatable by dialysis or transplantation), accounting for 36 percents of
new cases. There were 19.790 new case in the US in 1992 in people with diabetes.
There were 56.059 people with diabetes who were undergoing dialysis or
transplantation treatment in 1992 (American Diabetes Assosiation, 2010).
Nerve disease is also associated with diabetes as up to 50 percents of
people with diabetes have mild to severe form of diabetic nerve damage (with
such manifestation as impaired sensation in the feet of hands, delayed stomach
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2
B. Research Problems
From the text above, there are several problems as follows.
1. What are the causes of diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital?
2. How to treat diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital?
3. How to prevent diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital?
C. Objectives
The objectives of writing this paper are :
1. to know what the causes of diabetes,
2. to know how to treat diabetes, and
3. to know how to prevent diabetes.
3
D. Benefits
There are some benefits that can take of this paper, thats are :
1. can add information to the reader,
2. can be a reference for further research, and
3. can be reduce diabetes sufferers.
CHAPTER II
TEORY REVIEW
4
5
3. diet
The pattern is almost instantaneous current is highly favored by most
urban communities. A diet that is not in accordance with the needs of the body
may be the cause of diabetes mellitus, such as fried foods
minimal nutritional value.
4. history of diabetes mellitus
In the family Approximately 15-20% of patients with NIDDM (Non-Insulin
Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) have a family history of Diabetes Mellitus,
whereas IDDM (Insulin Dependent Diabetes Mellitus) as much as 57% comes
from a family of Diabetes Mellitus.
5. lack of exercise or activity exercise
It can be done 3-5 times a week, lack of exercise can decrease the sensitivity of
cells to insulin can be decreased so as to resulted in the accumulation of fat in
the body which can cause Diabetes Mellitus.
2. Physical exercise
Physical exercise is recommended regular physical exercise (3-4 times a
week) for about 30 minutes that are tailored to the ability and condition of
comorbidities (Iwan, 2010 in Anonim, 2014).
For example, moderate exercise is a regular walk for 30 minutes, sports
was walking briskly for 20 minutes and jogging exercise weight (Iwan, 2010 in
Anonim, 2014).
3. Hypoglycemic Drugs
a. Sulfonylureas
Sulfonylurea class of drugs works by:
1) stimulates release of stored insulin,
2) lowering the threshold of insulin secretion, and
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3) increasing insulin secretion as a result of glucose stimulation.
These drugs are usually given to patients with a normal body weight and
can still be used on a patient who weighs slightly moreless. Klorpropamid
recommended on the state of renal insufficiency and parents because of the risk of
prolonged hipoglikema, as well gibenklamid. Glukuidon also used for patients
with impaired liver or kidney function (Iwan, 2010 in Anonim, 2014).
b. Biguanide
Preparations were there and safe to use which metformin.Sebagai single
drug is recommended in obese patients (BMI 30) for patients who weigh more
(BMI 27-30) can also be combined with a sulfonylurea class (Iwan, 2010 in
Anonim, 2014).
c. Insulin
According to Bare & Suzanne (2002 in Burns, N & Grove, S. K., 2007)
indication of treatment with insulin is:
1) all people with diabetes of any age (both IDDM and NIDDM) in a state of
ketoacidosis or never go into ketoacidosis,
2) DM with pregnancy / gestational diabetes uncontrolled by diet (meal planning),
3) DM are not successfully managed with oral hypoglycemic drugs dosif
maximum. Insulin dose oral or injections starting with a low dose and
increased slowly - land in accordance with the patient's blood glucose results.
When a sulfonylurea or metformin has been accepted until the maximum dose
but not achieved target blood glucose is recommended the use of a combination
of sulfonylurea and insulin, and
4) Extension to merancanakan management is essential to obtain maximum
results. Educators for patients with diabetes, namely education and training in
the knowledge and skills aimed at supporting behavior change to improve
patient understanding of his illness, which is required to achieve a state of
optimal health. State of psychological adjustment kualifas better life. Education
is an integral part of the nursing care of diabetes.
8
In accordance with the classification, treatment of NIDDM not
requiring insulin. By setting back the balance between the input of nutrients
to the body's needs and network capabilities, symptoms of diabetes will be
resolved. In adults, where food nutrients needed by the body. Food needs to
be eaten are generally adapted to the amount of energy that must be removed
(WHO, 1974 in Tiurlina et al, 2009). Variations of this energy demand is
influenced by the type of physical activity performed, age and body size,
respectively (Hiswani, 2010 in Tiurlina et al, 2009).
Excess amount of energy eaten is stored as body fat. The higher the
amount of excess energy, the greater the amount of fat reserves, which will
increase the size of a person's body. The amount of energy required to move
the body, such as walking or doing homework, will increase in proportion to
body size. Conversely if there is a deficit in energy intake, it is to meet the
needs of basal and physical activity will use available reserves (body fat)
(Hiswani, 2010 in Tiurlina et al, 2009).
D. Data Collection
A questionnaire was chosen as data collection instrument. A questionnaire
is a printed self-report form designed to elicit information that can be obtained
through the written responses of the subjects. The information obtained through a
questionnaire is similar to that obtained by an interview, but the questions tend to
have less depth (Burns & Grove 1993:368). Data was collected with the aid of
questionnaires to evaluate the patients' and family members' knowledge and views
on diabetes mellitus. Questionnaires were decided upon because of the following:
1. they ensured a high response rate as the questionnaires were distributed
to respondents to complete and were collected personally by the
researcher,
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2. they required less time and energy to administer,
3. they offered the possibility of anonymity because subjects names were
not required on the completed questionnaires,
4. there was less opportunity for bias as they were presented in a
consistent manner.
