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MATERIALS:
1. Type of cement: OPC 43 grade conforming to IS 8112
2. Mineral admixture: Ground Granulated Blast furnace Slag (GGBS)
3. Sizes of aggregates: 20mm, 12.5mm, 10mm, 4.75mm
APPARTUS:
i) Batch mixer
ii) Mechanical Vibrator
iii) Frustum to measure slump with steel rule.
iv) Shovel
v) Scoop
vi) Tamping rod
vii) Water-bath
3
viii) Materials:
a) Cement
b) Coarse aggregate of 20 mm and 10 mm size.
c) Fine aggregate
d) Tap water
With the given materials the four variables factors is to be considered in connection with
specifying a concrete mix.
i) Water- cement ratio
ii) Cement content and cement- aggregate ratio
iii) Gradation of the aggregate
iv) consistency
PARAMETERS FOR MIX DESIGN M40:
Grade Designation = M-40
Characteristics compressive strength required after 28 days = 40MPa.
Maximum size of aggregate= 20 mm
Degree of workability= Slump = 30 mm
Type of exposure= mild
SPECIFIC GRAVITY:
Cement = 3.15
Fine Aggregate = 2.68
Coarse Aggregate = 2.73
Minimum Cement (As per IS 456:2000=300kg) = 320 kg / m3
Maximum water cement ratio (As per contract) = 0.50
MIX CALCULATION:
i) Target Mean Strength = 40 + ( 5 X 1.65 ) = 48.25Mpa
ii) Selection of water cement ratio:
water cement ratio = 0.5
Calculation of water and cement content:
Cement content = 385 kg/m3 ( according to IS 10262, revision 2009 max. and min. cement
content is 450 and 320 kg/m3 resp. hence average is taken)
Water content = cement content* water cement ratio = 385*0.5= 192.5 kg
4
X = 1856.85 kg
Hence, CA = 1856.85 * 0.60 = 1114.17 kg
FA = 1856.85 * 0.40 = 742.78 kg
Cement: F.A.: C.A.: water = 385: 742.78: 1114.17: 192.5 =1:1.93:2.89:0.5
MIXTURE DATA:
Mixture grade M40
w/c ratio 0.50
Cement 385kg
Coarse aggregate 1114.17 kg
Fine aggregate 742.78 kg
Water 192.5 litres
GGBS
slump 30 mm
i) Place the mix proportions i.e. cement, fine aggregates, coarse aggregates and water in to
the rotating drum mixer
ii) Mix admixtures with the water and place in the drum.
iii) Mix thoroughly for few minutes.
iv) Place out the concrete mix on large pan
v) Measure the slump as per the standard slum measure method.
vi) Keep ready the mould inside surface lubricated with oil.
vii) Fill the cube, cylinder and the prism with scoop and compact it with the
help of vibrator.
viii) Strike off the excess concrete from the surface of the mould.
5
ix) Keep the filled concrete mould in air for 24 hours. After 24 hours of casting, the concrete
sample is de-moulded and sample is placed for curing inside the water bath.
28 days testing
Sample Grade of Date of Date of Slump Dimension Load Comp.strength Average
No. concrete casting testing (cm) (cm) (kN) (N/mm2) Strength
(N/mm2)
1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 960 42.67 43.70
2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 990 44.00
3 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 15*15*15 1000 44.44
CYLINDER TESTING
(I) Split Tensile = 2P/(DL)
Where, P = load at failure
D = Diameter = 15cm
L = Length = 30 cm
Sampl Grade of Date of Date of Slu Area Load Split Average
e No. concrete casting testing mp (mm2) (kN) Tensile
(cm) strength
(MPa)
1 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 141371.67 220 3.11 3.18
2 M40 23/09/15 20/10/15 30 141371.67 230 3.25
RESULT:
Materials Tested Age (days) Test values (n/mm2)
Compressive Strength
CUBES 7 28.00
28 43.70
BEAMS 7 5.60
28 7.60
Cylinder Testing
SPLIT TENSILE 28 3.18
VERTICAL 28 31.12
COMPRESSION
SCOPE:
This work consists of determination of Optimum moisture content and maximum dry
density of a GSB to obtain a mix up to which mix has to be compacted on the field.
