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Eclipse of the Sun redirects here. For the lm, see ness predicted central solar eclipses.[3][4]
Eclipse of the Sun (lm). For the novel, see Eclipse of
the Sun (novel).
1 Types
A solar eclipse (as seen from the planet Earth) is a type
of eclipse that occurs when the Moon passes between
the Sun and Earth, and when the Moon fully or partially
blocks ("occults") the Sun. This can happen only at new
moon when the Sun and the Moon are in conjunction as
seen from Earth in an alignment referred to as syzygy. In
a total eclipse, the disk of the Sun is fully obscured by
the Moon. In partial and annular eclipses, only part of
the Sun is obscured.
If the Moon were in a perfectly circular orbit, a little
closer to the Earth, and in the same orbital plane, there
would be total solar eclipses every month. However, since
the Moons orbit is tilted at more than 5 degrees to the
Earths orbit around the Sun, its shadow usually misses
Earth. The Moons orbit must cross Earths ecliptic plane
in order for an eclipse (both solar as well as lunar) to oc-
cur. In addition, the Moons actual orbit is elliptical, of-
ten taking it far enough away from Earth that its apparent
size is not large enough to block the Sun entirely. The
orbital planes cross each other at a line of nodes result-
ing in at least two, and up to ve, solar eclipses occur- Partial and annular phases of solar eclipse on May 20, 2012
ring each year; no more than two of which can be to-
tal eclipses.[1][2] However, total solar eclipses are rare at
any particular location because totality exists only along
a narrow path on the Earths surface traced by the Moons
shadow or umbra.
Human visual acuity
An eclipse is a natural phenomenon. However, in some (20/20 vision): about 1' or 60"
ancient and modern cultures, solar eclipses were at- International Space Station:
max. about 1' or 60"
tributed to supernatural causes or regarded as bad omens. (depends on orientation)
A total solar eclipse can be frightening to people who are Venus: 9.7" - 66.0"
unaware of its astronomical explanation, as the Sun seems Jupiter: 29.8" - 50.1"
to disappear during the day and the sky darkens in a mat- Mars: 3.5" - 25.1"
ter of minutes. Saturn:14.5" - 20.1"
Mercury:4.5" - 13.0"
Since looking directly at the Sun can lead to permanent Uranus: 3.3" - 4.1"
eye damage or blindness, special eye protection or indi- Neptune:2.2" - 2.4"
rect viewing techniques are used when viewing a solar
eclipse. It is technically safe to view only the total phase
of a total solar eclipse with the unaided eye and with-
out protection; however, this is a dangerous practice, as Sun: min. 31.6' Moon: min. 29.43'
Sun: max. 32.7' Moon: max. 33.5'
most people are not trained to recognize the phases of
an eclipse, which can span over two hours while the total Comparison of minimum and maximum apparent sizes of the Sun
phase can only last a maximum of 7.5 minutes for any and Moon (and planets). An annular eclipse can occur when the
one location. People referred to as eclipse chasers or um- Sun has a larger apparent size than the Moon, whereas a total
braphiles will travel to remote locations to observe or wit- eclipse can occur when the Moon has a larger apparent size.
