data book "Tha Institute or Platinedata book Compiled and Published by The Institute of Plumbing Scottish Mutual House, North Street, Hornchurch, Essex RM11 1RU. Tel. Homchurch 51236 © Copyright 1973 The Institute of PlumbingForeword To those whose livelihood is dependent on the Plumbing Industry it often comes as a surprise to find that the rule of thumb. methods of design are no longer acceptable. Plumbing is fast becoming an engineering science and we must develop technical competence in keeping with current developments in the building services industry. For many years there has been a need for a handbook containing useful data on Plumbing. The Institute of Plumbing has endeavoured to fulfil this need by the publication of this Data Book which brings together information most frequently required by those engaged in plumbing and associated building services. Itis hoped the book will become indispensable to plumbing design engineers and technicians and that architects, contractors, teachers, students and craftsmen may also find it to be a most useful textbook In addition to the contents of three of the booklets previously published by the Institute, there is presented for the first time, new design data on the sizing of building drainage. The book also contains basic information and data on domestic central heating, gases and compressed air and roof coverings. There is a useful section containing metric conversion factors and miscellaneous information including a comprehensive list of addresses of Trade Associations and Government Departments. The SI system of measurement has been generally incorporated so far as practicable and in many cases imperial equivalents are also given Although the contents are comprehensive it cannot be expected that the first edition of such a book will be complete and it is intended to review periodically the contents ‘to make any necessary amendments and additions. With this in mind the Institute would welcome any constructive comments from both members and others within the building services industry. J. G, RODGERS MIP President ‘The Institute of Plumbing September 1973Contents Section Pages A Hot and cold water supplies 1-41 IOP Pipe Sizing Data — Table and Formula showing how to calculate number of small pipes that can be taken off a larger one. Calculation of pressures in relation to anchoring of pipework. Storage — cold water storage requirements. Hot water storage requirements. Formula for calculat- ing sizes of cisterns, tanks and cylinders. BS sizes for cold water storage cisterns and hot water, tanks. Cylinders and indirect cylinders. BS tables for copper, mild steel and stainless steel tubes; polythene and pve pipes, cast iron and asbestos cement pipes. Weight of pipes when filled with Section c Pages Sanitation and drainage 50-89 Rainwater — Rainwater pipes and gutters sizing data. IOP Table of permeability of differing surfaces. Drainage — Sizing of Building Drainage; new |OP data. Testing of Drainage. British Standards — List of all British Standards Specifications and Codes of Practice relating to Sanitation and Drainage. eater, D_ Gases and compressed air 90-98 ce Pipe Sizing Data for town gas, natural gas, compressed air. Loading tables for steel and timber joists suitable eke ——— —— for support of cisterns, and cylinders. es and/or space requirements for meters and ——————— — other plant associated with gases. Sizing of primary and secondary circulations. Flow mera Info - ee and return temperatures. Maximum length of dead General Information — Information on types and ious on distribution pipework, linesr expansion of conditions of air gases to enable correct choice of pipe materials. pipe material. Testing of hot and cold pipework. Sterilization of & Roof coverings 99-106 pipework, description of operation and materials Basic Data on the following materials :Lead, Used. Copper, Aluminium, Zinc, Semi-rigid Asbestos Bitumen Sheet - Sizes of sheets of various Inautsiton of pipeworle= listo mafortals forinaulas: materials; thickness required for various positions ; Tan alviertiiecnesses aneierhial pouhecios, sizes of soakers; maximum sizes of bays (length tion