MATERIALS USED:
As per ANNEXURE:A
OBTAINED REQUIRED
MATERIAL PROPERTY TEST
VALUE VALUE
Specific gravity of coarse
Specific gravity aggregates 2.72 2.6-2.8
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)
Water absorption test on
Water
aggregates 0.2% > 0.6%
absorption
(IS 2386 (part 3)-1963)
APPARATUS:
1. Proctor mould (capacity, internal diameter 150 mm, and effective height 175 mm )
2. Rammer for heavy compaction (4.8 Kg, with free drop of 450 mm).
3. Mould accessories including detachable base plate, removable Collar.
4. I.S. sieve 4.75 mm.
TEST PROCEDURE:
Preparation of Specimen:
1. Take about 10 kg of the aggregate as per GSB grading 6 and add water to get the
moisture content round 2%.
2. Clean and grease gently the inside surface of the mould, and the base plate.
3. Take the weight of empty mould with the base plate.
4. Fix the collar and place the mould on a solid base.
5. Place first batch of sample inside the mould and apply 56 blows of rammer, so that
the compacted layer thickness is about one-fifth height of the mould. Place the second
batch of wet GSB mix and follow the same procedure. In all the aggregates are
compacted in five layers, each given 56 blows of the standard rammer weighing 4.8
Kg and having a drop of 450 mm.
6. Remove the collar, and trim of the excess of GSB mix with trimming knife. Clean the
mould, and weight the mould with the compacted soil and the base plate.
7. Take a representative sample from the mould and determine its water content.
8. Repeat the above procedure for water content values increasing in manner of 1 % till
dry density starts to decrease.
9
Wt. of
Empty Wt. Wt. of Water
Sample Container Container + Average
of Container + Content
No No. Oven dried (%)
Container Sample (gm) (%)
Sample (gm)
22 29.11 85.72 84.5 2.20
1 2.61
80 27.94 79 77.5 3.03
28 19 29.5 29 5.00
8 9.57
73 28 38.5 37.2 14.13
DENSITY DETERMINATION
Density
Empty Wt. Wt. of Mould Wt. of
Sample Water of the
of Mould + Compacted Compacted
No. Content(%) Sample
(kg) Sample(kg) Sample(kg)
(g/cc)
1 2.615 13.278 6.498 2.102
MDD vs OMC
2.550
2.450
2.400
2.350
Dry Density
2.300
OMC = 9.35 %
2.250
2.200
2.150
2.100
2.050
0.000 2.000 4.000 6.000 8.000 10.000 12.000
Water Content %
MDD vs OMC MDD vs OMc
12
CONCLUSION:
This mix method according to ASTM D6927-15 covers the measurement of resistance
of plastic flow of cylindrical specimens of bituminous paving mixture loaded on the lateral
surface by means of the Marshall apparatus. The Marshall method for asphalt concrete mix
design is a rational approach to selecting and proportioning aggregates, asphalt cement and
mineral aggregate to obtain the specified properties in the finished asphalt concrete surfacing
structure. The method is intended for laboratory design of asphalt hot mix paving mixture.
The test method is for use with SMA mixture prepared with asphalt, aggregate with
maximum size of 25mm and mineral aggregate.This method allows the designer a visual
evaluation of the mix at various asphalt content, as well as the determination of density and
void properties.
MATERIALS USED
1. Aggregate of following gradation
IS Sieve(mm) Cumulative % by weight of total
aggregate passing
26.5 100
19 90-100
13.2 45-70
9.5 25-60
4.75 20-28
2.36 16-24
1.18 13-21
0.6 12-18
0.3 10-20
0.075 8-12
2.Asphalt
3.Mineral aggregate-dust
OBTAINED REQUIRE
Material PROPERTY TEST
VALUE D VALUE
Specific
Specific gravity of bitumen 1.02 0.97-1.02
gravity
(IS 1202:1978)
Softening point of bitumen
Softening point 55C
(IS: 1205 -1978)
Ductility of bitumen
Ductility 82 cm
Bitumen (IS: 1208 -1978)
Penetration Penetration test
83.75 cm
value (IS: 1203-1978)
Flash
Flash and fire Flash and fire point test for point=320C
220C
point bitumen(IS 1209-1978) Fire
point=360C
Specific gravity of coarse
Specific
aggregates(IS 2386 (part 3)- 2.73 2.6-2.8
gravity
1963)
APPARATUS:
i) Compaction Mould of 100mm diameter, 75mm height consist of base plate forming mold
and extension collars
ii) Compaction hammer consisting of flat circular tamping face 4.5kg sliding weight with free
fall of 450mm height.
iii) Mold holder
iv) Paper disks
v) Compaction pedestal
vi) Breaking head
vii) Marshall testing machine
viii)Flow meter
ix) Water bath
x) Thermometer
xi) Bituminous of viscous grade
PREPARATION OF SPECIMEN
As per the above gradation total 1200 gms of blended aggregates is selected.
ii) Appropriate amount of asphalt cement based on the following table is considered.
