Cooling tower 1

TABLE OF CONTENT

Summery .................................................................................................2

Introduction ..................................................................................................3

Theory .........................................................................................4

Experimental Procedure.........................................................................................6

Schematic diagram .........................................................................................7

Results .................................................................................................9

Discussion ................................................................................................17

Conclusion ...............................................................................18

Appindex ............................................................................... 19

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:Summary .1
Cooling tower is the name of experiment that doing in the lab. mass and energy

balance was performed over a cooling tower also the mean driving force was

determined the number of transfer unit and the over all mass transfer coefficient. In

this experiment warm water is contact with dry air and the heat transfer from water to

air and the out water be come cold. We use two heat source one at 1 kw and other at

1.5 kw

: Experiment objective

perform mass and energy balance (1

.Determine the mean driving force (2

.Determine the number of transfer unit (3

.Determine the over all mass transfer coefficient (4

Image (1) Cooling Tower

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: Introduction .2
Open pond or by the spray pond technique in which it is dispersed in spray form and

then collected in a large, open pond. Cooling takes place both by the transference of

sensible Heat and by evaporative cooling as a result of which sensible heat in the

water provides the latent heat of vaporization.

On the large scale, air and water arc brought into countercurrent contact in a

cooling tower which may employ either natural draught or mechanical draught. The

water flows down over a series of wooden slats which give a large interfacial area

and promote turbulence in the liquid. The air is humidified and heated as it rises,

while the water is cooled mainly by evaporation.

The natural draught cooling tower depends. on the chimney effect produced by the

presence in the tower of air and vapor of higher temperature. and therefore of lower

density than the surround. atmosphere. The atmospheric conditions and the

temperature and quantity of the water will exert a very Important effect on the

operation of the tower. Not only will these factors influence the quantity of air drawn

through the tower, but they will also affect the velocities and flow patterns and hence

the transfer coefficients between and liquid.

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:Theory .3
:Over all mass balance *

Input = output

L2 L1 G 2 G1

Where L2 water inlet , L1 water outlet ,G1 air inlet G2 air outlet

:Water mass balance *

L2 L1 G 2 * H 2 G1 * H 1

G 2 G1 G

L2 L1 G * ( H 2 H 1 )

Where H2 humidity of outlet air , H1 humidity of inlet air

: Energy balance *

H Y C S * (T T ) H *

C S 1.005 1.88 * H

Q G * (H Y 2 H Y1 )

Is latent heat Is enthalpy of air , cs is heat capacity of air H Y

Where
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: Determination of number of transfer unite *

HY 2 dH Y
N OG
HY 2 H HY
*
Y

Where NOG is number of transfer unit (dimensionless)

: To calculate mean driving force *

H Y 2 H Y1
H lom
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )

: To calculate over all mass transfer coefficient *

Z = NOG *HOG

G
H OG
M B * P * KG a

Where is HOG is height of transfer unit (m) ,MB is molecular weight , P is the pressure
. , and KGa is mass transfer coefficient

Temperature and concentration profiles at interface

Figure 1: Temperature and concentration profile in upper part of cooling tower

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:Experimental procedure .4
.Introduce water and record its flow rate -1

.Put the heaters on so that water is heated to the required temperature -2

.Introduce air and record its flow rate -3

Wait for steady state then record steady state dry and wet bulb -4

.temperature of air at the entrance and exit

Record the inlet and outlet temperature and flow rate of water also record -5

.temperature at different stages

.Change the air flow rate and repeat step 3 on -6

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:Schematic Apparatus .5

.Image 2 : cooling tower in the lab

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Wet bulb T4 Dry bulb T3

packing
T5

Dry bulb T1

Wet bulb T2

Fan

Flow meter
Heater Pump
Manometer
Make up tank

Figure 2. setup of experiment

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Results and calculation .6

A. Heater load =1 kw
Table 1. air water temperatures at 1kw
Time min T1 C 0
T2 C 0 T3 C 0 T4 C 0 T5 C 0 T6 C 0
0 21 19 31 29 39 26
5 21 20 25 24 39 22
10 21 20 22 23 28 22
15 22 20 23 23 28 22
20 22 20 23 23 28 22