giving thicknesses and thermal prope and aress), saccing oF ing. Fire protection — Fire protection requirements, fire Conversion factors Streams from hose reels at cifering pressures and Sadnnlvecllanscue data 107-123 sizes, dry riser and sprinkler information. Gonvondon factors. St Unite: Water Undertakings ~ List of names and addresses Identification of pipework - colour code for all of Water Authorities and telephone numbers, with pipe services. hardness of water. = — a Standard plumbing and piping symbols used in ctice. List of all British Standard Specifications and ae ee Codes of Practice relating to Hot and Cold Water Definition of plumbing terms. supply. Table of fixing centres for pipework, vertical and horizontal. B Domestic central heating 42-49 . General Information — Recommended room. Table of spacing of pipework, minimum require- temperatures, air changes etc. ‘U’ values, heat ment with and without insulation. = emission and pipe sizing including pressure drop - . } proximate weight of lead required for caulked table for pipes down to $" BSP and 6 mm. fea eines. © Sanfieilonsand drainage Bates Standard Wire Gauge — thicknesses in mm and inches. Pipesizing tables for soil and vent waste pipework. . ae ee Corrosion of Metals — Electro-chemical series of Sanitary Accommodation — Tables of Numbers of metals. a a __ sanitary fittings for different types of buildings. octal and metsic equidaletia of fractional aria co of an inch. Chemical resistance — Resistance of materials for — oa — chemical waste drainage. Useful names and addresses. Testing of Sanitary Pipework. G Index 125-128Acknowledgements The Institute wishes to thank Mr. R. V. Cooper FIOP for undertaking the compilation of material used in this book and to the President Mr. J. G. Rodgers MIP and Past Presidents Mr. L. M. Phillips FlOP and Mr. G. J. Nash FIOP for acting as members of the Reading Panel. The Institute is also indebted to the British Standards Institution 2 Park Street, London W1A 2BS_ for permission to reproduce many extracts from, their current publications: the publishers of the Water Engineers Handbook for permission to publish lists of Water Undertakings from the 1972 edition and also to Mr. H. A. Howick FIOP, Past President of the Institute for permission to include material appeering in the technical booklets published by the Institute in respect ‘of which he owns the copyright. Finally, the Institute wishes to thank Mr. Bill Field of W.G.F. Designs whose meticulous approach to the design and layout of the book has been appreciated, ANDREW WATTS MIP Exgcutive Director. Designed by: WGF Designs Printed by: W. W. Hawes, Eimswell, Suffolk 8HCTION A Hot and cold water supplies Pipe sizing Assessment of required flow rate Flow of water at appliances The minimum recommended rates of flow at various appliances and fittings are set out in Table At. Except under very special circumstances these are rates which are found to be generally acceptable to consumers and the design of a system should provide for these delivery rates. Table A1: Recommended minimum rates of flow of various appliances or fittings WC flushing cistern 14 0-12 Wash basin 0-16 / Wash basin with spray taps 0-04 Bath (private) 4 0-30 Bath (public) 8 0-60 Shower (with nozzle) 1g 0-125 taps 24 0-20 taps 4 0-30 Sink with Tin. taps 8 0-60 Assessment of probable demand In designing a hot or cold water supply system, an assessment must first be made of the probable maximum demand at any particular time. Inthe majority of buildings it rarely happens that the total number of appliances installed are ever in use at any given time. For economic reasons therefore, itis usual for a scheme to provide for a peak usage which is less than the possible maximum. Probable demand will depend upon the type of sanitary appliance, the type of building in which it is installed and the frequency of usage. In order to assess the probable demand, some designers total the possible maximum demand and then take a percentage of this figure, the percentage varying with the type of building in which the installation is fitted, The late W. Fretwell devised the formula m= vn where m= probable