16
6 72 1272
6.5 78 1278
7 84 1284
7.5 90 1290
iii) Heat the weighted aggregate up to 1700C for 24 hrs. to remove moisture
content.Determination of mixing and compaction temperature: The temperature to asphalt
must be heated to produce viscosities of 17020 centistokes kinematics and 28030
centistokes kinematics shall be established as the mixing and compaction temperature. The
mixing and the compaction temperature for this experiment are 1700C and 1300C.
iv) Weight aggregates in to separate pans for each test specimen and the amount of each size
fraction required to produce a batch of specimen of 63.51.27 mm in height.
v) Place the pans to the burner flame, add dry blended aggregates to mix and mix
thoroughly
vi) Mix the asphalt to the pan of dry heated aggregate in accordance to the calculated batch
weights.
vii) Mix the asphalt and the aggregates with the help of mixer at the specified mixing
temperature.
viii) Place a paper disk in the mould and place the entire one batch in the mould.
ix) Spade the mixture vigorously with a trowel 15 times around the perimeter and 10 times
over the interior.
x) Place a paper disk on the top of the mould and the mould assembly is kept over the
compaction pedestal in the mould holder.
xi) Blows 50 times hammer on both sides of the mould by reversing the face of mould.
xii) After blows remove base plate and color, allow the mould to cool in air.
xiii) A series of the 3 sample of each bitumen content with the variation in 0.5% is prepared
in similar way.
i) Before testing the specimen is kept in water bath at temperature 600C for half an hour.
ii) Thoroughly clean the inside surface of the testing head and apply lubricate of thin film so
that upper test head will slide freely without binding.
iii) The providing ring which indicates applied load should be kept to zero.
iv) Remove the specimen from water bath and place it in the lower segment of the breaking
head. Then place the upper segment of the breaking head on the specimen and place the
complete assembly on the testing machine.
17
v) Place the flow meter over one of the post and adjust it to read zero.
vi) Apply a load at a rate of 51 mm/minute until the maximum load reading is obtained, at the
same instant of maximum load; obtain the flow as recorded on the flow meter (mm).
CALCULATION:
Gmm =
+
Where,
PMM= total weight of mix
PS: weight of aggregate,
PB: weight of asphalt,
GSE: effective specific gravity of aggregate coated with asphalt,
GB:specific gravity of asphalt.
Where,
Wd: sample wt. in dry air,
Wsub: sample allowed soaking for 3 minutes in water,
Wssd: submerged wt. in water.
OBSERVATION:
Asphalt Content (%)
Description 6 6.5
Specimen name A1 A2 A3 Avg B1 B2 B3 Avg
Volume (cm) 541.85 541.85 549.93 544.54 545.89 549.93 549.93 548.59
Wt. In air(g) 1254 1257 1260 1257 1264 1270 1267 1267
Dial reading 250 295 260 268.33 230 245 265 246.667
Stability Value(kN) 20.18 23.81 20.99 21.66 18.56 19.78 21.39 19.91
Bulk
density(kg/m) 2314.31 2319.84 2291.18 2308.36 2315.48 2309.37 2303.91 2309.57
Theoretical
density(kg/m) 2456.66 2456.66 2456.66 2456.66 2440.79 2440.79 2440.79 2440.79
Percent Air Voids,
Va(%) 5.795 5.569 6.736 6.037 5.134 5.384 5.608 5.376
Volume of Asphalt
Vb(%) 13.48 13.51 13.35 13.45 14.61 14.57 14.54 14.57
Percent voids in
Mineral
Agg.VMA(%) 19.28 19.08 20.08 19.48 19.75 19.96 20.15 19.95
Percent voids in
Asphalt VFA(%) 69.94 70.82 66.46 69.02 74.00 73.02 72.17 73.05