1
2 1 TYPES
A hybrid eclipse (also called annular/total Because the Earths orbit around the Sun is also ellip-
eclipse) shifts between a total and annular eclipse. tical, the Earths distance from the Sun similarly varies
At certain points on the surface of Earth, it appears throughout the year. This aects the apparent size of the
as a total eclipse, whereas at other points it appears Sun in the same way, but not as much as does the Moons
as annular. Hybrid eclipses are comparatively varying distance from Earth.[6] When Earth approaches
rare.[6] its farthest distance from the Sun in July, a total eclipse is
somewhat more likely, whereas conditions favour an an-
A partial eclipse occurs when the Sun and Moon nular eclipse when Earth approaches its closest distance
are not exactly in line with the Earth and the Moon to the Sun in January.[10]
only partially obscures the Sun. This phenomenon
can usually be seen from a large part of the Earth
outside of the track of an annular or total eclipse. 1.1 Terminology for central eclipse
However, some eclipses can only be seen as a par-
tial eclipse, because the umbra passes above the Central eclipse is often used as[11] a generic term for a to-
Earths polar regions and never intersects the Earths tal, annular, or hybrid eclipse. This is, however, not
surface.[6] Partial eclipses are virtually unnoticeable completely correct: the denition of a central eclipse is
in terms of the suns brightness, as it takes well over an eclipse during which the central line of the umbra
90% coverage to notice any darkening at all. Even at touches the Earths surface. It is possible, though ex-
99%, it would be no darker than civil twilight.[7] Of tremely rare, that part of the umbra intersects with the
course, partial eclipses (and partial stages of other Earth (thus creating an annular or total eclipse), but not
eclipses) can be observed if one is viewing the sun its central line. [11] This is then called a non-central total or
through a darkening lter (which should always be annular eclipse. The last (umbral yet) non-central so-
used for safety). lar eclipse was on April 29, 2014. This was an annular
eclipse. The next non-central total solar eclipse will be
on April 9, 2043.[12]
The Suns distance from Earth is about 400 times the
[13]
Moons distance, and the Suns diameter is about 400 The phases observed during a total eclipse are called:
times the Moons diameter. Because these ratios are ap-
proximately the same, the Sun and the Moon as seen from First contactwhen the Moons limb (edge) is ex-
2.1 Geometry 3
Penumbra Umbra
(partial eclipse) (total eclipse)
mag.>1
mag.=1 time Geometry of a total solar eclipse (not to scale)
mag.<1
Antumbra (annular eclipse)
or south of the Sun. A solar eclipse can occur only when
Each icon shows the view from the centre of its black spot, rep- new moon occurs close to one of the points (known as
resenting the moon (not to scale) nodes) where the Moons orbit crosses the ecliptic.[15]
As noted above, the Moons orbit is also elliptical. The
actly tangential to the Suns limb. Moons distance from the Earth can vary by about 6%
from its average value. Therefore, the Moons apparent
Second contactstarting with Bailys Beads (caused size varies with its distance from the Earth, and it is this
by light shining through valleys on the Moons sur- eect that leads to the dierence between total and annu-
face) and the diamond ring eect. Almost the entire lar eclipses. The distance of the Earth from the Sun also
disk is covered. varies during the year, but this is a smaller eect. On av-
Totalitythe Moon obscures the entire disk of the erage, the Moon appears to be slightly smaller than the
Sun and only the solar corona is visible. Sun as seen from the Earth, so the majority (about 60%)
of central eclipses are annular. It is only when the Moon
Third contactwhen the rst bright light becomes is closer to the Earth than average (near its perigee) that
visible and the Moons shadow is moving away from a total eclipse occurs.[16][17]
the observer. Again a diamond ring may be ob-
The Moon orbits the Earth in approximately 27.3 days,
served.
relative to a xed frame of reference. This is known as
Fourth contactwhen the trailing edge of the Moon the sidereal month. However, during one sidereal month,
ceases to overlap with the solar disk and the eclipse Earth has revolved part way around the Sun, making the
ends. average time between one new moon and the next longer
than the sidereal month: it is approximately 29.5 days.
This is known as the synodic month and corresponds to
2 Predictions what is commonly called the lunar month.[15]
The Moon crosses from south to north of the ecliptic
at its ascending node, and vice versa at its descending
2.1 Geometry
node.[15] However, the nodes of the Moons orbit are
The diagrams to the right show the alignment of the Sun, gradually moving in a retrograde motion, due to the ac-
Moon, and Earth during a solar eclipse. The dark gray tion of the Suns gravity on the Moons motion, and they
region between the Moon and Earth is the umbra, where make a complete circuit every 18.6 years. This regres-
the Sun is completely obscured by the Moon. The small sion means that the time between each passage of the
area where the umbra touches Earths surface is where a Moon through the ascending node is slightly shorter than
total eclipse can be seen. The larger light gray area is the sidereal month. This period is called the nodical or
the penumbra, in which a partial eclipse can be seen. An draconic month.[19]
observer in the antumbra, the area of shadow beyond the Finally, the Moons perigee is moving forwards or pre-
umbra, will see an annular eclipse.[14] cessing in its orbit and makes a complete circuit in 8.85
The Moons orbit around the Earth is inclined at an angle years. The time between one perigee and the next is
of just over 5 degrees to the plane of the Earths orbit slightly longer than[20] the sidereal month and known as the
around the Sun (the ecliptic). Because of this, at the time anomalistic month.