number of appliances in use and n= number of appliances installed. Mr. H. A. Howick has devised a method based upon the Theory of Probability. With this method a unit rating is devised for each type of sanitary appliance, based on its rate of water delivery, time the taps are open during usage, probable time the appliance is in use and the simultaneous demand for the particular type of appliance. Table A2 sets out the ‘loading unit’ rating for various appliances. A loading unit has no precise value in terms of litres per second. By multiplying the total number of each type of appliance by the appropriate loading unit number and adding the resultant totals together, the recommended flow rate can be read from Graph Al. Table A2 Loading units WC flushing cistern ‘Wash basin i, Bath 10 Sink 3-5 ‘Shower (with nozzle) 3. Public bath 22 WC flushing cistern 2 Wash basin (distributed use) 14 Wash basin (concentrated use) 3 WC flushing cistern 2 Wash bat Note: Certain sanitary appliances require a continuous flow of ‘water throughout the whole of the time that they are being used. ‘These include ablution appliances fitted with spray taps, umbrella sprays, shower nozzles or similar fittings. In buildings where high peak demands occur, a loading unit rating for such appliances is not applicable and 100 per cent of the flow rate for these appliances as set out in Table A1 must be allowed for. The same applies to automatic flushing cisterns as Used for urinals. Example 1 Determine the design flow rate for a distri- buting pipe feeding 8 we's, 16 wash basins and 8 baths in a block of flats. 8 we's 2 16 loading units 16 wash basins x 14 24 loading units 8 baths x 10 80 loading units 120 loading units From Graph A1, the flow rate required for 120 loading units would be 1-5 I/s. Example 2 Determine the design flow rate for a distri- buting pipe feeding 24 we's, 24 wash basins, 16 urinals, 4 showers and 4 cleaner's sinks in a factory where there is a very high peak demand for use of the showers. 24 we's x2 48 loading units 24 wash basins x 3 72 loading units 4 sinks gas 20 loading units 140 loading units From Graph A1, the flow rate required for 140 loading units would be 1-65 litres per second. To this must be added the water required for urinal flushing and continuous use of showers, The urinals would require 16 x 4-50 = 72 litres every 20 pe or = \ Re 0-06 I/s The 4 showers would require 4 x 0-12 = 0-48 I/s The total flow required would therefore be 1 65 + 0-06 +0:-48=2:19 I/sSection A Hot and cold water supplies Pipe sizing Effective length of pipe run , The diameter of pipe necessary to give a required flow rate will depend upon the head available, the smooth- ness of the pipe used (i’e” type of material) and the effective length of pipe run. To the loss of head in the actual length of pipe must be added that caused by pipe fittings such as elbows, tees, etc. For convenience, the latter is usually expressed as the loss in an equivalent length of pipe as set out in Table A3. Table A3. Loss of head in pipe fittings expressed in equivalent pipe lengths ‘metre run in, mm ___ofpipe | _ mm $15 06 0-6] 15 O- T2 } 22 08 10[ 20 0 T4 1 28 10 15/ 2 0 18 1 36 1-4 20[ 32 1 23 1¥ 42 1-7 40 4 27 264 -2-3 50 1 34 2 — 3-0 6 1: 42 Sm 76 34 80 2 53 4 108 45 100 2 68 Determination of pipe diameter To determine the diameter of a pipe for a given flow rate, the allowable loss of head per metre run of effective length must first be calculated. Example 3. Assuming that flow rate of 2 /s is required, the head available is 4 m, the pipe is of galvanised steel, the actual length of pipe is 20 m and that there are 8 elbows in the run. Taking a pipe of 32 mm then the effective length would be 20+ (8 x1-0) = 28 m. As the available head is 4 m, the permissible loss of head per metre would be Head 4 1 Length 28 7 Reading from Graph A2, a 32 mm galvanised steep pipe with a permissible head loss of 0-14 m/m run will convey about 13 I/s and as this is too small, a 40 mm pipe should be chosen. Under the same head and using 8 elbows, a 40 mm pipe will convey 2 I/s which is the flow rate required. = 0:14 m/min. Loss of head at point of delivery In calculating the diameter of a pipe to supply an ividual fitting, the loss of head through the draw-off. or delivery valve should be taken into account. A table of head losses through draw-off taps is given in Table AS. For easy calculation, a table of the loss of head through draw-off taps expressed as equivalent lengths is given in Table A4. Example 4 Determine the diameter of adistributing pipe pipe necessary to deliver 0-3 I/s through a 2 in bibtao, the length of copper tube being 18 m with 8 elbows and the available head being 3 m. Assuming 22 mm o.d. (3in.) pipe, the effective length would be: 18 + (8x0-8) + 8-5=18+ 6448-5 Say 38m. Permissible loss of head per metre run of effective length would be: Head 3 1 Length a3 a1 (2°08 mim. Reading from Graph A2, a 22 mm o.d. copper tube with a head loss of 0-99 m/m run will convey 0-30 I/s This diameter pipe will therefore be large enough to give the required rate of discharge at the tap. 32.9 m. Loss of head through ballvalves & stopvalves The loss of head through balivalves, which can be very high, and stopvalves varies with the rate of flow. It is usually more convenient therefore to deduct the loss of head through these fittings from the available head. The loss of head through ballvalve orifices of various sizes is given by Graph A3 and that through stopvalves by Graph Ad. Example 5 Determine the diameter of a copper cold water supply pipe capable of delivering 15 I/s through a ballvalve having a 16 mm (§ in.) diameter orifice, given that the pressure at the main is 400 kN/m* (40:8 m head), the balivalve is 15 m above the main and the total run of pipe from the main to the ballvalve is 34 m with 6 elbows and one stopvalve. Assuming a 28 mm 0.4. (1 in.) pipe, then the effective length would be: 34+ (6x 1-0) = 40m By reference to Graph A3, at a flow rate of 1-5 I/s the loss of head through a bail-valve with a 18 mm orifice would be 3-5 m and the loss or head through a 1 in (25 mm) stopvalve would be 2-7 m (Graph A4). The available head will be 40°8 — (15 + 3-5 + 2-7) = 19-6 m. Table A4 Loss of head through draw-off taps expressed as equivalent pipe lengths Discharge rate Equivatent length of pipe of ‘tap fully open same diameter as tap (metres) Fitting (BS 1010)* Vs gal./min, Copper Galvanised mild stee! fin. (15 mm nominal) bibtap or pillar tap 0-20 at 2-70 4:00 . (20 mm nominal) bibtap or pillar tap 0-30 ie 8-50 5-75 Tin. (25 mm nominal) bibtap or pillar tap 0-60 8) 20-00 13-00Permissible loss of head per metre run of effective length of pipe would be Head _ 19-6 Length 40 = 0-49 m/m By reference to Graph A2, a 28 mm o.d. (1 in.) diameter copper tube under these conditions would convey 1:8 I/s 80 that this size of pipe would satisfy requirements, Table AS Loss of head in metres through draw-off taps charge rate in l/s Di jing (BS 1010) -075 Fi 0-12 0-15 0:20 0-22 0-30 0-35 0-47 055 0-60 fin, bibtap 185 365 52 7 14 18 Zin. bibtap zi “33 “45 7 14 T4 Jin. bibtap 45 “70 “90 1-2 15 fin. pillartap 24 40 52 “70 80 Zin, pillar tap 24 “30 40 50 70 Relative discharging powers of pipes The relative discharging power of pipes are as the square root of the fifth power of their diameters D\ 5 D> ee. N N (3) 3 oo N = number of branches D = diameter of main pipe d_ = diameter of branch pipes ‘The accompanying table has been calculated from this formula, fractions over 0-5 being taken as whole numbers. (Table A6) The nominal diameters of pipes given are those adopted in BS 2871: Part | Copper tubes for water, gas and sanitation, where Table A6 Nominal diameter of main pipe odmm 108 76-1 66:7 54 42 35 28 22 15 in 4 3 2 2 te 1h 1 9 i= 2 3 6 12 18 32 66 181 2.3 6 9 15 32 88 6 10 20 56 37 lemitzanee) a a 1= 2 4 40 t=)2aeeel - = Thrusts developed in a pipeline due to internal pressure I os Alll pipes having joints in which longitudinal move- ment is not positively restricted require external anchorages to resist the thrusts developed at changes of direction and blank ends. Examples of these types of —_—c¢ Table A? Thrust. 1 bar (10 N/m?) internal pressure joints are: Lead-caulked, Bolted-Gland and Tyton. ‘The magnitude of these thrusts, which act in the direction shown by the arrows in the diagram A x P for blank ends and Ax Px 2 Sine 2 for bends. where A = Cross-sectional area of inside of socket P= Internal pressure (including surge pressure if applicable) 8 — Angle of deviation of bend The following table gives approximate values of these thrusts for standard castings: Nom. internal Blank ends diameter and junctions 90° bends 45° bonds 224° bends 114° bends mm newtons. ‘newtons ewtons. ‘newtons newtons 50 374 529 284 148 n 75 716 1013 548 277 142 100 1168 1652 897 458 232 125 1761 2490 1348 690 348 150 2471 3497 1890 961 484 175 3290 4652 2516 1284 645 200 4232 5987 3239 1652 832 225 5271 7452 4032 2058 1032 250 6426 ‘9090 4916 2510 1258 300 9374 13258 7174 3658 1839 350 12523 1710 9587 4884 2458Section A Hot and cold water supplies Pipe sizing Hot and cold services to multi-storey buildings The basi¢ principles of pipe sizing dealt with earlier can be readily applied to pipe sizing for multi-storey buildings. The additional design considerations tO Which attention must be given in such buildings are listed below. (a) Loading Units Determine from the loading unit table (Table A2) (i). The total number of loading units for each flat or compartment. (ii), The total number of loading units required at the point of commencement of the distributing pipe and the reduced number of loading units required et each branch or floor. (b) Rate of flow Using the loading unit ratings cal- culated, determine the flow rate in I/s at each branch or floor from Graph A1. (c) Percentage demand Fromacomparison between the probable demand in I/s and the estimated maximum, demand in I/s the number of flats or compartments for which the frictional resistances of the pipe work should be taken into account can be determined. From Fig. A1, the probable demand is 1:65 I/s and the estimated maximum demand is 4 O1/s (O- 4 1/s per flat). This rat expressed as a percentage is + & 41 per cent. The number of flats or compartments for which resistances have been taken into account is therefore 41 per cent of 10, say 4 flats. Below the fourth flat, the frictional resistance of the main distributing pipe only, need be taken into account. In the case of the 10 floor (20 flat) example (Fig. A2), the probable and maximum demand ratio, expressed as a percentage is 28 The number of flats for which frictional resistances have been taken into account is therefore 35 per cent of 20 = 7 flats. Below the seventh flat, the frictional fesistance of the main distributing pipe only need be taken into account. In the case of the 3 floor (3 flat) hot water supply example (Fig. A3), the probable demand is 0-80 I/s, and the estimated maximum demand 126 I/s (0: 42.I/s, per flat), 0-80 This ratio expressed as a percentage is -—— = 63 per cent, 1°28 The number of flats for which frictional resistances have been taken into account is therefore 63 per cent of 3 = 1-89 or 2 flats. In the three examples given, the frictional losses in the pipework to the upper floors have been taken into account as the hydraulic conditions to these are the least favourable. Tabulation When pipe sizing a hot or cold water installation which serves a number of points on the same floor and, in addition, supplies draw-off points on other floors, some form of analysis of the various friction losses incurred is necessary to enable a reason- able head balance to each floor to be maintained. To enable a systematic procedure to be adopted and to enable a designer to make changes easily when it is shown to be necessary, a form of tabulation such as that shown for Figs. Al, A2 and A3 is desirable. The ideas used can be modified to suit individual preferences and varied to suit different layouts, but the basic principles should remain unaltered. 35 per cent. 4 Application of tabulation method to multi-storey cold water installation To enable the basic principles of the tabulation method to be explained, three worked examples have been given. The first, a cold water distributing pipe supplying two flats on each of five floors is illustrated in Fig. A1. For the purposes of calculations, this is assumed to be in copper tube. This distributing pipe can be split into five parts, the part serving each floor being given a number, with the top floor being chosen as the point of commencement. Col. 1 Pipe number The number allotted to each pipe section is entered in this column. Col. 2 Loading units The sum of the loading units of the appliances supplied by each pipe is ascertained from Table A2 and tabulated. Col. 3 Flow rate The flow rate required in I/s at each floor can be read off from Graph At Col. 4 Assumed pipe diameter To enable the equivalent pipe length of fittings to be readily obtained, a preliminary estimate of the required pipe diameter should be entered in this column. Where the estimated pipe diameter is too small, the excessive head loss shown in Col, 9 will indicate that an increase in diameter is required. On the other hand, if the headloss consumed is considerably less than that available, a smaller pipe is indicated. Only slight adjustments will normally be found necessary after practice has been acquired. Col. 5 Measured pipe run The actual measured pipe run in metres, ignoring any allowances for friction losses in fittings, should be entered in this column. Col. 6 Equivalent pipe length of fittings In this column is entered the sum of the equivalent pipe lengths of all pipe fittings (as Table A3) and draw-off taps (as Table A4), Col. 7 Effective length of pipe The effective length of the pipe in each section will be the sum of the measured length and the equivalent resistance lengths, i.e. column § plus column 6 equals column 7. Col. 8 Loss of head in metres per metre run Loss of head in metres per metre run should be read from the pipe sizing chart, Graph A2. Col. 9 Head consumed in metres Head consumed in metres for any pipe section is obtained by multiplying the effective length of the pipe in metres by the loss of head in metres per metre run, i.e. column 7 multiplied by column 8 equals column 9. Col. 10 Total head consumed Total head consumed is calculated by adding together the individual heads in column 9. The total head consumed for all the effective parts of the installation at each floor should be slightly lessthan the head actually available. When the difference is judged to be excessive, some change in diameter of certain sections of the pipe run is indicated, Col. 11 Actual head available Actual head available at any floor is that due to the vertical height of the storage or cistern above the draw-off points. Col. 12 Final pipe diameter This column can be used to indicate any changes found necessary due to over or under-sizing pipes at the preliminary estimate.Fig. Al Pipe sizing of cold water services to § storey block (10 flats) 2400 Loading Units Litres/sec 10x 14=140 1:65 2700 2700 6x14= 84 1:20 Explanatory Notes 1. Tho sum of the loading units for each flat is 134 (ie. 1 bath, 1 we and 1 wash basin). In order to avoid fractions, @ total of 14 loading units for each flat has been used. 4» 14= 56 0-90 2. On the bottom floor, 28 loading Units give a flow rate, from the graph, Of 0575 I/s, As the bath taps to the two lowest floors may be open : ih same time, this has been adjusted to 0-6 I/s to allow for full low simultan. 2«14= 28 0-60 eously at both baths. 3. The branches to we's and wash 0 0 basins have not been sized. These have been assumed as 15 mm (4in.). 4, The resistances on each floor have been assumed as follows Main pipe—Top floor, 1 elbow. Branch pipes—2 tees, 2 elbows and 1 20 mm (2 in.) bath tap. 2700 2700 Estimated maximum demand (0-40 litres/sec per flat) 4-0 litres/sec Probable demand 41 per cont = 166 litres/soc Number of flats for which frictional allowances are provided is 41 per cent 4 flats 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 9 10 W 12 . : fe 2 ? i q ag zs 2 ¥ 5 2 #8 gE get . Be g 3 38 g 33 ge = 82 = 8. me 3: 58 fe 88 1 140 1-65 35. 420 1:40 5:60 0-78 0-78 = sh 6 14 0-40 22 2-44 12-10 14:54 2-04 2:82 2:40 = Pipe 6 to be increased to 25 mm 6 14 0-40 28 2:44 25-00 27:44 0-035 0:93 71 2-40 28 2 112 1-40 35, 2-70 _- 2:70 O11 0:30 2:01 —~ = 7 14 0-40 22 2:44 12:10 14:54 0-14 2:04 4:05 5:10 =- ss 84 1:20 28 2:70 = 2:70 0.24 0-65 4:70 _ Lat 8 Flow rate and head loss as for 7 _— = 2:04 6:74 7:80 xa 4 56 0-90 28 2-70 — 2-70 0-14 0-38 7:12 = == 9 Flow rate and head loss as for 7 = - 2-04 9-16 10:50 oa. 5 28 0-60 22 2:70 _— 2-70 0-30 0-81 9-97 13:20 = 10 No head loss allowed for this branchSection A Hot and cold water supplies Pipe sizing Fig. A2_ Pipe sizing of cold water services to 10 storey block (20 flats) ambi we Loading Units Litres/see 20x14=280 2.8 18x14=252 25 16x14=224 | 2.25 wed 14x14=196 2.10 a ie 12x 14= 168 1.90 jf no 10x 14= 140 1.65 : i. Bx14=112 1.40 : LL 6x14= 84 1.20 2700 4x14= 56 0.90 Explanatory Notes 1. A total of 14 loading units for each . flot has been used, eee me0 2. Aflow rate of 0:6 I/shas been used = Ma ‘on the bottom floor to allow for full flow. Estimated maximum demand (0-40 litres/sec per flat) 8-0 litres/sec ‘simultaneously at both baths. Probable demand 35 per cent = 2:8 litres/sec: 3. Piping has been assumed as copper Number of flats for which frictional allowances are provided is 35 per cent THlats bo 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1 12 2 8 ef 3 - 2 a a € 5 = = Bae fic 3 3 aa = 2 £ 3 ses set Ze 5 3¢ 2 £ £ ES $28 $69 Se gu £§ & 3 g 36 es: $22 3: 3. 22 = 3 = a3 s bec Se ze e8 280 2-80 42 1:70 6:00 0-14 0-84 0-84 — —_ 14 0:40 28 25:00 27-40 0:035 0:96 1-80 2:40 - 252 2.50 42 = 2-70 O11 0:30 2-10 — — 14 0-40 22 12:10 14:50 0-14 2:03 4:13 5:10 i 224 2:25 42 2:70 = 2:70 0:10 0:27 4-40 “ sa Flow rate and loss of head as for pipe 12 = — * 203 643 780 — 196 2-10 35 2:70 = 2:70 0:20 0:54 6:97 = = Flow rate and loss of head as for pipe 12 mane bie 2:03 9:00 10:50 = 168 1-90 35 2:70 = 2-70 0:18 0-49 9:49 res oom Flow rate and loss of head as for pipe 12 — wo 2-03 11-52 13-20 = 140 1-65 28 2:70 = 2-70 0:40 1:08 12:60 ae =- Flow rate and loss of head as for pipe 12 = = 2-03.14:63 1590 — 112 1-40 28 2:70 = 2:70 0:30 0:81 15-44 = — Flow rate and loss of head as for pipe 12 = _ 2-03 17-47 1860 — 84 1:20 23 2-70 = 2:70 0:24 0-65 18:12 21°30 = 56 0:90 22 2:70 = 2:70 0:55 1:49 19:61 24:00 = 28 0:60 22 2:70 = 2:70 0:30 0:81 20:42 26-70 bsFig. A3_ Pipe sizing of hot water supply service to 3 storey block (3 flats) 2700 2700 2700 2700 1x 16= 16 2x 16=32 3x 16=48 0.42 0.60 0.80 Loading Units Litres/sec Explanatory Notes 1. The loading units for each flat have boen taken as 15 (1.0. 4§ for sink, 10 for bath and 14 for wash basin). 2. No allowance has ben made for sink tap resistance but the full allow: ance has been provided for bath tap Estimated maximum demand (0-42 litres/sec per flat) 1°26 litres/sec. resistance. Probable demand 63 per cent = 0-80 litres/sec 3. Piping has been assumed as copper Number of ts for which etionl allowances me povided is 63 porcant State sibs 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 - 2 8 8 | : z a 4: fo gob oa, 3 i ee 2 3 . i of HH gp oce 6 OEE OE g 3 = 36 $8 BS ge ge 32 5 : & #2 3 5 BS 8s) GE OBB 2 1 be] 0:37 22) 1-20 10-30, 11:50 0:13 1:50. 1:50 =- — 2 16 0:42 28 1-20 Pit] 3-70 0:04 0-15 1-65 — er 3 16 0-42 28 2:70 1-50 4:20 0:04 0-17 1:82 = oe 4 32 0:60 35. 2-70 = 2-70 0-025 0:07 1-89 = = 5 48 0:80 35. 1-30 2-80 410 0:04 0-16 2:05 - = 6 48 0:80 3512-00 2:80 14:80 0-04 0:59 2:64 2:70 = 7 11-6 0-37 22 1-20. 10-30 11-50 0:13 1:50 4-14 = = 8 16 0-42 22 1-20 1-80 3.00 0-15 0-45 4:59 5-40 = 3s No head loss provided for in branch 10 No head loss provided for in branchi a ee = . tion A Hot and cold water supplies . * Pipe sizing Graph Al Loading units and design flow rates 2 §Graph A2_ Pipe sizing graph ois pastuenie ols 9: [ aed z uns anew Jed sesjew u! peay jo sso7, Bieri to — — — s0nseid pue pea} “ieddoo S00: z00: 100° So: Puoses Jed semi Ul 8121 MO}4Section A Hot and cold water supplies Pipe sizing Graph A3__ Head loss through ballvalve orifices z 8 Flow rate 10 10 8 Xs 08} 06| -o2 +05 Loss of head in metresFlow rate in litres per second 2 10 19] 08 06] 04 +05 “45-6 8 Loss of head in metres 10 "Section A Hot and cold water supplies Cold water storage Table A8_ Provision of cold water storage to cover 24 hours interuption of supply Dwelling houses and flats _per resident 90 Hostels per resident 90 Hotels per resident 135 Offices without canteens per head 35 Offices with canteens per head 45 Restaurants perhead per meal 7 Day schools