Marshall
Quotient(kN/mm) 2.22 2.53 2.69 2.47 2.48 2.95 2.04 2.42
19
Asphalt Content(%)
Description 7 7.5
Specimen name C1 C2 C3 Avg D1 D2 D3 Avg
Volume (cm) 549.93 553.98 558.02 553.98 553.98 558.02 558.83 556.94
Wt. In air(g) 1281 1280 1281 1280.67 1286 1287 1289 1287.33
wt. in water
Dial reading 255 240 220 238.33 175 225 320 240.00
Stability Value(kN) 20.58 19.37 17.76 19.24 14.12 18.16 25.83 19.37
Bulk
density(kg/m) 2329.37 2310.56 2295.61 2311.77 2321.39 2306.36 2306.6 2311.43
Theoretical
density(kg/m) 2425.26 2425.26 2425.26 2425.26 2410.08 2410.08 2410.08 2410.08
Percent Air Voids,
Va(%) 3.954 4.729 5.346 4.680 3.680 4.303 4.293 4.092
Volume of Asphalt
Vb(%) 15.83 15.70 15.60 15.71 16.90 16.79 16.80 16.83
Percent voids in
Mineral
Agg.VMA(%) 19.78 20.43 20.95 20.39 20.58 21.10 21.09 20.92
Percent voids in
Asphalt VFA(%) 80.01 76.85 74.48 77.05 82.12 79.60 79.64 80.44
Marshall
Quotient(kN/mm) 1.51 2.25 3.48 2.11 1.68 1.57 2.53 1.92
GRAPH:
20.50
VMA
20.00
74.00
72.00
70.00 VFA VS BINDER CONTENT
68.00
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT
3.000
Va VS BINDER CONTENT
2.000
1.000
0.000
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT
12.00
FLOW VS BINDER CONTENT
10.00
8.00
FLOW
6.00
4.00
FLOW VS BINDER
2.00 CONTENT
0.00
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT
21
21
STABILITY
20.5
STABILITY VS BINDER
20 CONTENT
19.5
19
5.5 6 6.5 7 7.5 8
BINDER CONTENT
RESULT:
Binder Content
For 4 % air voids 7.5
For maximum density 7
For maximum stability value 6
22
AIM: To determine the particle size distribution of the given fine aggregate as per IS: 2386
(Part I) 1963.
APPARATUS:
1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and
weighed.
2. The sample is sieved by using a set of IS Sieves.
3. On completion of sieving, the material on each sieve is weighed.
4. Cumulative weight passing through each sieve is calculated as a percentage of the
total sample weight.
5. Fineness modulus is obtained by adding cumulative percentage of aggregates retained
on each sieve and dividing the sum by 100.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS:
Source of material: NITK Total Dry wt.: 1000gms.
Wt. % %
IS Sieve
Retained % Retained Cumulative Cumulative
(g) Retained Passing
(mm)
4.75 4.6 0.46 0.46 99.54
2.36 6.6 0.66 1.12 98.88
1.18 53.8 5.38 6.5 93.5
0.6 145.8 14.58 21.08 78.92
0.3 459.8 45.98 67.06 32.94
0.15 274.8 27.48 94.54 5.46
0.075 31.2 3.12 97.66 2.34
Pan 23.4 2.34 100 0
Total 1000 100 - -
24
100
80
%Finer
60
40
20
0
0.01 0.1 1 10
Particle Size
DISCUSSION:
AIM:
To determine the particle size distribution of the given coarse aggregate as per IS: 2386
(Part I) 1963.
25
APPARATUS:
1. A set of IS Sieves of sizes 40mm, 37.5mm, 26.5 mm, 19mm, 13.2m, 9.5m,
4.75mm and pan.
2. Balance or scale with an accuracy to measure 0.1 percent of the weight of the test
sample
PROCEDURE:
1. The test sample is dried to a constant weight at a temperature of 110 + 5oC and
weighed.
IS Sieve Wt. % % %
(mm) Retained (g) Retained Cumulative Cumulative
Retained Passing
40 - - - -
37.5 - - - -
26.5 - - - -
19 360 36 36 64
13.2 488 48.8 84.8 15.2
9.5 128 12.8 97.6 2.4
4.75 22 2.2 99.8 0.2
pan 2 0.2 100 0
Total 1000 100 - -
26
40
30 %finer Vs Particle size
20
10
0
1 10 Size
Particle 100
AIM:
To determine the Aggregate Impact Value of coarse aggregates to assess its resistance to
disintegration against impact loading as per IS: 2386 (Part 4) 1963.