Initial pressure (P0)=31 mm h2o

Final pressure (P) =38 mm h2o

Water flow rate=40 g/sec

Total of water used= 1000ml

Water evaporated = 800 ml

: From humidity chart

H2 = 0.017 kg water/kg air , H1 = 0.013 kg water/kg air

X
G1 0.0137( )
(1 H ) * v H

X = 38 31 = 7 mm H2O

H = 0.013 kg water/kg air & T= 273 + 22

v H (T)(H*10-3*4.56 + 10-3*2.38)

v H 0.719 m3/kg air

G1 = 0.0424 kg/sec

L2 = 40 (g/sec)/1000(g/kg) L2 = 0.04 kg/sec

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* : Water mass balance

) L2 L1 G * ( H 2 H 1

)L1 = 0.04 - (0.0424)*(0.017 0.013

L2 = 0.03983 kg water /sec

* : Energy balance

) Q G * (HY 2 HY1

H Y 1 (1.005 1.88 * H 1 ) * (T1 ) 2501.4 * H 1

HY1 = (1.005 + 1.88*0.013)*(22) + 2501.4*0.013

HY1 = 55.165 KJ/kg air

H Y 2 (1.005 1.88 * H 2 ) * (T2 ) 2501.4 * H 2

)HY2 =(1.005+0.017*1.88)*(23) + (2501.4*0.017

HY2 = 66.3738 kJ/kg air

)Q = 0.0424*(66.3738 25.899 Q = 1.71613 kJ/sec

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: Calculate number of transfer unite (NTU)

We neglible resistance to heat transfer in the liquid phase and we use correction factor
: method

TL2 = 28 oC HY2 = 66.3738 kJ/kg

TL1 = 22 oC HY1 = 55.165 kJ/kg
TLm = (28+22)/2 TLm = 25oC HLm = 60.77 kJ/kg

HY1 = (HYi HY)TL1 = ( 88.14 - 55.165 ) = 32.89 kJ/kg

HY2 = (HYi HY)TL2 = (123 66.3738 ) = 56.63 kJ/kg
HYm =(HYi - HY)TLm = (104.89 60.77 ) = 44.12 kJ/kg

Hm/HY1 = 44.12/32.89 Hm/HY1 = 1.34

Hm/HY2 = 44.12/56.63 Hm/HY2 = 0.79

After using chart :

f =1
NTU = (HY2 HY1)/(f*Hm) NTU = (66.37 55.165)/(1*44.12)

NTU = 0.255
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Calculate over all mass transfer coefficient (KGa) :

Z = NOG *HOG HOG = Z / NOG

Z = 0.48 m , NOG = NTU = 0.255
HOG = 0.48/0.255
HOG = 1.88 m

G
H OG
M B * P * KG a

G = 0.0424 kg/sec , A = L2 = (150/1000)2

A = 0.0225 m2 MB = 29 kg/kgmol P = 1 atm

1.88 m = (0.0424/0.0225)(kg/s*m2)/(1 atm * 29 kg/kgmol*KGa)

KGa = 0.0344 kgmol/atm *m2*s

(Calculate mean driving force 5

H Y 2 H Y1
H lom
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )

Hlom = (66.37 55.165)/ln(66.37/55.165)

Hlom = 60.594 kJ/kg
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B. Heater load =1.5 kw

Table 3. air water temperatures at 1kw

Time min C T1 0
C 0 T2 C 0 T3 C 0 T4 C 0 T5 C 0 T6
0 23 20 29 26 38 25
5 22 20 27 27 35 24
10 22 20 27 27 34 24
15 22 20 27 27 34 24
20 22 20 27 27 34 24