of a new moon, the Moon will usually pass to the north The Moons orbit intersects with the ecliptic at the two
4 3 OCCURRENCE AND CYCLES
nodes that are 180 degrees apart. Therefore, the new 4. The vector of the eclipse path at the midpoint of the
moon occurs close to the nodes at two periods of the year eclipse aligning with the vector of the earths rota-
approximately six months (173.3 days) apart, known as tion (i.e. not diagonal but due east).
eclipse seasons, and there will always be at least one solar
eclipse during these periods. Sometimes the new moon 5. The midpoint of the eclipse being near the subsolar
occurs close enough to a node during two consecutive point (the part of the earth closest to the sun).
months to eclipse the Sun on both occasions in two par-
tial eclipses. This means that, in any given year, there will The longest eclipse that has been calculated thus far is the
always be at least two solar eclipses, and there can be as eclipse of July 16, 2186 (with a maximum duration of 7
many as ve.[21] minutes 4 seconds over northern Guyana).
Eclipses can occur only when the Sun is within about 15
to 18 degrees of a node, (10 to 12 degrees for central
eclipses). This is referred to as an eclipse limit. In the
time it takes for the Moon to return to a node (draconic
3 Occurrence and cycles
month), the apparent position of the Sun has moved about
29 degrees, relative to the nodes.[1] Since the eclipse limit Main article: Eclipse cycle
creates a window of opportunity of up to 36 degrees Total solar eclipses are rare events. Although they oc-
(24 degrees for central eclipses), it is possible for par-
tial eclipses (or rarely a partial and a central eclipse) to
occur in consecutive months.[22][23]
2.2 Path
During a central eclipse, the Moons umbra (or antumbra,
in the case of an annular eclipse) moves rapidly from west
to east across the Earth. The Earth is also rotating from
west to east, at about 28 km/min at the Equator, but as the
Moon is moving in the same direction as the Earths spin
at about 61 km/min, the umbra almost always appears to
move in a roughly west-east direction across a map of the
Earth at the speed of the Moons orbital velocity minus
the Earths rotational velocity.[24]
Total Solar Eclipse Paths: 10012000, showing that total so-
The width of the track of a central eclipse varies ac- lar eclipses occur almost everywhere on Earth. This image was
cording to the relative apparent diameters of the Sun and merged from 50 separate images from NASA.[29]
Moon. In the most favourable circumstances, when a to-
tal eclipse occurs very close to perigee, the track can be cur somewhere on Earth every 18 months on average,[30]
up to 267 km (166 mi) wide and the duration of totality it is estimated that they recur at any given place only
may be over 7 minutes.[25] Outside of the central track, once every 360 to 410 years, on average.[31] The total
a partial eclipse is seen over a much larger area of the eclipse lasts for only a maximum of a few minutes at
Earth. Typically, the umbra is 100160 km wide, while any location, because the Moons umbra moves eastward
the penumbral diameter is in excess of 6400 km.[26] at over 1700 km/h.[32] Totality currently can never last
more than 7 min 32 s. This value changes over the mil-
lennia and is currently decreasing. By the 8th millennium,
2.3 Duration the longest theoretically possible total eclipse will be less
than 7 min 2 s.[27] The last time an eclipse longer than 7
The following factors determine the duration of a total minutes occurred was June 30, 1973 (7 min 3 sec). Ob-
solar eclipse (in order of decreasing importance):[27][28] servers aboard a Concorde supersonic aircraft were able
to stretch totality for this eclipse to about 74 minutes by
1. The moon being almost exactly at perigee (making ying along the path of the Moons umbra.[33] The next
its angular diameter as large as possible). total eclipse exceeding seven minutes in duration will not
2. The earth being very near aphelion (furthest away occur until June 25, 2150. The longest total solar eclipse
from the sun in its elliptical orbit, making its angular during the 11,000 year period from 3000 BC to at least
diameter nearly as small as possible). 8000 AD will occur on July 16, 2186, when totality will
last 7 min 29 s.[27][34] For comparison, the longest total
3. The midpoint of the eclipse being very close to eclipse of the 20th century at 7 min 8 s occurred on June
the earths equator, where the rotational velocity is 20, 1955, and there are no total solar eclipses over 7 min
greatest. in duration in the 21st century.[35]
5
5.2 Totality
Eclipse glasses
Bailys beads
6 Other observations
The Moons shadow over Turkey and Cyprus, seen from the ISS
during a 2006 total solar eclipse.