Most of the items in the questionnaires were closed, which made it easier
to compare the responses to each item. Apart from the advantages that have been
listed above, questionnaires have their weaknesses; for example, there is the
question of validity and accuracy (Burns & Grove 1993:368). The subjects might
not reflect their true opinions but might answer what they think will please the
researcher, and valuable information may be lost as answers are brief. Two
questionnaires were used to collect the data. One was for the diabetic patients and
the other one for family members or relatives of the patients.
From the research, there is some data collection:
1. Question one from research problem 1, those who choose answer A are 9
patients. Answer B are 11 patient.
2. Question two from research problem 1, those who choose answer A are 11
patient, answer B are 9 patient.
3. Question three from research problem 1, those who choose answer A are 8
patient, answer B are 12 patient.
4. Question three from research problem 1, those who choose answer A are 18
patients, answer B are 2 patients.
5. Question one from research problem 2, those who choose answer A are 18
patients, answer B are 2 patients.
6. Question two from research problem 2, those who choose answer A are 15
patients, answer B are 5 patients.
7. Question three from research problem 2, those who choose answer A are 13
patients, answer B are 7 patients.
8. Question four from research problem 2, those who choose answer A are 14
patients, answer B are 6 patients.
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9. Question one from research problem 3, those who choose answer A are 18
patients, answer B are 2 patients.
10. Question two from research problem 3, those who choose answer A are 4
patients, answer B are 16 patients.
11. Question three from research problem 3, those who choose answer A are 7
patients, answer B are 13 patients.
12. Question four from research problem 3, those who choose answer A are 19
patients, answer B are 1 patients.
E. Analysis Data
From the data collection, we can see on table below.
Research Answerd
No.
Problem A B
1 1. 9 11
2. 11 9
3. 8 12
4. 18 2
Equal 46 34
2 1. 18 2
2. 15 5
3. 13 7
4. 14 6
Equal 60 20
3 1. 18 2
2. 4 16
3. 7 13
4. 19 1
Equal 48 32
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For more clear, see on graph below.
Research Problem 1
18
16
14
12
10
A
8
6 B
4
2
0
1 2 3 4
Question
Research Problem 2
18
16
14
12
10
A
8
6 B
4
2
0
1 2 3 4
Question
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Research Problem 3
20
18
16
14
12
10 A
8
B
6
4
2
0
1 2 3 4
Question
Base on data collection, we get that those who choose answer A from the
question one to four research problem one are 57.5%. Those who choose answer
B are 42.5%.
From the research problem two question one to four, those who choose
answer A are 75%, those who choose answer B are 25%.
From the research problem three, especially from the question number one,
those who choose answer A are 60%, answer B are 40%.
From data collection, we get data as follows.
1. From Research Problem 1
a. 45% answerd hereditary and 55% answerd that causes of diabetes is food
that contain sugar.
b. 55% answerd that they dont have member of their family diagnosed with
diabetes and 45% answerd their family member that have diagnosed of
diabetes.
c. 40% answerd that times to exercise in a week is once a week and 60%
answerd that times to exercise in a week is 3-5 times a week.
d. 90% answerd that obesity is a high risk of diabetes and 10% answerd dont
know about it.
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2. From Research Problem 2
a. 90% answerd that they ever consider their food consumption and 10%
answerd not consider their food consumption.
b. 75% answerd that following foods that their often to consume every day is
fruit and vegetables and 25% answerd carbohydrates and snacks.
c. 65% answerd that they usually have daily at least 30 minutes of physical
activity at work and/or during leisure time (including normal daily
activity) and 35% have not.
d. 70% answerd that they taking medication regularly and 30% not do it.
3. From Research Problem 3
a. 90% answerd that they check their blood sugar levels regularly and 10%
answerd not do it.
b. 20% answerd food that can lower the risk of diabetes is containing vitamin
C and 80% answerd that food can lower risk of diabetes is does not contain
sugar.
c. 35% answerd that they know if soak rice in water can reduce the sugar
contentin rice and 65% answred dont know about it.
d. 95% answerd that they maintain an ideal body weight in order to remain
and 5% answerd they didnt do that.
CHAPTER IV
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
A. Conclusion
From result and disscussion that have been made, it could be concluded :
1. The majority causes of diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar is
obesity. Other factors that causes diabetes are lack of exercise or activity
exercise, foods that contain lots of sugar and hereditary.
2. The ways to treat diabetes at Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar are consider
their food consumption, often consume fruit and vegetables every day,
have daily at least 30 minutes of physical activity at work and/or during
leisure time, and taking medication regularly.
3. The majority patients at Mardi Waluyo Hospital, Blitar know the ways to
prevent diabetes is maintain an ideal body weight in order to remain. The
other ways that can prevent diabetes are check their blood sugar levels
regularly, food does not contain sugar, and soak rice in water before
cooking.
B. Suggestion
In this paper, the authors want to suggest:
1. know more about the causes of diabetes, how to treat it, and how to
prevent it, so can reduce number of diabetes disease,
2. do more research on other degenatif diseases, and
3. add more time and sample in research.
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REFERENCES
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