APPARATUS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a test sample of aggregates passing through 12.5mm sieve and retained on 10mm
sieve.
2. Pour the aggregates to fill about just 1/3rd depth of measuring cylinder.
3. Compact the material by giving 25 gentle blows with the rounded end of the Tamping rod.
4. Add two more layers in similar manner, so that cylinder is full.
5. Strike off the surplus aggregates.
6. Determine the net weight of the aggregates to the nearest gram (W1).
7. Pour this aggregates into the cup and give 15 impact blows with the help of the hammer.
8. Remove the crushed aggregate from the cup and sieve it through 2.36 mm IS sieves.
9. Weigh the fraction passing the sieve to an accuracy of 1 gm. Also, weigh the fraction
retained in the sieve.
RESULT:
The Aggregate impact value of given coarse aggregate is 27.42%.
DISCUSSION:
Specified limits of percent aggregate impact value for different types of road
construction by Indian Roads Congress is given below.
The given coarse Aggregates are suitable for all the above pavement layers in road
construction.
AIM:
To determine the aggregate crushing value of coarse aggregate to assess the suitability
of aggregate for use in different types of road pavement as per IS 2386 (part IV) 1963
APPARATUS:
1. A 15 cm dia. open ended steel cylinder, with plunger and base plate.
2. A straight metal tamping rod of circular section of 16mm in dia. and 45 to 60 cm long
rounded at one end.
3. A balance of capacity 3 kg readable and accurate to 1gm.
4. IS sieves of size 12.5,10,2.36 mm
5. A CTM machine capable of applying load of 40tons and which can be operated to give
uniform rate of loading so that the max load is reached in 10min.
6. For measuring the sample, cylindrical metal measure of sufficient rigidity of height 18 cm
dia. 11.5cm.
PROCEDURE:
1. Put the cylinder in position on the base plate and weigh it (W)
2. Put the sample in 3 layers ,each layer being subjected to 25 strokes using the tamping rod
weigh it (W1)
3. Level the surface of aggregate carefully and insert the plunger so that it rests horizontally
on the surface.
4. Place the cylinder with plunger on the loading platform of the compression testing
machine.
5. Apply load at a uniform rate so that a total load of 40T is applied in 10 minutes.
6. Release the load and remove the material from the cylinder.
7. Sieve the material with 2.36mm IS sieve, care being taken to avoid loss of fines.
8. Weigh the fraction passing through the IS sieve (W2)
RESULTS:
DISCUSSION
1. Aggregate crushing value for cement concrete pavements shall not exceed 30%.
2. Aggregate crushing value for wearing surfaces shall not exceed 45%.
The given aggregate sample can be used for wearing surfaces but not for cement
concrete pavements.
AIM:
To determine the specific gravity and water absorption of aggregate larger than 10mm
as per.
APPARATUS:
1. Wire basket perforated with wire hangers for suspending it from the balance.
2. Dry soft absorbent cloth
3. Weighing balance
4. Water bucket
5. Oven
PROCEDURE:
1. Take a sample of 2000g of coarse aggregates passing through 20mm sieve and retained on
16mm sieve.
2. The sample should be thoroughly washed to remove finer particles and dust, drained and
then placed in the wire basket and immersed in water at a temperature between 22 and 32C.
3. After immersion, the entrapped air should be removed by lifting the basket and allowing it
to drop 25 times in 25 seconds. The basket and sample should remain immersed a period of
24 hrs afterwards.
4. Then the weight of basket with aggregates suspended in water is taken (W1).
5. The aggregates should be gently emptied from the basket on to one of the dry clothes and
gently surface-dried with the cloth
6. The weight of empty basket suspended in water is then taken (W2).
7. The aggregates should be weighed (Weight W3).
8. The aggregates should then be placed in an oven at a temperature of 100 to 110C for
24hrs. It should then be removed from the oven, cooled and weighed (W4)
Pyconometer + sample=1.060 kg
Pyconometer + water=1.544 kg
(1.0600.630)
Specific gravity= 1.0600.630 =2.756
(1.8181.544)
Water absorbtion
Wt of aggregate taken=2kg
Water absorbtion=((w2-w1)/w2)*100=0.2%
RESULT:
1. The Specific gravity of given coarse aggregate is 2.756
2. The Specific gravity of given fine aggregate is 2.605
3. water absorption =0.2%
DISCUSSION:
The specific gravity of aggregates normally used in road construction ranges from
about 2.5 to 3.0 with an average of about 2.68. So the given coarse aggregates are suitable for
road construction. Water absorption shall not be more than 0.6 per unit by weight. So the
given coarse aggregates are within the acceptable limits.