Articial satellites can also pass in front of the Sun as Eclipse path for total and hybrid eclipses from 2001 to 2020.
seen from the Earth, but none is large enough to cause an
eclipse. At the altitude of the International Space Station, is close to either the ascending or descending node of
10 9 NOTES
the Moon. Each eclipse is separated by one, ve or six [8] Solar Eclipses. University of Tennessee. Retrieved Jan-
lunations (synodic months), and the midpoint of each sea- uary 15, 2012.
son is separated by 173.3 days, which is the mean time
[9] Espenak, Fred (September 26, 2009). Solar Eclipses for
for the Sun to travel from one node to the next. The
Beginners. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
period is a little less than half a calendar year because
the lunar nodes slowly regress. Because 223 synodic [10] Steel, p. 351
months is roughly equal to 239 anomalistic months and
242 draconic months, eclipses with similar geometry re- [11] Espenak, Fred (January 6, 2009). Central Solar Eclipses:
cur 223 synodic months (about 6,585.3 days) apart. This 19912050. Greenbelt, MD: NASA Goddard Space
period (18 years 11.3 days) is a saros. Because 223 syn- Flight Center. Retrieved January 15, 2012.
odic months is not identical to 239 anomalistic months or [12] Verbelen, Felix (November 2003). Solar Eclipses on
242 draconic months, saros cycles do not endlessly repeat. Earth, 1001 BC to AD 2500. Retrieved January 15,
Each cycle begins with the Moons shadow crossing the 2012.
earth near the north or south pole, and subsequent events
progress toward the other pole until the Moons shadow [13] Harrington, pp. 1314; Steel, pp. 26679
misses the earth and the series ends.[22] Saros cycles are
[14] Mobberley, pp. 3038
numbered; currently, cycles 117 to 156 are active.
[15] Harrington, pp. 45
Besselian elements [17] Brewer, Bryan (January 14, 1998). What Causes an
Eclipse?". Earth View. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
Black Sun (mythology)
[18] NASA Eclipse 99 Frequently Asked Questions
Eclipse chasing There is a mistake in the How long will we continue to be
able to see total eclipses of the Sun? answer, "...the Suns
Solar eclipses in ction angular diameter varies from 32.7 minutes of arc when
the Earth is at its farthest point in its orbit (aphelion), and
Solar eclipses on other planets
31.6 arc minutes when it is at its closest (perihelion). It
Solar eclipses on the Moon should appear smaller when farther, so the values should
be swapped.
Transit of Deimos from Mars
[19] Steel, pp. 31921
Transit of Phobos from Mars
[20] Steel, pp. 31719
[29] Espenak, Fred (March 24, 2008). World Atlas of So- [51] Herodotus. Book IX. p. 10.
lar Eclipse Paths. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center.
Retrieved January 15, 2012. [52] Schaefer, Bradley E. (May 1994). Solar Eclipses That
Changed the World. Sky & Telescope. Vol. 87 no. 5. pp.
[30] Steel, p. 4 3639. Bibcode:1994S&T....87...36S.
[31] For 360 years, see Harrington, p. 9; for 410 years, see [53] Stephenson, F. Richard (1982). Historical Eclipses.
Steel, p. 31 Scientic American. Vol. 247 no. 4. pp. 15463.
Bibcode:1982SciAm.247..154S.
[32] Mobberley, pp. 3336; Steel, p. 258
[54] Needham, Joseph (1986). Science and Civilization in
[33] Eclipse Flight of Concorde 001. Nature. 246: 7274. China: Volume 3. Taipei: Caves Books. pp. 41113.
doi:10.1038/246072a0. OCLC 48999277.
[34] Stephenson, F. Richard (1997). Historical
[55] Needham, p. 227.
Eclipses and Earths Rotation. Cambridge Uni-
versity Press. p. 54. ISBN 0-521-46194-4. [56] Humphreys, C. J.; Waddington, W. G. (1983). Dat-
doi:10.1017/CBO9780511525186. ing the Crucixion. Nature. 306 (5945): 74346.