Initial pressure (P0)=31mm h2o

Final pressure (P) =38 mm h2o

Water flow rate=40 g/sec

Total of water used= 1000ml

Water evaporated = 850 ml

: From humidity chart

H2 = 0.022 kg water/kg air , H1 = 0.013 kg water/kg air

X
G1 0.0137( )
(1 H ) * v H

X = 38 31 = 7 mm H2O

H = 0.013 kg water/kg air

v H (T)(H*103*4.56 103*2.83)

v H 0.852 m3/kg air

G1 = 0.0390 kg/sec

L2 = 40 (g/sec)/1000(g/kg) L2 = 0.04 kg/sec

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* : Water mass balance

) L2 L1 G * ( H 2 H 1

)L1 = 0.04 - (0.039)*(0.022 0.013

L2 = 0.0396 kg water /sec

* : Energy balance

) Q G * (HY 2 HY1

H Y 1 (1.005 1.88 * H 1 ) * (T1 ) 2501.4 * H 1

HY1 = (1.005 + 1.88*0.013)*(22) + 2501.4*0.013

HY1 = 55.165 KJ/kg air

H Y 2 (1.005 1.88 * H 2 ) * (T2 ) 2501.4 * H 2

)HY2 =(1.005+1.88*0.022)*(27) + (2501.4*0.022

HY2 = 83.282 kJ/kg air

)Q = 0.039*(83.282 55.165 Q = 1.0965 kJ/sec

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: Calculate number of transfer unite (NTU)

We neglible resistance to heat transfer in the liquid phase and we use correction factor
: method

TL2 = 34 oC HY2 =83.282 kJ/kg

TL1 = 24 oC HY1 =55.165 kJ/kg
TLm = (34+24)/2 TLm = 29oC HLm = 69.22 kJ/kg

HY1 = (HYi HY)TL1 = ( 100.7 - 55.165 ) = 45.54 kJ/kg

HY2 = (HYi HY)TL2 = (140.59 83.28 ) = 57.31 kJ/kg
HYm =(HYi - HY)TLm = (123.6 69.22 ) = 54.38 kJ/kg

Hm/HY1 = 54.38/45.54
Hm/HY1 = 1.19
Hm/HY2 = 54.38/57.31
Hm/HY2 = 0.95

After using chart :

f = 0.98
NTU = (HY2 HY1)/(f*Hm) NTU = (83.28 55.165)/(0.97*54.38)

NTU = 0.51
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Calculate over all mass transfer coefficient (KGa) :

Z = NOG *HOG HOG = Z / NOG

Z = 0.48 m , NOG = NTU = 0.51
HOG = 0.48/0.51
HOG = 0.95 m

G
H OG
M B * P * KG a

G = 0.0390 kg/sec , A = L2 = (150/1000)2

A = 0.0225 m2 MB = 29 kg/kgmol P = 1 atm

0.95 m = (0.0390/0.0225)(kg/s*m2)/(1 atm * 29 kg/kgmol*KGa)

KGa = 0.0598 kgmol/atm *m2*s

Calculate mean driving force

H Y 2 H Y1
H lom
ln( H Y 2 H Y 1 )

Hlom =(83.28 55.165) /ln(83.28/55.165)

Hlom = 68.260 kJ/kg
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: Discussion . 7

1) In this experiment There are tow level of heat source first we use 1 kw then

we use 1.5 kw .

2) The amount of water transfer to the air is very low.

3) The air humidity inlet in second case is more than first case that mean the air

there is error coming from water evaporation from tower in side laboratory .

4) the amount of heat transfer from liquid to the gas in second case less than

first case.

5) The number of transfer unit in second case is larger than the first case.

6) The mass transfer coefficient approximately constant.

7) In this experiment no resistance to heat transfer in liquid phase was assumed.

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8. Conclusions :
The mass transfer and heat transfer is decreased with increase inlet air humidity and,

the objective of use packing is to increase area of contact between water and air. The

cooling tower does not use in the place which the air have high humidity.
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Appendix
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: B.Variable Listing

NOG = number of transfer unit(dimensionless)

HOG = height of transfer unit (m)
L = water flow (kg/s*m2)
G = dry air flow (kg/s*m2)
H = humidity of air (kg water/kg air)
Hy = enthalpy of air water mixture (J/kg air)
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C. Reference:

1) Colunson , J.M and Rechardson , j.F Chemical Engineering vol 1 , 3 th edition ,

BUTTERWORTH HEINEMANN , 1999 .

2) Christie john geankoplis," transport processes and separation process principles",4 th

edition, prentice hall (2003) .

3) "Chemical Engineering Laboratory 2",Dep. of Chemical engineering .