Percentage of Flakiness Index: (Wt. of Aggregates Passing on Flakiness Gauge/ Total Wt.
Of Aggregates Retained)*(100)= (8/244)*100= 3.28%
34
SPECIFICATION
SL.NO Type of Pavement Maximum limits of
flakiness index, %
Bituminous carpet
1 30
1. Bituminous / Asphaltic
concrete
2. Bituminous 25
2 Penetration macadam
3. Bituminous surface dressing
(single coat, two coats &
precoated)
4. Built up spray grout
1. Bituminous macadam
3 15
2. WBM base course and
surface course
As the Flakiness index of the given coarse aggregate is 11.26%, it can be used for all
bituminous layers, WBM Base course and Surface course
The apparatus for the standard ductility test as per IS: 1208-1978 consist of the
followingBriquette mould: it is made up of brass with the shape, dimensions and tolerances
as shown in figure. The ends b and b are known as clips and a and a aresides of the mould.
(i) The circular holes are provided in the clips to grid the fixed and movable end of the testing
machine. The mould when properly assembled forms a briquette specimen of the following
dimensions
Total length 75.0+/_ 0.5mm
Distance between clips 30.0+/_0.3mm
Width at the mount of clip 20.0+/_0.2mm
37
10. Record the observations in the Proforma and compute the ductility value. Report the
mean of two observations, rounded to nearest whole number as the ductility value.
OBSERVATIONS AND CALCULATIONS
1. Bitumen Grade = Bitumen 80-90
2. pouring Temperature = 75c 100c
3. Test Temperature = 27c
4. Periods Of Cooling (Minutes)
a) In Air = 30 Minutes
b) In Water Bath Before Trimming =30 Minutes
c) In Water Bath After Trimming = 90 Minutes
DESCRIPTION BRIQUETTE
Initial reading(a) 0
Final reading(b) 82
Ductility=(b-a) 82
RESULT:
The suitability of bitumen is judged, depending upon its type and purpose of use.
39
Bitumen with low ductility value may get cracked specially in cold weather. ISI has specified
the following values of minimum ductility for various grades of bitumen as follows
INFERENCE
The given sample of plain bitumen is having the ductility value 82cm. It will not get
cracked especially in cold weather. As per IS 1208:1978 the minimum ductility value for
bitumen from sources other than Assam petroleum S35 is 50 cm and the obtained value is 82.
So that given bitumen is most suitable for roads under cold weather.
AIM:
To determine the penetration of bitumen as per IS :1203-1978
PRINCIPLE
Penetration is measure of hardness and consistency of bitumen material. The
penetration of bitumen material is the distance in tenth of mm, that a standard needle will
penetrate vertically in to a sample of material under standard condition of temperature, load
and time.The objective of penetration test was to determine the consistency of bitumen
material and to assess the durability of bitumen for its use under different climatic condition
and type of construction.It is not regarded as suitable for use in connection with testing of
road tar because of the high surface tension exhibited by these materials and the fact that they
contain relatively large amount of carbon.
APPARATUS
1)Container
2)Needle
3)Water bath
4)penetration apparatus or penetrometer
5)Thermometer
PROCEDURE
1. Preparation of test specimen
Soften the bitumen to a pouring consistency at a temperature not more than 90c for
bitumen about the appropriate softening point . stir it thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water. Pour the melt into a container to a depth of at least 15mm in excess of expected
penetration cool it at an atmosphere temperature of 15c 30c for 1 hour then place it along
with the transfer disc in the water bath at 250.1c and allow it to remain for 1-1.5 hours. The
test is carried out at 250.1unless otherwise stated.
2. Fill the transfer disk with water from the water bath to a depth sufficiently to cover
the container completely. Place the sample in it and put it upon the stand of penetration
apparatus.
3. Clean the needle with benzene and load it with the weight the total moving required is
1000.25gm including the weight of the needle carrier and superimposed weight.
4. Adjust the needle to make contact with the surface of the sample. This may be done
by placing the needle in contact with the image reflected by the surface of bitumen material.