Bibcode:1983Natur.306..743H. doi:10.1038/306743a0.
[35] Mobberley, p. 10
[57] Kidger, Mark (1999). The Star of Bethlehem: An As-
[36] Espenak, Fred (August 28, 2009). Eclipses and the
tronomers View. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University
Saros. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived
Press. pp. 6872. ISBN 0-691-05823-7.
from the original on May 24, 2012. Retrieved January 15,
2012. [58] John Fiske, Myth and Myth-Makers
[37] Pogo, Alexander (1935). Calendar years with ve so- [59] Espenak, Fred (July 11, 2005). Eye Safety During So-
lar eclipses. Popular Astronomy. Vol. 43. p. 412. lar Eclipses. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Re-
Bibcode:1935PA.....43..412P. trieved January 15, 2012.
[38] What are solar eclipses and how often do they occur?". [60] Dobson, Roger (August 21, 1999). UK hospitals assess
timeanddate.com. Retrieved 2014-11-23. eye damage after solar eclipse. British Medical Journal.
[39] Walker, John (July 10, 2004). Moon near Perigee, Earth 319: 469. doi:10.1136/bmj.319.7208.469.
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and Stellar Variability: Impact on Earth and Planets, IAU [62] Chou, B. Ralph (July 11, 2005). Eye safety during so-
Symposium. Proceedings of the International Astronom- lar eclipses. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center. Re-
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arXiv:0911.4872 . doi:10.1017/S1743921309992298.
[63] Littmann, Mark; Willcox, Ken; Espenak, Fred (1999).
[41] Mayo, Lou. WHATS UP? The Very Last Solar
Observing Solar Eclipses Safely. MrEclipse.com. Re-
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[64] Chou, B. Ralph (January 20, 2008). Eclipse Filters.
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[43] Harrington, p. 2
[65] Solar Viewing Safety. Perkins Observatory. Retrieved
[44] Blakeslee, Sandra (November 14, 2006). Ancient Crash, January 15, 2012.
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[67] Harrington, p. 26
[45] Steel, p. 1
[47] Le Conte, David (December 6, 1998). Eclipse Quota- [69] Littmann, Mark; Willcox, Ken; Espenak, Fred (1999).
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[48] Herodotus. Book VII. p. 37.
[70] Kramer, Bill. Photographing a Total Solar Eclipse.
[49] Chambers, G. F. (1889). A Handbook of Descriptive and Eclipse-chasers.com. Archived from the original on Jan-
Practical Astronomy. Oxford: Clarendon Press. p. 323. uary 29, 2009. Retrieved March 7, 2010.
[50] Espenak, Fred. Solar Eclipses of Historical Interest. [71] Vorenkamp, Todd (April 2017). How to Photograph a
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12 11 EXTERNAL LINKS
[72] The science of eclipses. ESA. September 28, 2004. Re- 10 References
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lar and Lunar Eclipses. New York: John Wiley and
[74] Dyson, F.W.; Eddington, A.S.; Davidson, C.R. (1920). Sons. ISBN 0-471-12795-7.
A Determination of the Deection of Light by the Suns
Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Solar Mobberley, Martin (2007). Total Solar Eclipses and
eclipse of May 29, 1919. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc. A. 220 How to Observe Them. Astronomers Observing
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[87] Curve of potential power loss.
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induced wind changes" Proceedings of the Royal Soci- Wikiversity has a solar eclipse lab that students can
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12.2 Images
File:-Phase_of_the_moon_NO.16.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/72/-Phase_of_the_moon_NO.16.
jpg License: CC BY-SA 3.0 Contributors: Own work Original artist:
File:1919_eclipse_negative.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/da/1919_eclipse_negative.jpg License:
Public domain Contributors: F. W. Dyson, A. S. Eddington, and C. Davidson, A Determination of the Deection of Light by the Suns
Gravitational Field, from Observations Made at the Total Eclipse of May 29, 1919 Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of
London. Series A, Containing Papers of a Mathematical or Physical Character (1920): 291-333, on 332. Original artist: F. W. Dyson, A. S.
Eddington, and C. Davidson
File:2008-08-01_Solar_eclipse_progression_with_timestamps.jpg Source: https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/58/
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