per head Boarding schools Nurses’ homes and medical quarters lent 110 Where the occupancy of a building is not known, the following table might be useful as an approximate guide to the storage required : Table A9_ Provision of cold water storage based on sanitary appliances Water closet 180 Sink 135-225 Wash basin 90-250 Shower 135-225 Urinal 135-250 ‘The Water Byelaws require that, where a storage cistern is provided in a house, i.e. premises separately occupied as a private dwelling, it shall have a storage capacity of not less than 25 gallons (114 litres). Where such cistern is also used as a feed cistern, it shall have a capacity of not less than 50 gallons (227 litres). If the storage is provided by means of two or more cisterns, their total capacity shall be the same as for a single storage cistern All storage cisterns should be provided with a readily removable cover, well fitting but not airtight, and should be adequately protected against damage by frost. Every storage cistern must be fitted with an efficient overflow pipe which should have as great a fall as practicable and preferably not less than 1 in 10. In England and Wales, the byelaws require the overflow pipe to have an internal diameter greater than that of the inlet pipe and in no case less than 2 in. (19 mm). In Scotland, byelaws require the overflow pipe to have an internal diameter not less than twice that of the inlet pipe and in no case less than 14 in. (32 mm) If the capacity of the storage cistern does not exceed 1000 gallons (4546 litres), the overflow pipe should be arranged es a warning pipe, i.e. so that its outlet is in a conspicuous position, either inside or outside the building, where the discharge of water therefrom may be readily seen. There should be no other overflow pipe, Ifthe capacity of a storage cistern exceeds 1000 gallons (4546 litres), it should have a warning pipe as previously described or, alternatively, it should have an overflow pipe not arranged as a warning pipe and, in addition, a ‘warning pipe of not less than 1 in. (25 mm) diameter, or some other device, which effectively indicates when 12 ‘the water reaches a level not less than 50 mm below the overflowing level of the overflow pipe. Every outlet to a storage cistern, other than the overflow pipe, should be provided with a fullway stopvalve so that there is no necessity to empty the vessel to enable repairs to be carried out to the distributing pipes, etc. If the storage required is more than 4500 litres, it is advantageous to arrange it in a series of cisterns so interconnected that each cistern can be isolated for cleaning and inspection without interfering with the flow of water. This can conveniently be done by the use of a header pipe of adequate size into which each cistern is connected and from which the distributing pipes branch off, each branch into and out of the header pipe being provided with a stopvalve. Each cistern should have its own float operated valve and overflow pipe, and a draining tap to facilitate cleaning out. In large storage cisterns, the outlet should be at the end opposite to the inlet to avoid stagnation of the water. If two or more cisterns are coupled together in series without header pipes, the inlet and outlet should be at opposite ends of the series. anes, Hot water storage Except in cases of special hot water demand, the requirements for the storage of hot water may be assessed from the following table, Table A10_ Assessment of hot water demand and storage requirements (based on day of heaviest demand during the week) Colleges and schools Titres litres Boarding 114 23 Day 4 45 Dwellinghouses Low rental 114 see note* below Medium rental 114 45 High rental 136 ws Flats (blocks) Low rental 6a 2 Medium rental 114 32 High rental 4136 32 Factor 14 a6 Hospitals? General 136 21 Infectious 228 45 Infiemaries 68 23 Infirmaries (with laundries) 90 27 Maternity 25 32 Mental 90 23 Nurses’ homes 1980 ‘Hostels 114 32 otels First class 136 45 14 6 14 45 (with spray-type showers) 38 26 Storage normally a minimum of 114 litres with a 4-hour heat-up period. Refer also to relevant Hospital Building Notes (Ministry of Health) H.M.8.0.