5. Make the pointer of the dial to read zero note the initial dial reading
6. With the help of the timer release the needle for exactly 5 seconds.
7. Record the dial reading.
Make at least 3 readings at point on the surface of the sample not less than 10mm
apart and not less than 10mm from the side of the dish. After each test return the sample and
transfer dish to the water bath and wash the needle with benzene and dry it.
41
1 0 83 83 80/90
2 0 80 80 80/90
3 0 88 88 80/90
4 0 84 84 80/90
Average=83.75
INFERENCE
As per IS 1203 and IRC suggests for bituminous macadam and penetration macadam
30/70, 60/70, 80/90. Here the obtained value is 83.75. Hence it is 80/90 grade macadam.
AIM
PRINCIPLE
The softening point of bitumen or tar is the temperature at which the substance attains
a particular degree of softening. It is the temperature (in 0c) at which a standard ball passes
through a sample of bitumen bitumen in a mould and falls through a height of 2.5cm when
heated under water of glycerine at specified conditions of test.
The binder should have sufficient fluidity before its application in road uses. The
determination of the softening point helps to know the temperature up to which a bituminous
binder should be heated for various road use applications.
Softening point is determined by the ring and ball apparatus
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
5.As the temperature increases the bituminous material softens and the ball sinks through the
ring carrying a portion of the material with it.
6.Note down the temperature when any of the steel balls with bituminous coating touches the
bottom plate. Record the temperature when the second ball also touches the bottom plate. The
average of the two readings is reported as the softening point.
RESULT
Average=55C
Softening point of bitumen=55C
IS SPECIFICATION
Softening point for different grades of bitumen is given in the following table
INFERENCE
The softening point of the bitumen lies within the range of 30-70. The softening point
obtained for bitumen is 55C which lie within the range. The grade of the given sample may
be A25 A35,and S35.It is preferred in warm places.
AIM
To determine the specific gravity of bitumen.
PRINCIPLE
The specific gravity is defined as the ratio of the mass of a given volume of bitumen
to the mass of an equal volume of water, the temperature of both being specified at 27 +/- 1
degree Celsius.
APPARATUS
PROCEDURE
1.Clean and dry the specific gravity bottle and weigh it (weight W1)
2.Heat the bituminous material to a pouring temperature and pour it in the empty bottle,
taking all precautions that it is clean and dry before filling the sample material. Fill the
material up to one third taking care to prevent the entry of air bubbles and weigh it (weight
W2). Fill the remaining space of the bottle with water and again weigh it (weightW3).
3.Fill the bottle with water only and take the weight (weight W4)
4.Specific gravity of the material can be calculated as
45
OBSERVATIONS
RESULTS
INFERENCE
The specific gravity of pure bitumen lies within the range of 0.97 to 1.02. The specific
gravity obtained for the given plain sample is 1.02.
To determine the flash and fire points of the bitumen as per IS: 1209-1978
PRINCIPLE
Flash Point: - The flash point of a material is the lowest temperature at which the
application of test flame caused the vapours from the material to momentarily catch fire in
the form of a flash under specified condition of test.
Fire point: - The fire point is the lowest temperature at which the binder material
catches fire and continues to burn..
At a high temperature , bituminous material limit hydrocarbon vapour which are
susceptible to catch fire Therefore the heating temperature of bituminous materials should
berestricted to avoid hazardous conditions . Flash and Fire point tests are used to determine
the temperature to which bituminous materials can be safely heated.
APPARATUS
Closed cup apparatus
Thermometer
PROCEDURE
a. Flash Point
1. Soften the bitumen between 75 and 1000c. Stir this thoroughly to remove air bubbles and
water.
2. Fill the cleaned and dried up with the material to be tested up to the filling mark.
3. Set the cup in the stove. Insert the thermometer.
4. Light the test-flame. Supply heat such that the temperature increases.
5. Apply the test flame initially at a temperature 170c below the expected flash point.
6. Note down the flame point as the temperature at which the flame application causes a
distinct flash in the interior of the cup.
b. Fire Point
1.After flash point, heating should be continued such that the temperature increases.
2.The fire point should be taken as the temperature read on the thermometer at which the
application of test flame causes the material to ignite and burn at least 5 seconds.
RESULT
The fire point and flash point of bitumen was studied.
Flash point = 320 C
Fire point = 360 C
47
INFERENCE
As per IS:1209-1978,the minimum value of flash point by open cup test is 220C for
all the grades of paving bitumen. Obtained value is 320C and 360C (Flash & fire
point),hence it is safe.
AIM:
APPARATUS:
1. Le Chatelier flask,
2. Analytical balance (accuracy of 0.0002 g)
MATERIALS:
PROCEDURE:
1. Dry the flask carefully and fill with kerosene or naphtha to a point on the stem
between zero and 1 ml. The inside of flask above the level of liquid shall be dried.
2. Record the level of the liquid in the flask as initial reading.
3. Put a weighted quantity of cement (about 60gm) into the flask so that level of
kerosene rise to about 20.5 ml mark, care being taken to avoid splashing and to see
that cement does not adhere to the sides of the above the liquid.
4. After putting all the cement to the flask, the stopper shall be placed in the flaskand
roll the flask gently in an inclined position to expel air until no further air bubble rises
to the surface of the liquid.
5. Note down the new liquid level as final reading.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sample Initial reading Final reading Volume of Weight Equal Sp. Gravity
No. of flask (ml) of flask (V2) cement particles volume of of cement
(V1) (ml) (V2 - V1 ) (ml) water (gm)
1 0 19 19 19 3.157
2 0 19.1 19.1 19.1 3.141
Average 3.149
49
CALCULATION:
RESULT:
AIM:
APPARATUS:
MATERIALS:
1. Manometer Liquid
2. OPC grade 43 cement
PROCEDURE:
1. Place the perforated disc on the ledge at the bottom of the cell and place on it a new
filter paper disc. Ensure that the filter paper disc fully covers the perforated disc and is
flat by pressing with a clean dry rod.
2. Place the weighed quantity of cement,in the cell taking care to avoid loss. Tap the cell
to level the cement. Place a second new filter paper disc on the levelled cement. Insert
the plunger to make contact with the filter paper disc.
3. Press the plunger gently but firmly until the lower face of the cap is in contact with
the cell. Slowly withdraw the plunger about 5 mm, rotate it through 90 and gently
but firmly press the bed once again until the plunger cap is in contact with the cell.
4. The bed is now compacted and ready for the permeability test. Slowly withdraw the
plunger. Insert the conical surface of the cell into the socket at the top of the
manometer, using if necessary a little light grease to ensure an airtight joint. Take care
not to disturb the cement bed.
5. Close the top of the cylinder with a suitable plug. Open the stopcock and with gentle
aspiration raise the level of the manometer liquid to that of the highest etched line,
close the stopcock and observe that the level of the manometer liquid remains
constant.Close the stopcock.
51
6. Remove the plug from the top of the cylinder. The manometer liquid will begin to
flow.
7. Start the timer as the liquid reaches the second etched line and stop it when the liquid
reaches the third etched line. Record the time. Repeat the procedure on the same bed
and record the additional, values of time.
OBSERVATION TABLE:
Sample No. Weight of cement taken Time (t) (sec) Fineness of Cement
(m1) (gm) (cm2/gm)
1 2.88 62 3107.6
2 2.88 69 3278.62
Average 3193.11
CALCULATION:
= 394.7
= 394.7 62
= 3107.6 cm2/gm
AIM:
APPARATUS:
MATERIALS:
PROCEDURE:
The standard consistency of a cement pasteis defined as that consistency which will
permitthe Vicat plunger to penetrate to a point 5 to 7 mm from the bottom of the Vicat mould
when the cement paste is tested.
1. Prepare a paste of weighed quantity of Cement with a weighed quantity of potable or
distilled water, taking care that the time of gauging is not less than 3 minutes, nor
more than 5 min, and the gauging shall be completed before any sign of setting
occurs.
2. Fill the Vicat mould with this paste, the mould resting upon a non-porous plate. After
completely filling the mould, smoothen the surface of the paste, making it level with
the top of the mould. The mould may be slightly shaken to expel the air.
3. Place the test block in the mould, together with the non-porous resting plate, under
the rod bearing the plunger; lower the plunger gently to touch the surface of the test
block, and quickly release, allowing it to sink into the paste. This operation shall be
carried out immediately after filling the mould.
4. Prepare trial pastes with varying percentages of water and test as described above
until the amount of water necessary for making up the standard consistency as
defined.
53
OBSERVATION TABLE:
1 28 26
2 29 13
31%
3 30 9
4 31 7
5 32 4
RESULT: