Toefl Itp 5

TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN MODULE
LEVEL 1
This Module has been adopted from Longman Introductory Course for the TOEFL Test, Author(s): Deborah
Phillips, ISBN: 9780131847194, NOT FOR SALE. This module is not endorsed or approved by Pearson
Longman and Deborah Phillips.
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SECTION TWO
STRUCTURE
AND WRITTEN
EXPRESSION
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
DIAGNOSTIC PRE_TEST
SECTION 2
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Time-25 minutes
(including the reading of the directions)
Now set your clock for 25 minutes.
This section is designed to measure your ability to recognize language that is appropriate for standard
rvritten English. There are t\vo types of questions in this section, with special directions for each type.
Structure
Directions: These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you will see four words
or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one word or phrase that best completes the
sentence. Then, on your answer sheet, find the number of the question and fill in the space that
corresponds to the letter of the answer you have chosen.
Look at the following exarnples.
Example I Sample Answer
The president the election by a landslide.

o
@
(A) won @
(B) he won - @
(C) yesterday
(D) fortunately
The sentence should read, "The president u,on the election by a landslide." Therefore, you should
choose answer (A).
Example II Sample Answer

@
When the conference?
o
(A) the doctor attended
(B) did- the doctor attend
o
@
(C) the doctor wiil attend
(D) the doctor's attendance
The sentence should read, "When did the doctor attend the conference?" Therefore, you should
choose answer (B).
TOEFL" test directions and formaL are reprinted bv permission

of ETS, the copvright orvncr Howe1.er, all examples and test
questions are pror,idccl by Pearson Education, Inc. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST 55
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
t 1. In the early 1900s, Eastman 7. Researchers have begun studying rvhat
:. inexpensive Brownie box cameras. is on human circadian rhythms.
(A) it developed - (A) it is the effect of light
(B) it was developed -(B) the light affects
(C) developed (C) is affecting the light
(D) developing (D) the effect of light
2. the discovery of the fossilized 8. If calcium oxide remains exposed to ai1,

remnants of tides in one-billion-vear-old to calcium carbonate.
-rocks. (A) turning
(A) Geologicai reports (B) turns
(B) Geologists report (C) it turns
(C) The repofis of geologists (D) the turn
(D) Geologists' reports
9. Some early batteries used concentrated
3. The Brooklyn Bridge took thirleen nitric acid, gave off poisonous fumes.
years to complete.
(A) they
(A) in Nerv York - (B) -
then they
(B) is in New York (C) but they
(C) it is in New York (D) but they had
(D) which New York
10. The sound produced by an object in a
4. Genes control all ol the ohvsical we periodic ll,ay involves more than the simple
inherit. sine wave. -
(A) that traits (A) it vibrates
(B) that are traits (B) vibrating
(C) traits that (C) is vibrating
(D) traits are that (D) vibrates
5. Indigo can be extracted from a plant, and 11. Prior to the discovery of anesthetics in 1846,
then to dye cloth blue. surgery was done was still conscious.
(A) it (A) while the patient
-
(B) using (B) -
the patient felt
(C) using it (C) during the patient!
(D) it can be used (D) while patiently
6. in the United States spends 900 hours

per year in class and 1,170 hours in lront of
- television.
the
(A) The average third-grader
(B) The third grade is average
(C) There are three grades
(D) Three average grades
56 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST

I
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
12. The drastic decline of the beaver helps to t4. A yacht is steered u,ith a rudder, the
illustrate what to the ecosystems of flow of water that passes the hull.
the North American continent.
(A) which deflecting -
(A) happening - (B) deflects
(B) the happening (C) it deflects
(C) has happened (D) which deflects
(D) about happening
15. For top speed and sudden acceleration, the
13. The use of shorthand died out in the Middle accelerator pump feeds additional gasoline
Ases because o[ r.r ith witchcraFt. from the float chamber into above the
venturi tube.
(A) the association was imagined
(B) associate the imagination (A) the air flows -
(C) imagine the association (B) the air flow
(D) the imagined association (C) the air is flowing
(D) flows the air
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST 57

1
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
Written Expression
Directions: In these questions, each sentence has four underlined words or phrases. The four
underlined parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Identify the one underlined u,ord
or phrase that must be changed in order for the sentence to be cor-rect. Then, on yollr answer sheet,
find the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter of the answer you
have chosen.
Look at the following examples.

@
The four string on a violin are tuned
A BCD o
in fifths.
@
@
The sentence should read, "The four strings on a violin are tuned in fifths." Therefore, you should
choose answer (B).
The research for the book Roors taking @

ABC @
Alex Haley trvelve years.
o
D
@
The sentence should read, "The research for the book Roors took Alex Haley twelve years." Therefore,
you should choose ansrver (C).
TOEFL! test directions and format are reprintcd by permission

of ETS, the copvright ou,ner Horvever, all examples and test
58 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST questions are provided by Pearson Education, Inc.
7-
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
16. In 1732, coach *Tlt- could got from New York to Philadelphia in about two days
D
17. Some of the District of Columbia are on lowJying, marshy ground.

A e--e D
18. Georgiat economy is based main on agriculture.

BCD
t9. The Paul Revere House was built in 1676, and today its the oldest wooden building in Boston.
ABCD
20. Conifers such as cedars, firs, and pines bear its seeds in cones.
A BC D
2t. A dome is a semispherical structures on top of a building.

C D
22. Succulents suck up water in just a few hour, but they can store it in their stems for months.
ABCD
23. Flying buttresses enabled builders to put up tall but thinnest stone walls.
A B CD
24. Weather forecasters monitor barometric pressures and record they on charts as isobars.
ABCD
25. In many languages, the forms of a word varies to express such contrasts as numbeg gender,
ABC
and tense.
-5--
26. A Milky Way object that erupted in the constellation Scorpius has provides information to
AB
astronomers since July.
-___-T_-D
27. Much fossils are found in coal-bearing rocks.
28. When salt is added to ice, _E-

this mixture becomes coldly enough to freeze ice cream.
A C D
29. During the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, Long Island was chiefly an agricultural region
ABC
with fishing, whaling, and build ships as the important industries.
D
30. No one who has studied the Battle of Little Bighorn know the exact route that Custer and his
ABT
detachment took.
-5-
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE.TEST 59

2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
31. The folktales which the brothers Grimm had collecting were translated into English in 1823.
ABCD
32. In our solar system, nine planets, fifty-seven moons, several dozen comets, several million
AB
asteroids, and billions of meteorites have so far been discover.
CD
33. From the 1850s until after the turn of the century many of America's super-rich families made
ABC
Newport his favorite summer resort.
D
34. Mars may looks red because it is covered with a layer of soft red iron oxide.
ABCD
35. The radioactive substances that pose the greatest harm to humanity have neither very short or
ABC
very long half lives.
D
36. A robin cocks its head to peer at a worm with one eyes and not to hear it, as was once thought.
ABCD
37. Film sound is often record by an analog system which, like the compact disc, uses light.
ABCD
38. The scribes of the Middle Ages used quill pens to produce _-C-D
their high decorated manuscripts.
A B
39. The principles of physics described by Christian Doppler in 1842 for the movement of stars has
AB
been adapted to evaluate the movement of blood within the heart.
CD
40. The Pioneer 10 and 1-1 spacecraft were the first vehicles of humankind to venture beyond the
A-B
limits of ours solar system.
--e- D
This is the end of the Structure and Written Expression Diagnostic Pre-Test.
@@@@@@@
60 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST

,
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
When you finish the test, you may do the following:
. Turn to the Diagnostic Chart on pages 357-363,
and circle the numbers of the questions that you
missed.
. Turn to the Progress Chart on page 353, and add
your score to the chart.
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST 61

'/ ,.
STRUCTURE AND
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
The second section of the TOEFL test is the Structure and Written Expression
section. This section consists of forty questions (some tests may be longer). You
have twenty-five minutes to complete the forty questions in this section.
There are two types of questions in the Structure and Written Expression sec-
tion of the TOEFL test:
1. Structure (questions 1-15) consists of fifteen sentences in which part of the
sentence has been replaced with a blank. Each sentence is followed by four
answer choices. You must choose the answer that completes the sentence in
a grammatically correct way.
2. Written Expression (questions 16-40) consists of twenty-five sentences in
which four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must
choose the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
GENERAL STRATEGIES
1. Be familiar with the directions. The directions on every TOEFL test are the same, so
it is not necessary to spend time reading the directions carefully when you take the
test. You should be completely familiar with the directions before the day of the test.
2. Begin with questions 1 through 15. Anticipate that questions 1 through 5 will be
the easiest. Anticipate that questions 11 through 15 will be the most difficult. Do
not spend too much time on questions 11 through 15.There will be easier
questions that come later.
3. Continue with questions 16 through 40. Anticipate that questions 16 through 20
will be the easiest. Anticipate that questions 36 through 40 will be the most
difficult. Do not spend too much time on questions 36 through 40.
4. lf you have time, return to questions 11 through 15. You should spend extra time
on questions 11 through 15 only after you spend all the time that you want on the
easier questions.
5. Never leave any questions blank on your answer sheet. Even if you are not sure of
the correct response, you should answer the question.There is no penalty for
guessing.
62
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STRUCTURE 63
THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

Questions 1 through 15 in the Structure and Written Expression section of the
TOEFL test measure your knowledge of the correct structure of English sentences.
The questions in this section are multiple-choice questions in which you must
choose the letter of the answer that best completes the sentence.
Example
greeted me enthusiastically at the front door.
(A) Parental
(B) rf
(C) Mv friends
(D) Them
In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a verb,
greeted, and that the verb needs a subject. Answers (A), (B), and (D) are incorrect
because parental, if, and thent are not subjects. The correct answer is answer (C).
STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS
1. First study the sentence. Your purpose is to determine what is needed to complete
the sentence correctly.
2. Then study each answer based on how well it completes the sentence. Eliminate
answers that do not complete the sentence correctly.
3. Do not try to eliminate incorrect answers by looking only at the answers. The
incorrect answers are generally correct by themselves.The incorrect answers are
generally incorrect only when used to complete the sentence.
4. Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are
unsure of the correct response.
5. Do not spend too much time on the structure questions. Be sure to leave
adequate time for the Written Expression questions.
The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Structure
section of the TOEFL test.
64 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Srcu- 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS

You know that a sentence in English should have a subject and a verb. The most
common types of problems that you will encounter in the Structure section of the
TOEFL test are related to subjects and verbs; perhaps the sentence is missing
either the subject, or the verb, or both; perhaps the sentence has an extra subject
or verb.
Example I
was ringing continuously for hours.
(A) Loudly
(B) In the morning
(C) The phone
(D) The bells
In ihis example, you should notice immediately that there is a verb, was ringing,
but there is no subject. Answer (C) is the best answer because it is a singular sub-
ject that agrees with the singular verb was ringing. Answer (A), loudly, and answer
(B), in the morning, are not subjects, so they are not correct. Although answer (D),
bells, could be a subject, it is not correct because bells is plural and it does not
agree with the singular verb was ringing.
Example II
Newspapers every morning and every evening.
(A) delivery
(B) -
are delivered
(C) on time
(D) regularly
In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has a subject,
neryspapers, but that there is no verb. Because answer (B), are delivered, is a verb, it
is the best answer. Answers (A), (C), and (D) are not verbs, so they are not correct.
Example III
The plane landing at the airport in five minutes.
(A) it is
(B) it really is
(C) is descending
(D) will be
This sentence has a subject, plane, and has par[ of a verb, landing; to be correct,
some form of the verb be is needed to make the verb complete. Answers (A) and
STRUCTURE 65
(B) are incorrect because the sentence already has a subject, plane, and does not
need the extra subject l/. Answer (C) is incorrect because descending is an extra
part of a verb that is unnecessary becaus e of landing. Answer (D) is the best
answer; will be together with landing is a complete verb.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should remember
about subjects and verbs.
SUBJECTS AND VERBS
EXERCISE 1: Underline the subjects once and the verbs tu,ice in each of the fol-
lowing sentences. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor^rect (I).
I 1. My best friend alrvavs helpful with problems.
C 2. The bus schedule has cllanged since last week.
3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.
4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.
5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.
6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.
7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.
B. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.
9. Walking with the children to school.
10. The whales headed south for the winter.

7-
Sxrr-r- 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

An object of a preposition is a noun or a pronoun that comes after a preposition
such as in, At, of, to, by, behind, and on to form a prepositional phrase.
The trip (to the island) (on Saturdal) will last (for three hours).
This sentence contains three objects of prepositions. Island is the object of the
preposition to; Saturday is the object of the prepositior oni hours is the object of
the preposition for.
An object of a preposition can cause confusion in the Structure section of the
TOEFL test because it can be mistaken for the subject of a sentence.
Example
To Mike was a big surprise.
(A) really
(B) the party
(C) tunny
(D) when
In this example, you should look first for the subject and the verb. You should
notice the verb tvas and should also notice that there is no subject. Do not think
that Mike is the subject; Mike is the object of the prepositiol to, andone noun
cannot be both a subject and an object at the same time. Because a subject is
needed in this sentence, answer (B), the party, is the best answer. Answers (A), (C),
and (D) are not correct because they cannot be subjects.
about objects of prepositions.
OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS
,.i
A preposition is followed by a noun or pronoun that is called an object of the preposition.
.,: ,
If a word is an object of a preposition, it is not the sub,l'ect
NOTE: A list of prepositions and exercises to practice recognizing

these prepositions can be found in Appendix B at the back of the
text. You may want to complete these exercises before continuing
with Exercise 2.
STRUCTURE 67
EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional

phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the
frepositional
phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C)
or incorrect (I).
c 1. Thename@@ is Jack.
I 2 @@D.,gg4 to turn in the papers.
3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear.
4. Because of the hear,y rain throughout the night, the walkways are muddy.
5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.
6. In the morning after the concert was tired.
7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.
8. In a box on the top shelf of the cabinet in the hallway of the house.
9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.
10. At 1:00 in the morning the alarm clock on the table beside the bed rang.
-
EXERCISE (Skills l-2): Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle
the prepositional phrases that come before the verb. Then indicate if the sentences
are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.
2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.
3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.
4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.
5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.
6. In the office of the building across the street from the park on the corner.
7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.
8. In a moment of worry about the problem with the cash in the account.
9. The plane from New York circling the airport.
10. On a regular basis the plants in the boxes under the window in the kitchen
are watered and fed.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skitls 1-2): Choose the letter of the word or group of words
that best completes the sentence.
1. Mark TWain the years after the 6. The large carotid afiery to the
Civil War the "Gilded Age." main parts of the brain.
(A) called (A) carrying blood
(B) calling (B) blood is carried
(C) he called (C) carries blood
(D) his calls (D) blood carries
2. Early toes instead of hooves on 7. radio as the first practical

their feet. system of wireless telegraphy.
(A) horses -(A) Marconi's development
(B) had horses (B) The development by Marconi
(C) horses had (C) Developing Marconi
(D) horses having (D) Marconi developed
3. grow close to the ground in the 8. In 1975, the first successful space
short Arctic summer. probe to beginning to send
-(A) Above tundra plants information back to Earth'
(B) Tundra plants (A) Venus
-
(C) Tundra plants are found (B) Venus the
(D) For tundra plants (C) Venus was
(D) Venus it r.vas
4. In 1867, Alaska from the
Russians for $7.2 million. 9. The tu,o biggest resort Arkansas
(A) purchased the United States are Hot springs and Eureka Springs'
(B) to purchase the United States (A) in
(C) the United States'purchase of (B) towns in
(D) the United States purchased (C) towns are
(D) towns are in
5. Between 1725 and 1750, New
England witnessed an increase in the 10. NASAs Lyndon B. Johnson Space
specialization of Center control center for the
(A) occupations Mercury Gemini, and Apollo space
flights'
(B) occupies
(C) they occupied (A) it was at the
(D) it occupied them (B) it was the
(C) was the
(D) the
STRUCTURE 69
Srcrr 3: PRESENT PART|C|PLES

Present participles can cause confusion in the Stmcture section of the TOEFL test
because a present participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. A
present participle is the -ing form of the verb. It is part of the verb when it is pre-
ceded by some form of the verb be.
The train is arriving at the station now.
VERB
In this sentence, arriving is part of the verb because it is accompanied by ls.

A present participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some form
of the verb be.
The train aruiving at the station now is an hour late.
ADJECTIVE
In this sentence, arriving is an adjective and not part of the verb because it is not
accompanied by some form of be. The verb in this sentence is ls.
The following example shows how a present participle can be confused with
the verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The film appearing at the local theater is mv favorite.
(A) now
(B) is
(c) it
(D) was
Irr this example, if you look at only the first words of the sentenc, it appears that
film is the subject and appearing is part of the verb. If you think ti"t ipp"oring is
part of the verb, you might choose answer (B), ls, or answer (D), was, tl'compLte
the verb. Howeve{, these two answers are incorrect because appearing is not part
of the verb. You should recognize that appearing is a parricipi.i .ather
than a verb because there is another verb in the sentence, is; In"a:j.ii.re
this sentence,
there is a complete subject, film, and a complete verb, ls, so this sentence does
not need another subject or verb. The best answer to this question is answer (A).
The following chart outlines the key information you should remember about
present participles
PRESENT PARTICIPLES
A present participle is the -rng form of the. verb. The present porticipte can be (l part
) of
the verb or (2) an odiective. lt is part of the verb when it is accompaniedby some form
of the verb be. lt is an odiective when it is not accompanied by some form of if.,"'r"rO
a".
a
7A STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
EXERCISE 3: Each of the following sentences contains one or more present par-
ticiples. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the present par-
ticiples, and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are
correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The @UgUy needs to be picked up.

ADJ.
I 2. Theclothes gfg-@"n the floor sh9gl4g into the washing machine.

VERB
3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.
4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.
5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll.
6. The setting sun creating a rainbow of colors in the sky.
7. The ship is sailing to Mexico is leaving tonight.
8. The letters needing immediate answers are on the desk.
9. The boring class just ending a few minutes ago.
10. The fast-moving clouds are bringing freezing rain to the area.
-
Sxrr-r- 4: PAST PARTICIPLES
Past participles can cause confusion in the Structure section of the TOEFL test
because a past participle can be either an adjective or a part of the verb. The past
participle is the form of the verb that appears with have or be. It often ends in -ed,
but there are also many irregular past participles in English.
The mailmanhas left aletter in the mailbox.
VERB
The classes were taughr by Professor Smith.

VERB
In the first sentence, the past participle left is part of the verb because it is accom-
panied by has. In the second sentence, the past participle taught is part of the verb
because it is accompanied by were.
STRUCTURE 71
A past participle is an adjective when it is not accompanied by some forrn of

be
or have.
tr
The letter left inthe mailbox was for me.

ADJECTI\E,
The classes taught by professor smith were very interesting.

ADJECTIVE
In the first sentence, ffi is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not accom-
panied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, was,later in the sentence).
In
the second sentence, taught is an adjective rather than a verb because it is not
accompanied by a form of be or have (and there is a verb, were,later in the sen-
tence).
'The following example shows how a past parliciple
can be confused with the
verb in the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The bread baked this morning smelled delicious.
(A) has
(B) was
(c) it
(D) just
In this example, if you look only at the first few words of the sentence, it appears
that bread is the subject and baked is either a complete verb o. u puri paiticipte
that needs a helping verb" But if you look further inthe sentence, you will see the
verb smelled. You u'ill then recognize that bakecl is a participiat adjective
and is
therefore not part of the verb. Answers (A) and (B) are incorrect becaus e baked is
an adjective and does not need a helping verb such as has or was. Answer (C) is
incorrect because there is no need for the subject lr. Answer (D) is the best answer
to this question.
about past participles.
PAST PARTICIPLES
A past participle often ends in -ed, but there are also many irregular past participles.
For
many verbs, including -ed verbs,the simple past and the pasr pZrticiple rr. if1"
Jr.,e and
can be easily confused. The -ed form of the verb can be (l) ihe simple past, (Z)
tfr" prir
participle of a verb, or (3) an adjective.
7- i': :
\
"
EXERCISE 4: Each of the following sentences contains one or more past par"tici-
ples. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the past participles,
and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct
(C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. The food ir G"*O in this restaurant is delicious.

VERB
C 2. The plane landed on the @mnway.

ADJ.
3. The unexpected guests arrived just at dinnerlime.
4. The courses are listed in the catalogue are required courses.
5. The teacher found the lost exam.
6. The small apartment very crowded and disorganized.
7. The photographs developed yesterday showed Sam and his friends.
8. The locked drawer contained the unworn jewels.
9. The tree was blown over in the storm was cut into logs.
10. The students registered in this course are listed on that sheet of paper.
-
EXERCISE (Skills 3-4): Each of the following sentences contains one or more
participles. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the participles,
and label them as adjectives or verbs. Then indicate if the sentences are correct
1. Our hosts are serving drinks on the tiled patio.
3. The letters were sent on Monday arrived on Wednesday.
4. The winners deserved the big prize.
5. The plants are growing in the garden need a lot of water.
6. The shining stars lit up the darkened sky.
7. The driver rapidly increased the speed of the racing car.
8. The excited children trying to build a snowman in the falling snow

STRUCTURE 73
9. The students are completing the course will graduate in June.
10. The dissatisfied customer is returning the broken toaster to the store.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 3-4): Choose the letter of the word or group of words
1. The first appeared during the 6. Robert E. Lee the Confederate

last period of the dinosaurs' reign. army to General Grant in 1865 at the
- are plants
(A) flowers Appomattox Courthouse.
(B) plants have flowers (A) surrendered
(C) plants flowers (B) he surrendered
(D) flowering plants (C) surrendering
(D) surrender
2. The earliest medicines _ from
plants of various sorts. 7. The pituitary gland, the brain,
(A) obtaining releases hormones to control other
(B) they obtained glands.
(C) were obtained (A) found below
(D) they were obtained (B) it is found below
(C) its foundation below
3. Simple sails were made from canvas (D) finds itself below
over a frame.
(A) a stretch 8. At around t\ /o years of age, many
(B) stretched children regularly produce sentences
(C) was stretched three or four words.
(D) it was stretched (A) are containing
(B) containing
4. Pluto's moon, Charon, _ in a (C) contain
slightly elliptical path around the (D) contains
planet.
(A) moving 9. Multinational companies _ it
(B) is moving increasingly important to employ
(C) it was moving internationally acceptable brand
(D) in its movement names.
(A) finding
5. Techniques ofbreath control form an (B) are finding
essential part of any _ program to (C) they find
improve the voice. (D) they are finding
(A) it trains
(B) train 10. The cornea is located under the
(C) trains conjunctiva, on _ of the eye.
(D) training (A) the part is exposed
(B) exposed the part
(C) the exposed part
(D) exposes the part
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills l-4)z Choose the letter of the word or
group of words that best completes the sentence.
1. first settled the Hawaiian 6. The Earrh's plates meet each other at
Islands between a.o. 300 and 750. cracks in the Earth faults.
(A) The Polynesians (A) were called
(B) The Polynesians arrived (B) calls
(C) Because of the Polynesians (C) called
(D) It was the Polynesians (D) it was called
2. In 1066, a bright comet in the 7. The first plant-like organisms

sky attracted much attention. probably in the sea, perhaps
3 billion years ago.
(A) was appearing
(B) appears (A) life
(C) it appeared (B) living
(D) appearing (C) lived
(D) it was Iiving
3. In some daguerreotype cameras,
through a hole in the back of 6. In male pattern baldness,
the box. strongly influences the degree of hair
loss.
(A) the object's view
(B) the object was viewed (A) heredity
(C) from the view of the object (B) inherited
(D) viewed the object (C) inherits
(D) heredity has
4. In the Stone Age, stone tools
with other rock materials. 9. InWatch the Skies, Curlis Peebles
(A) attempt to explain America's
polishing
(B) belief in flying saucers.
they polished
(C) for polish (A) makes a fascinating
(D) were polished (B) making a fascinating
(C) fascination with making
5. The first steamship to cross the (D) fascination made a
Atlantic Sattannah, in 1819.
(A) 10. The irregular coastline of a
was the
(B) succession of bays and inlets, with the
it was the
(C) the
-
hook of the Cape Cod peninsula in
(D) the southeast.
in it the
(A) Massachusetts
(B) Massachusetts is
(C) Massachusetts it is
(D) Massachusetts on
STRUCTURE 75
Srcrr 5: COORDINATE CONNECTORS

Many sentences in English have more than one clause. (A clause is a group of
words containing a subject and a verb.) When you have two clauses in an Eng-
lish sentence, you must connect the two clauses correctly. One way to connect two
clauses is to use and, but, or, or so between the clauses.
The sun rva!:hiltlg, and the sky rve! blue.
The sky lyee blue, but it was very cold.
It qgy.gr" tonight, or it nqay be clear.
]1:ygq:ggr"g outside,
I lgg! my umbrella.
so
In each of these examples, there are two clauses that are correctly joined with a
coordinate connector-and, but, or, or so-and a comma (,).
The following example shows how this sentence pattern could be tested in the
Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
I forgot my coat, I got very cold.
(A) then
(B) so
(C) iater
(D) as a result
In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses, I forgot my
coat and I got very cold. This sentence needs a connector to join the two clauses.
Then, later, and as a resuk are not connectors, so answers (A), (c), and (D) are not
correct. The best answer is answer (B) because so can connect two clauses in this
manner.
The following chaft lists the coordinate connectors and the sentence pattern
used with them.
COORDINATE CONNECTORS i:::::i.:1;i:!il!;:

l!a::inl!i!;:lr.:
and but or so
SV, /oord-ffiG\
\se!!e!Ie, SV
It was raining , but Bill went out to ploy.
EXERCISE 5: Each of the following sentences contains more than one clause.
Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors. Then indi-
cate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The lgg rrggl! water every day, @ff ylqlgln brown.
I 2. The book was not long,@t difficult to read.
3. It was raining, so decided not to go camping.
4. The material has been cut, and the pieces have been sewn together.
5. The patient took all the medicine, he did not feel much better.
6. The bill must be paid immediately, or the electricity will be turned off.
7. The furnace broke so the house got quite cold.
8. The dress did not cost too much, but the quality it seemed excellent.
9. The leaves kept falling off the trees, and the boys kept raking them up, but the
yard was still covered.
10. The mail carrier has already delivered the mail, so the letter is not going to
- arrive today, it probably will arrive tomorrow
Srur 6: ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

Sentences with adverb clauses have two basic patterns in English. Study the
clauses and connectors in the following sentences:
He is tired because he has been working so hard.
!g b.._bgglfglLAg so hard, he is tired.

Because
In each of these examples, there are two clauses: he is tired and he has been work-
ing so hard. The clause he has been working so hard ts an adverb clause that is
introduced with the connector because.In the first example, the connector because
comes in the middle of the sentence, and no comma (,) is used. In the second
example, the connector becau.se comes at the beginning of the sentence. In this
pattern, when the connector comes at the beginning of the sentence, a comma (,)
is required in the middle of the sentence.
i,
STRUCTURE 77
Example
arrived at the library he started to work immediately.
(A) The student
(B) When
(C) He
(D) After the student
In this example, you should recognize easily that the verb arrived needs d subject.
There is'also another ciause, he started. to work immediately.If you choose answer
(A) or answer (C), you will have a subject for the verb arrived, butyou will not
have a connector to join the two clauses. Because you need a connector to join
two clauses, answers (A) and (C) are incorrect. Answer (B) is incorrect because
there is no subject for the verb arrived. Answer (D) is the best answer because
there is a subject, student, for the verb, arrived, and there is a conne ctor, afte4 to
join the two clauses.
The following chart lists common adverb connectors and the sentence patterns
used with them.
ADVERB CLAUSE CONNECTORS

TIME CAUSE CONDITION CONTRAST
after until because if although

as when since whether even though
before while though
since while
V s V
Matt felt good because he possed.
:'r15.'
,r .' . 'i,V :,':',':,
SV
Because ,llflgff, ,,:,, ;:.,p,Ejjgfl;' 1, 1
:,
he felt good.
c 1.@the plane circled the airport, it randed on the main runwa.v.
I 2. The registration process took many hours @the lines so long.
3. This type of medicine can be helpful, it can also have some bad side effects.
il
|
l
I
/,
- i'
i
i
i',.
l
1
t'
i,,
i-
'; , ...,.i1
\
4. The waves were amazingly high when the storm hit the coastal town.
5. We need to get a new car whether is on sale or not.
6. Just as the bread came out of the oven, while a wonderful aroma filled the
kitchen.
7. Everyone has spent time unpacking boxes since the family moved into the
new house.
8. Although the area is a desert many plants bloom there in the springtime.
9. The drivers on the freeway drove slowly and carefully while the rain was
falling heavily because they did not want to have an accident.
10. If you plan carefully before you take a trip, will have a much better time
- because the small details will not cause problems.
EXERCISE (Skills 5-6): Each of the following sentences contains more than one
clause. Underline the subiects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors.
Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The lawyer presented a strong case, but the client was still found guilty.
2. After the children read some stories before they went to bed.
3. The report needed to be completed, the workers stayed late every night for a
week.
4. If you do not turn on the lights, you will trip in the dark.
5. A thick fog came rolling in, so planes unable to land.
6. All of the shoes are on sale until the current stock is gone.
7. The ship leaving the dock even though some passengers were not on board.
8. The outline must be turned in to the teacher a week before the paper is due,
and must approve it.
9. Because the food was cold when it was served the diners sent it back to the
kitchen.
10. You should slow down while you are driving, or the police will pull your car
- over.
7
STRUCTURE 79
1. A spacecraft is freed from friction 7 . mostly made of granite, it also

launched into space. contains some human-made
(A) it materials.
(B) it is (A) The Empire State Building
(C) after is (B) The Empire State Building is
(D) after it is (C) Although the Empire State
Building is
2. with their surroundings, or they (D) Although the Empire State
hide in crevices for protection. Building is built
-(A) Lobsters
(B) Lobsters blend 8' Pressure differences make the
(C) Lobsters blending eardmm vibrate the ear.
(D) Because lobsters blend (A) enters the sound waves
(B) as sound waves
3. a ball-and-socket joint, the (C) sound waves enter
elbow is a simple hinge joint. (D) as sound waves enter
-(A) While the shoulder
(B) While the shoulder is 9' An optical microscope magnifies as
(C) The shoulder is much as 2,000 times, but an electron
(D) The shoulder microscope as much as a
million times.
4. Acar has several sections with (A) magnifying
moving parts, of those parts is (B) it magnifies
essential. (C) can magnify
(A) good lubrication (D) magnify it
(B) well lubricated
(C) and good lubrication 10' If scientific estimates are accurate,
(D) and well lubricated with the Earth about 20,000
years ago.
5. Bears cannot see well small (A) the Caflon Diablo meteorite
eyes. collided
(A) bears have (B) the collision of the Caflon Diablo
(B) because having meteorite
(C) because they have (C) the Caflon Diablo meteorite
(D) because of bears colliding
(D) colliding the Caflon Diablo
6. at the Isthmus of Panama, so meteorite
animals were able to migrate between
-
Nofih and South America.
(A) A land bridge existed
(B) When a land bridge existed
(C) A land bridge
(D) With a land bridge
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-6): Choose the letter of the word or
1. of the Pueblo Indians centered 7. During the late 1880s, urban

on intensive agriculture. streetcars were electrified through
(A) The economic activity large motors.
(B) Because the economic activity (A) they used
(C) The economy was active (B) used
(D) When the economic activity (C) the use of
(D) when they used
2. In popular terminology, any long
snowstorm with is called a 8. almost 274 square miles, but 96
blizzard. percent of the park is under water.
(A) -
the amount of wind is large (A) Although Biscayne National Park
(B) a large amount of wind encompasses
(C) it is very windy (B) Biscayne National Park
(D) very windy encompasses
(C) Biscayne National Park
3. Nuclear power can be produced by encompassing
fusion, produced by fission. (D) Biscayne National Park
(A) it can also be
(B) it can also 9. Legislation in 1916 and l9l7
gave the Wilson administration
(C) and it can also be
(D) authority to intervene in the national
and it can also
economy if it proved necessary.
4. igneous rocks may be changed (A) it was passed
into gneisses. (B) was passed
(A) (C) passed
The temperature is high
(B) (D) passes
If the temperature is high
(C) High temperatures
(D) 10. Because a family of birds set up
If high temperature
housekeeping in Joel Chandler
Harris's mailbox when the birds were
5. In 1905, Henry Flagler his plans
in need of a place to stay, the
to extend his Florida East Coast
Wren's Nest.
Railway out across the sea to Key West.
(A) (A) the home is named -
it was announced (B) so the home is named
(B) announcement
(C) (C) naming the home
the announcement of
(D) (D) the home's name
announced
6. The sound foom a vibrating

object will be high or low depending
on the number of vibrations.
(A) comes
(B) it is coming
(C) is coming
(D) coming
7-
STRUCTURE 81
Srcrr 7: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

A noun clause is a clause that functions as a noun; because the noun clause func-
tions as a noun, it can be used in a sentence as an object of a verb (if it follows a ' t t'1,
I
verb) or an object of a preposition (if it follows a preposition). Study the clauses

and connectors in the following sentences.
I4sll-E!e* why he said such things.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
I am thinking about why he said such things.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
In the first example, there are two clauses, I don't know and he said such things.
These two clauses are joined with the connector why. WLty changes the clause he
said such things into a noun clause which functions as the object of the verb don't
know.
In the second example, the two clauses I am thinking and he said such things
are also joined by the connector why. Why changes the clause he said such things
into a noun clause which functions as the object of the preposition about.
The following example shorvs how these sentence patterns could be tested in
the Structure section of the TOEFL test.
Example
The citizens worry about is doing.
(A) what the government
(B) the government
(C) what
(D) what the government it
In this example, the sentence contains the main subject and verb, the citizens
worry, and it also contains an additional verb, is doing. The sentence needs a sub-
ject for the verb is doing and a connector to join the two clauses. The best answer
is answer (A) because it has the connector what and the subject government.
Answer (B) is incorrect because it does not have a connector. Answer (C) is incor-
rect because it does not have a subject for ls doing. Answer (D) is incorrect
because it has two subjects for is doing.
The following chart lists the noun clause connectors and the sentence patterns
used with them.
NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTORS

. what, when, where, why, how
. whether, if
. thot
SV /fioun cEuA\
[connector-/ ..,,5,,, . .,,.,,,1.,V,,,,,r,,,11,.,,'
Sally exploined why i11,E :ii6',: '7-
C 1. It is unfortunate (hiDthe meal is not ready yet.
I 2. She told -" @ rhgaal]g\fp the children.
3. The instr-uctor explained where was the computer lab located.
4. We could not believe what he did to us.
5. Do you want to know if it going to rain tomorrow?
6. We never know whether we will get paid or not.
7. This evening you can decide what do you want to do.
8. The manager explained how wanted the work done.
9. The map showed where the party would be held.
10. Can you tell me why was the mail not delivered today?
-
Sxu 8: NOUN CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS
In Skill 7 we saw that noun clause connectors can be used to introduce noun
clauses. In Skill 8 we will see that in some cases a noun clause connector is not
just a connector; a noun clause connector can also be the subject of the clause at
the same time. Study the clauses and connectors in the following sentences.
STRUCTURE 83
I know what happened yesterday.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF VERB
!&.*l!4firy about what happ ened yesterday.

NOUN CLAUSE AS OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
In the first example, there are two clauses: I lcnow and what happened yesterday.
These two clauses are joined by the connector what.It is important to understand
that in this sentence the word what serves two functions. It is both the subject of
the verb happened and the connector that joins the two clauses.
In the second example, there are two clauses. In the first claus e we is the sub-
ject of are thinking. In the second clause what is the subjebt of happened. What
also serves as the connector that joins the two clauses. The noun clause what hap-
pened yesterday functions as the object of the preposition about.
Example
The company was prepared for _ happened with the
economy.
(A) it
(B) the problem
(C) what
(D) when
In this example, the sentence contains the main clause the company was prepared.
and another verb, happened. The sentence needs a subject for the verb happened
and a connector to join the two clauses. Answer (C) is the best answer betause
what is both a connector and a subject. Answer (A) is incorrect because i/ is a sub-
ject, but there is no connector. Answer (B) is incorrect because the problem is a
subject, but there is no connector. Answer (D) is incorrect because why is a con-
necto4, but it is not a subject.
The following chart lists the noun clause connector/subjects and the sentence
pattern used with them.
NOUN CTAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS
who whot which
,5.,....,,Y,,,"-,'.'.', noun .l r ..'V',".,-":-.
Al' ,.' tdld '',',fie whot happe.ned;

-
C 1. The teacher heard @ answered the question.
I z l@@4*9!lwrons'
3. Of the three movies, I can't decide which is the best.
4. She did not remember who in her class.
5. No one is sure what did it happen in front of the building.
6. We found out which was her favorite type of candy.
7. Do you know what caused the plants to die?
8. I am not sure which it is the most important course in the program.
9. We thought about who would be the best vice president.
10. She saw what in the box in the closet.
-
EXERCISE (Skills 7-8): Each of the following sentences contains more than one
clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connectors.
1. It doubtful whether he will pass the test or not.
2. The group discussed who he should receive the prize.
3. It is not certain why the class was cancelled.
4. I will do what does it need to be done.
5. We forgot when did the movie start.
6. I would like to ask if you could come over for dinner this weekend.
7. The children knew which the best game to play.
8. The advisor informed her that needed to add another class.
9. He saw who took the money.
10. It is unclear how the window got broken.
-
STRUCTURE 85
1. Today, the tme story of at Little 7. Minute Man National Historical Park
Bighorn remains a mystery, is a monument to where
(A) happened (A) the beginning of the
(B) it happened Revolutionary War
(C) what happened (B) in the beginning of the
(D) what happening Revolutionary War
(C) the Revolutionary War to begin
2. For more than a decade, that (D) the Revolutionary War began
certain species are becoming scarce.
-
(A) the warnings of bird-watchers 8. Tests on the colors of cars were
(B) warn the bird-watchers conducted at the University of
(C) bird-watchers have warned California to determine the
(D) a r,r,'arning for bird-watchers safest colors for cars.
(A) which -
3. Early in the eighteenth century (B) which were
Halle5, accurately predicted when (c) if
of 1682 would return. (D) how were
(A) the comet
(B) was the comet
9. The National Institute of Dental
(C) the comet was
Research estimates in
(D) had the comet
fluoridated areas have about 25
- than children
percent less tooth decay
4. No single factor explains why elsewhere.
vary so greatly among individuals. (A) for school children
(A) aging affects
(B) school children's
(B) the effects of aging
(C) that school children
(C) aging has an effect
(D) that for school children
(D) the aging effect
10. The process of photosynthesis
Lack of clarity about explains how able to use the
5. the party
in the coming year will be removed at energy in sunlight to manufacture
foods from the- simple chemicals in
the party's convention.
air and water.
(A) will lead
(B) lead
(A) green plants
(C) they will lead
(B) green plants are
(D) (C) planting greens
who will lead
(D) with green plants are
6. We do not the bow drill was
first developed for woodworking or
fire making.--
(A) whether it
(B) know whether it
(C) know whether
(D) sure whether
a-
1. Air near the equator a faster 6. The Moon's gravity pulls water on the
west-to-east motion than air farther near side of the Earth toward the
from the equator. Moon, and this is what tides to
(A) to have occur.
(B) it has (A) the cause
(C) has (B) -causes
(D) having (C) causing
(D) the cause of
2. About 4000 n.c., humans discovered
that obtained from special 7 . they pick up fragments of rock
rocks called ores. which become frozen into the base of
(A) -
metals could be
-,
the ice.
(B) the ability of metallic (A) Glaciers move
(C) possibly metallic (B) Glaciers moving
(D) could metals be (C) They were glaciers
(D) As glaciers move
3. quickly afler an animal dies.
(A) In the degradation of DNA 8' The tape measure first evolved from
-(B) Degrading oNa
used by the Egyptians'
(C) DNA degrades (A) the chains measure
(D) For DNA to degrade (B) the chains are measured
(C) the chains are measuring
4. aerodynamic design has (D) the measuring chains
contributed greatly to reducing
-
resistance to motion. 9. A typical Atlantic hurricane starts as a
(A) Improved low pressure system near
(B) It improves (A) Africa coasts
(C) Improvement (B) coast to Africa
-.
(D) They improve (C) the African coast
(D) Africa has a coast
5. The southern part of Florida is much
warmer in the winter than the 10. It is not clear whether the
northern part, so more to the subdivisions of the neocortex
south. units.
(A) flocking tourists
- (A) individual
(B) touring flocks (B) are individual
(C) flocks of tourists (C) they are individual
(D) tourists flock (D) individuallv
STRUCTURE 87
Sxul 9: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS

An adjective clause describes a noun. Because the clause is an adjective, it is posi-
tioned directly after the noun that it describes.
L
This is the house lrhat I want to buy. I
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
The house is quite expensive.

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
-
In the first exampie, there are two clauses: this is the subject of the verb ls, and 1
is the subject of the verb want. That is the adjective ciause connector that joins
these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I want to buy describes the noun
house.
In the second example, there are also two clauses:house is the subject of the
verb ls, and 1 is the subject of the verb want In this sentence also, that is the adjec-
tive clause connector that joins these two clauses, and the adjective clause that I
want to buy describes the noun house.
The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in
Example
Thejob started yesterday rtas rather difficult.
(A) when
(B) was
(C) after
(D) that he
In this example, you should notice quickly that there are two clauses: job is the
subject of the verb was, and the verb started needs a sub.iect. Because there are
two clauses, a connector is also needed. Answers (A) and (C) have connectors, but
there are no subjects, so these answers are not correct. Answer (B) changes started
into a passive verb; in this case the sentence would have one subject and two
verbs, so answer (B) is not correct. The best answer to this question is answer (D).
The correct sentence should say: The job that he started yesterday was rather dffi-
cult. In this sentence job is the subject of the verb r.uas, he is the subject of the
verb started, and the connector that joins these two clauses.
The following chart lists the adjective clause connectors and the sentence pat-
terns used with them.
i
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTORS
whom which th0t

: (for people) (for things) (for people or things)
SV clause
connector
SV
s connector
SVV
,'that you are wearing is beoutiful.
NOT[,, The,,adjeqlive,:aonh,ectors'ian be,omltted,Thls omission is ve4l co-mmon in

spoken English or in casual written English.lt is not as common in formal English or in
C r. I ai4:et9li9y9 the story @ he !c!4 me.
I 2. Ms. Brown,GhoE)aia you recommend for the job, will start work tomorrow.
3. The lecture notes which lent me were not clearlv r,r,ritten.
4. Sally has an appointment with the hairdresser rvhom you recommended.
5. The phone number that you gave me.
6. She is able to solve all the problems which did she cause.
7. The day that she spent on the beach left her sunburned.
8. Next week I am going to visit my cousins, whom have not seen in several
years.
9. Did you forget the promise whom you made?

' 10. The teacher whom the students like the most is their history teacher.
,
STRUCTURE 89
Sxrr- 10: ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS

In Skill9 we saw that adjective clause connectors can be used to introduce clauses
that describe nouns. In Skill 10 we will see that in some cases an adjective clause
connector is not just a connector; an adjective clause connector can also be the
subject of the clause at the same time.
r--_
lEelelgqkin.gatahouse4gl@
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
f--t=--
The house !ggm! like a _sreat house.
@
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
In the first example, there are two clauses: we is the subject of the verb are looking,
and that is the subject of the verb ls. These two clauses are joined with the con-
nector that. Notrce that in this example the word that serves two functions at the
same time: it is the subject of the verb ls, and it is the connector that joins the
two clauses. The adjective clause that is quite expensive describes the noun house.
In the second example, there are also two clauses house is the subject of the
verb seem.s, and that is the subject of the verb ls. In this example, that also serves
two functions: it is the subject of the verb ls, and it is the connector that joins the
two clauses. Because that is quite expensive is an adjective clause describing the
noun house, it directly follows house.
The following example shows how these sentence patterns could be tested in
Example
just dropped off a package for you is my sister.
(A) The woman
(B) The woman who
(C) Because the woman
(D) With the woman
In this example, you should notice immediately that the sentence has two verbs,
dropped and ls, and each of them needs a subject. The only answer that has two t,:f
subjects is answer (B), so answer (B) is the correct answer. The correct sentence
should say: The woman who just dropped off a package for yow is rny sister In this
sentence womnn is the subject of the verb ls, and who is the subject of the verb
dropped. Who is also the connector that joins the two clauses.
The following chart lists the adjective clause connector/subjects and the sen-
tence patterns used with them.
ADJECTIVE CLAUSE CONNECTOR/SUBJECTS
who which thot

(for people) (for things) (for people or things)
SV V
I bought the dress wos on sale.
adjective
s connector
V V
that was on sale was beautiful,
NOTE: Although adjective clause connectors (Skill 9) can be omitted in informal English,
adjective clause connector/subjects (Skill 10) can never be omitted.
EXERCISE 10: Each of the following sentences contains more than one ciause.
C 1. The children @ were vaccinated did not get sick.
I Z. I dra_]qglfgIg for the politician @ he just wsn the election.
3. The dog that barking belongs to my neighbor.
4. I took two of the blue pills, which were very effective.
5. We rented an apartment from the landlord who does he own the buildings on
Maple Street.
6. She forgot to attend the meeting which it began at 1 1:00.
7. Any student who does not turn in the paper by Friday will fail the class.
8. The people which came in late had to sit at the back.
9. The courses that satisfy the graduation requirements they are difficult.
10. After dinner she went to visit her parents, who were living down the street.
-
a j -!
STRUCTURE 91
EXERCISE (Skills 9-10): Each of the following sentences contains more than
one clause. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the connec-
tors. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. My sisters prefer to eat food that have cooked themselves.
2. The boat that hit the underwater rock sank.
3. The car which he was driving could not possibly be his.
4. The children built a house in the tree that in the backyard.
5. The cost of the trip which we wanted to take.
6. The children are playing with the toys which their mother told them to put
away.
7. The guests who were seated around the dinner table.
8. The students have to read all the chapters which are on the test.
9. I really do not like the arlists which you like.
10. The stones that they were set in the ring were quite valuable.
-
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 9-10): Choose the letter of the word or group of
words that best completes the sentence.
1. Modern humans, who first appeared 3. drought-resistant plants which

about 600,000 years ago, Homo store water in fleshy tissue.
saPiens' -(A) Succulentsare
(A) calling (B) Succulents
(B) were called (C) They are succulents
(C) they called (D) Succulents which are
(D) they were called
4. Benjamin Kabelsky, whom _ as
2. The first writing evidence of is Jack Benny, was a famous comedian
on Mesopotamian clay tablets. in vaudeville and on radio and
(A) we - television'
(B) that we (A) most peoplet knowledge
(C) has (B) most people know
(D) that we have (C) knowing most people
(D) the knowledge of most people
7-
92 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRE5SION
5. that hunted other animals 8. that accompany recurring bouts

tended to have very narrow sharp, of severe depression reduce bone
-curved claws. -density.
(A) For dinosaurs (A) Itchanges hormones
(B) Dinosaurs are known (B) Hormonal changes
(C) Dinosaurs (C) The hormones change
(D) dinosaurs
Like (D) The change in hormones is
6. The first eyeglasses had convex lenses 9. Willa Cather is an author for
for the aged who farsighted. her evocative and memorable vision
(A) had become
of frontier prairie life. -
(B) they had become (A) whom readers
(C) becoming (B) the praise of readers
(D) it became (C) whom praisings
(D) whom readers praise
7. Chimney Rock, 500 feet above
the North Platte River, has eroded 10. Mars's tiny moon Phobos is a small
considerably in the last two centuries. mountain of rock that from the
asteroid belt by Mars's gravitational
(A) stands -
(B) is standing Pull'
(C) it stands (A) was probably captured
(D) which stands (B) it probably
(C) the probable capture
(D) probably the capture
1. is famous as the home of the 3. With of sophisticated oil lamps,

U.S. Naval Academy. elaborate tools were made to cut the
-(A) Annapolis wicks.
(B) Because of Annapolis (A) appeared
(C) Why Annapolis (B) the appearance
(D) Because Annapolis (C) the appearance was
(D) it appeared
2. Some scientists think be a
planet but a moon of Neptune. 4. Fort Union was the site of what
- seem
(A) that Pluto does not principal fur-trading post on the
(B) not Pluto upper Missouri River.
(C) Pluto that might not (A) the
(D) that Pluto might not (B) being the
(C) was the
(D) it was the
a '1,"',
STRUCTURE 93
5. Since commercial risk, it has to 8. Genes, the blueprints for cell

appeal to a large audience to justifiz construction, exist in tightly
its cost. organized packages called
(A) the face of the movie chromosomes.
(B) moving faces (A) are
(C) a movie faces (B) they are
(D) to face a movie (C) which
(D) which are
6. A current of water known as the Gulf
Stream comes up from the Gulf of 9. The Earth's atmosphere consists of
Mexico, and then the North gases in place around the Earth
Atlantic toward Europe. by the gravitational pull of the planet.
(A) it crosses (A) -
held
(B) crossing (B) hold
(C) with its crosses (C) it holds
(D) crosses it (D) the hold
7. Systems the two symbols 0 and 10. Oscar Hammerstein II collaborated

1 are called binary number systems. with a number of composers
(A) use including Jerome Kern, whom
(B) they use in writing the musical Show Boat.
(C) uses (A) joined
(D) using (B) was joined
(C) he joined
(D) joining
THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS

Questions 16 through 40 in the Structure and Written Expression section of the
TOEFL test measure your knowledge of the correct way to express yourself in
English writing. Each question in this section consists of one sentence in which
four words or groups of words have been underlined. You must choose the letter
of the word or group of words that is not correct.
Example
The result of the study are not accurate.
ABCD
If you look at the underlined words in this example, you should see that the verb
are is not correct. The verb should be the singular ls because the subject result is
singular. Therefore, you should choose answer (C) because (C) is not correct.
STRATEGIES FOR THE WRITTEN EXPRESSION QUESTIONS
1. First look at the underlined word or groups of words. You want to see if you can
spot which of the four answer choices is not correct.
2. lf you have been unabte to find the error by looking only at the four underlined
expressions, then read the complete sentence. Often an underlined expression is
incorrect because of something in another part of the sentence.
3. Never leave any answers blank. Be sure to answer each question even if you are
unsure of the correct response.
The following skills will help you to implement these strategies in the Written
Expression questions.
WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Sxrr-r- 1 1: AGREEMENT AFTER PREPOSITTONAL pHRASES

Subject/verb agreement is simple: if the subject of a sentence is singula4 then the
verb must be singuiar; if the subject of the sentence is piural, then the verb must
be plural. An s on a verb usually indicates that a verb is singuiar, while an s on a
noun usuallv indicates that the noun is piural. (Do not forget irreguiar plurals of
nouns such as wotnen, children, and people.)
The dog !g.kr at night.
The dogs Eg.k ut night.
In the first example, the singular subject dog requires a singular verb, barks. In
the second example, the piural subject dogs requires a plural verb, bark.
Sometimes prepositional phrases can come between the subject and the verb
on the TOEFL test, and this can cause confusion. If the object of the preposition is
singular and the subject is plural, or if the object of the preposition is plural and
the subject is singular, there can be a problem in making the subject and verb
agree.
The door (to the rooms) are" locked.

SINGULAR PLURAL
The doors (to the room) is,' locked.

PLURAL SINGULAR
(" indicates an error)
In the first example, you might think that room.s is the subject because it comes
directly in front of the verb are. However, rooms is not the subject because it is
the object of the preposition /o. The subject of the sentence is door, so the verb
shouid be ls. In the second example, you might think that room is the subject
because it comes directly in front of the verb ls. You should recognize in this
example that roont is not the subject because it is the object of the preposition /o.
Because the subject of the sentence is doors, the verb should be are.
The following chart outlines the key information that you should understand
about subject/verb agreement with prepositional phrases.
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT WITH PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES
S (prepositional phrase) V
When a prepositional phrase comes between the subject and the verb, be sure that the
verb agrees with the subject.
EXERCISE 11: Each of the following sentences has one or more prepositional
phrases between the subject and verb. Put parentheses around the prepositional
phrases. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sen-
tences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. The subject (of the lectures) yer quite interesting.
I 2. The supplies (for the camping trip) nggd! to be packed.
3. The chairs under the table in the dining room is quite comfortable.
4. The players on the winning team in the competition were very talented.
5. The food for the guests at the party are on the long tables.
6. The cost of the clothes was higher than I had expected.
7. The mgs in the front rooms of the house are going to be washed today.
8. The servers in this restaurant always does their job efficiently.
9. The lights in the corner of the room need to be kept on all night.
10. The meeting of the members of the council begins at 3:00 in the afternoon.
-
Srcu 12: AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUnNTITY-
A particular agreement problem occurs when the subject is an expression of quan-
tity such as all, most, or some followed by the preposition of. ln this situation, the
subject (all, most, or some) can be singular or plural, depending on what follows
the preposition of
Most (of t}":re meal) was delicious.
STNGI]LAR
Ug$ ("f the meals) were delicious.

,au*,-
-
Ugg! ("f the food) was delicious.
u*cou*ro"a"
In the first example, the subject most refers to the singular noun meal, so the cor-
rect verb is therefore the singular verb was. In the second example, the subject
most refers to the plural noun meals, so the correct verb is the plural verb were.ln
the third example, the subject most refers to the uncountable noun food, so the
correct verb is therefore the singular verb was.
,.
WRITTEN EXPRESSION 97
These sentences contain examples of the types of problems that are common
on the TOEFL test.
All (of the book) were'r- interesting.
lg[ (of the students) is'k late to class.
In the first example, the plural verb were should be the singular verb was because
the subject all refers to the singular noun book.In the second example, the singu-
lar verb ls should be the plural verb are because the subject half refers to the plu-
ral noun students.
The foliowing chart outlines the key information that you should understand
about subject/verb agreement after expressions of quantity.
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER EXPRESSIONS OF QUANTITY
lall \
| *o't I
some
r--------.r
(object)
{ I of the V
l.ffi,)
When an expression of quantity using of is the subject,the verb agrees with the object.
EXERCISE 12: Each of the foliowing sentences has a quantity expression as the
subject. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice. Circle the objects that the
verbs agree with. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
C 1. Half of the @ in the class arrive early.
I 2. Some of the @u." rotten.
3. Ail of the next chapter contains very important information.
4. Most of the people in the room is paying attention.
5. Part of the soup is left on the stove.
6. Some of the movie were just too violent for me.
7. All of the details in the report needs to be checked.
8. Most of the money is needed to pay the bills.

9. The first half of the class consists of lecture and note taking.
10. Some of the questions on the test was impossible to answer.
-
Sxnl 13: AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
Certain words in English are always grammatically singular, even though they
might have plural meanings.
Everybody in the theater are watching" the film attentively.
Even though we understand from this example that a lot of people are watching
the film, everybody is singular and requires a singular verb. The plural verb are
watching should be changed to the singular verb ls watching.
The following chart lists the grammatically singular words that have plural
meanings.
SUBJECT/VERB AGREEMENT AFTER CERTAIN WORDS
These words or expressions are grammatically singular, so they take singular verbs:
anybody everybody nobody somebody each (+ noun)
anyone everyone no one someone every (+ noun)
anything everything nothing something
EXERCISE 13: Each of the following sentences contains one of the words that is
grammatically singular but has a plural meaning. Underline these words once and
underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor-
rect (I).
I 1. Anybody ale welcome at the pafiy.
C 2. No one here is afraid of skydiving.

3. Everyone in the world needs love and respect.
4. Someone have to clean up the house.

5. Each plant in the garden appear healthy and strong.
6. You should understand that anything is possible.
7. Everything in the salad are good for you.

8, Nobody in the class have completed the assignment on time.
9. I am sure that every detail have been considered.
10. Everybody know the rules, but somebody is not following them.
-
EXERCISE (Skills l1-13): Each of the following sentences may have a problem
with subject/verb agreement. Underline the subjects once and the verbs twice.
i. The receptionist in the entryway to the offices is able to answer your

questions.
2. All of the information in the documents are important.
3. Anyone in one of the classes has to take the final exam.
4. The coordinator of community services are arranging the program.
5. Most of the car are covered with mud.
6. Nothing more is going to be completed today.
7. The drinks in the pitchers on the table in the ballroom is for everyone.
8. Everybody were told to be here at 8:00, but somebody is not here.
9. Some of the meetings at the conference are limited to ten participants.
10. The sauce on the vegetables in the yellow bowl taste really delicious.
'l
i'
ii
,.'..,.,
1OO STRUCIURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 11-13): Choose the letter of the underlined word or
group of words that is not correct.
1. Nobody know when the process of glass-making was invented.

ABCD
2. Sugars like glucose is made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms.
ABCD
3. Part of the electricity used in the United States today come from
ABC
:t,
hydroelectric sources.
D
4. The languages of the world presents a vast array of structural similarities and
ABC
differences.
D
5. The rise of multinationals have resulted in a great deal of legal ambiguity
AB
because multinationals can operate in so many jurisdictions.
--D
6. All of the east-west interstate highways in the United States has even
A
numbers, while north-south interstate highways are odd-numbered.
CD
7. When a massive star in the large Magellanic Cloud exploded in 1987, a wave
A
of neutrinos were detected on Earth.
-cD
8. Some of the agricultural practices used today is responsible for fostering
ABCD
desertification.
9. Every open space in the targeted area that has grass and a few bushes are
-A B C
occupied by the white-crowned sparrow.
10. Krakatoa is remembered as the volcano that put so much ash into the air that
AB
- sunsets around the world was affected for two years afterward.
1. the earliest system of writing. 3. The Earth's one-year

revolution
(A) constitution of pictograms around the Sun changes how
-(B) The
Pictograms in the constitution on one hemisphere or the other.
(C) Constitute the pictograms (A) falling sunlight
(D) Pictograms constitute (B) the fall of sunlight
(C) sunlight in the fall
2. At temperatures absolute zero, (D) sunlight falls
substances possess minimal energy.
(A) approach
4. Though sporadic interest in regional
(B) approaches dialects for centuries, the first
(C) approaching large-scale systematic studies did not
(D) they approach take place until the nineteenth
century.
(A) has existed
(B) it existed
(C) has it existed
(D) existing with it
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of words that is not correct.
5. The waters of the Chattahoochee River fills Lake Lanier.

A B --e- D
6. The first set of false teeth similar to those in use today it was made in France
A B-e_
in the 1780s.
7. The term "Yankee" was originally a nickname for people from New England,
A
but now anyone from the United States are referred to as a Yankee.
BCD
8. A network of small arteries, mostly sandwiched between the skin and the
A
underlying muscles, supply blood to the face and scalp.
B CD
9. Mesquite is
A
_.--_D-
a small tree in the Southwest who can withstand the severest
drought.
10. At the end of the Revolution, most of the army units of the young nation was
A B
almost entirely disbanded, leaving a total national military force of 80 men
CD
in 1784.
Srrr 14: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE

CONJUNCTIONS
The job of the coordinate conjunctions (and, but, or) is to join together equal
expressions. In other words, what is on one side of these words must be parallel to
what is on the other side. These conjunctions can join nouns, or verbs, or adjec-
tives, or phrases, or clauses; they just must join together the same structures. Here
are examples of equal structures correctly joined by coordinate conjunctions:
He discussed the problem with the nurse and the doctor.
The professor was knowledgeable but boring.
She hikes, jogs, or rides her bicycle whenever she can.
There are meetings in the morning, in the afternoon, and in the evening.
You can do the work because you want to do it or because you have to do it.
In the first example, two nouns are joined by the coordinate conjunctton and. In
the second example, two adjectives are joined by the coordinate conjunction but.
In the third example, three verbs are joined by the coordinate conjunction or. In
the fourth example, three phrases are joined by the coordinate conjunction and.In
the last example, two clauses are joined by the coordinate conjunction or
The sentences that follow show the types of errors in parallel structure that
are common on the TOEFL test.
The evening dress was beauty" but expensive.
The student reads each chaptel takes a lot of notes, and memories" the material.
In the first example, the coordinate conjunction but joins the noun beauty and the
adjective expensive. The adjective beautiful is needed in place of beauty. In the sec-
ond example, the coordinate conjunctionandjoins the verb reads, the verb takes,
and the plural noun memories. The verb memorizes is needed in place of memories.
The following chart outlines the use of parallel structures u,ith coordinate con-
junctions.
\
PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH COORDINATE CONJUNCTIONS
(same structure) (same structure)
(same structure), (same structure), (same structure)
NorE: A list of common word endings and exercises to practice their use
are included at the back of the text in Appendix C. you may want to
complete these exercises before you continue with Skills 14 through 15.
EXERCISE l4z Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of

words that should be parallel. Circle the word that indicates that ths sentence
should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then indi-
I 1. The pastries in that shop are very expensive @ gqrtg deliciously.
C 2. You can find some change to buy a paper tt Ih" drawer, on top of the dresser,
6i)in the jar.
3. The living room was decorated rvith expensive paintings and elegance lamps.
4. He knew that the financial problems u,ere serious, that the situation was not
going to improve, and that he needed to get a job.
5. All day long during the trip to the mountains, they were skiing, sledding, or
played in the snow.
6. The car needs new tires but not a new engine.
7 . He stops working when he gets too tired to continue or when he has finished.
8. To get to the office, you should go through this door, turn to the left, and
continuation down the hall.
9. For dessert we could serve lemon pie, fruit tar1s, chocolate cake, or butter
cookies.
10. The sick child needs some medicine, some juice, and to rest.
-
Srcrr 15: PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED

CONJUNCTIONS
Thepairedconjunctionsboth...and,either...or,neither...l'Lor,andnotonly...
but also require parallel structures.
The lecture was both informative and enjoyable.
Either the history exam or the physics exam is on Tuesday.
The missing papers are neither on his desk nor intL.e file.
He visited not only his cousin but also his grandmother.
The following is not parallel and must be corrected:

They want either to play tennis or 9olf" .
It is not correct because to play tennis is not parallel to golf.It can be corrected in
different ways.
They want either to play tennis or to play golf'
They want to play either tennis or golf .
When you are using these paired conjunctions, be sure that the correct par[s are
used together. The following are incorrect:
He lent me both some paper or" a pencil.
Either breakfast nor'" lunch is included in the price.
These sentences are incorrect because the wrong parts of the paired conjunctions
are used together. In the first example, and should be used wtthboth.In the sec-
ond example, or should be used wrth either.
The following chart outlines the use of parallel stmcture with paired conjunc-
tions.
PARALLEL STRUCTURE WITH PAIRED CONJUNCTIONS
ab"th
either
I a*d
o' I
II netther II
(rur" structure) |
I nor I (r.r" structure)
I
| ,ot orry | | art aro I

EXERCISE 15: Each of the following sentences contains words or groups of

words that should be parallel. Circle the word or words that ind,icate thit the sen-
tence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be parallel. Then
indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I l. He Gitfr"r]U"a @ t"ili.re an unbelievable story.

C 2. The music at the concert *u. 6"ithEi) weil played @ wel liked.
3. He regularly studies both in the morning or in the evening.
4' The play that we saw last night was not only rather delightful but also quite
meaningful.
5. He married her neither for her ability to cook nor her abilitv to clean house.
6. The discussion was both exciting and interest.
7. He withdrew all the money not only from the checking account but also from
the savings account.
8. Neither the teacher or the students are ready to leave the classroom.
9. You can meet with me either in the next few minutes or at 4:00.
10. John is an adventurous person who enjoys not only skydiving but also goes
- parasailing.
EXERCISE (Skills 14-15): Each of the following sentences contains words or

groups of words that should be parallel. Circle the word or words that indicate
that the sentence should have parallel parts. Underline the parts that should be
parallel. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. The advertisements appeared in the newspaper and on the radio.
2. She is trained as both an accountant and in nursing.

3. We can take either my car or yours to the party.
4. The coffee is too hot, too bitter; and too strength.
5' He not only passed the test but also receiving the highest score in the class.
6. Your ideas are neither more important or less important than the ideas of the
others.
7. The meeting lasted only an hour but still seeming too long.
8. The novel was both emotional and description.
9. Either the counselor or her secretary can help you with that problem.
10. The leaves from the tree fell in the yard, in the pool, the driveway, and on the
- sidewalk.
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 14-15): Choose the Ietter of the underlined word or
1. Ballpoint pens are less versatile but more population than fountain pens.
ABCD
2. Riddles vary greatly in both grammatical and phonology form.
ABCD
3. Blood pressure is measured by feeling the pulse and apply a force to the arm.
ABCD
4. The Moon has no atmosphere, no air, and no w319ry
AB CD
5. The first matches were too hard to ignite, a mess, or too dangerously easy to
AB
ignite.
6. A l97l U.S. government policy not only put r,varnings on cigarette packs but
A
also banning television advertising of cigarettes.
CD
7. Demand, beauty, durability, rare, and perfection of cutting determine the
ABC
value of a gemstone.
D
8. The Harvard Yard, which was Harward's original campus, is still a major
ABC
attraction for both students and visiting.
D
9. In 1862, the American Confederacy raised the Merrimack, renamed it the
AB
Virginia, covered it with iron plates, and an outfit it with ten guns.
CD
10. The liquid crystals in a liquid crystal display (LCD) g&gt the polarized light
ABC
so that it is either blocked and reflected by the segments of the display.
D
1. Most cells in multicelled organisms 3. The Sun uses up over 4 million tons
perform functions. of hydrogen per second, _ still
(A) specialize has enough hydrogen to last for the
(B) specialized next 5 billion years.
(C) they specialize (A) it does not
(D) specialization (B) it
(C) but it
2. The big island of Hawaii, in the (D) to it
middle of the Pacific Ocean, _ bv
five volcanoes. 4. For Katherine L. Bates, who _ the
(A) creation top of Pikes Peak in 1893, the view
(B) it was created provided the inspiration for her hymn
(C) creating "America the Beautiful."
(D) was created (A) reached
(B) she reached
(C) reaching
(D) she was reaching
Choose the letter of the underlined word or group of u,ords that is not correct.
5. Coal, petroleum, and natural gaseous are all fossil fuels.

ABCD
6. The mass of neutron stars generally range from one-tenth to twice the
A B --e- D
of the Sun.
7. Grasses grow in ways that help them to survive being nibbled, chilly, or dried.
ABC-D
8. Most of Hemingway's novels glorifies heroic exploits such as bullfighting or
A B
boxing. --e-
D
9. Paleographers study ancient and medieval handwriting in order to establish
A B ---c-
not only its age and also its background.
D
10. The sounds produced by bullfrogs and toads vary greatly because each
A B
species have its own particular call.
CD
a -t
Srcu 16: PAST PARTICIPLES AFTER HAVE

Whenever you see the verb have in any of its forms (have, has, having, had),be
sure that the verb that follows it is in the past participle form.
We had complete" the work.
They have wentx to the market.
In the first example, complere should be the past participle completedbecause it is

after had.In the second example, went should be the past participle gonebecause
it is after have.
The following chart outlines the use of verb forms aft-er have.
VERB FORMS AFTER HAVE
have + past participle
NOTE: Exercises to practice irregular verb forms are included at

the back of the text in Appendix D. You may want to complete
these exercises before you continue with Skills 'l 6 through 18.
EXERCISE 16: Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed withhave.
Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor-
rect (I).
I 1. We have already bea4ry the good ne\vs.
C 2. She has ridden her bicycle to school every day.
3. I have always believe you.
4. He has find the missing car keys.
5. They have put their money in a savings account.
6. Their parents have allowed them to stay up late.
7. She has never ran away from home before.
8. Have you ever saw a ghost?
9. They have taken three tests already this week.
10. He has offer me a high-paying job.
-
sru 17: PRESENT PARTICIPLES oR pAsr pARTrctpLEs

AFTER BE
The verb be in any of its forms (am, is, at'e, tvas, wet'e, be, been, being) can be fol-
lowed by another verb. This verb should be in either the present participle or the
past participle form.
They are tLtrn on':, all the lamps.
The office door ls lock,in the evening.
In the first example, turn on should beturning on because it is a|rer are.In the
second example, /ocft shouldbe locked because it is after ls.
The followin-e chart outlines the use of verb forms after be.
VERB FORMS AFTER BE
(1) present participle

be + (2) past participle
EXERCISE l7z Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with be.
Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor-
rect (I).
I 1. She lva!:Ildy the textbooks all night long.
C 2. The pie wa! rgl into six equal pieces.
3. Today the teacher is allor,t, the students to leave class a few minutes earlv.
4. The class is teach every other semester.
5. Tom is bringing some drinks to the party.
6. The sick child was taken to see a doctor.
7. The children are swim in the backyard pool.
B. The diamond jeweIry is always keep in a safe place.
9. The teacher is preparing a difficult exam for the students.
10. Dinner is ser-ved from 6:00 to B:00.
-
7- \
1 1O STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
Sxru 18: BASE FORM VERBS AFTER MODALS

Whenever you see a modal such as will, would, shall, should, can, could, may,
might, or mLLSt, you should be sure that the verb that follows it is in its base form.
You must telling'" her the truth.
The child tnal) comes'i in nor,v.
In the first erample, telling should be the base form tellbecause it foliows ntust.In
the second example, conles should be the base form come because it follou,s may.
The foilowing chart outlines the use of verb forms after modals.
VERB FORMS AFTER MODALS
modal + base form of the verb
EXERCISE 18: Each of the following sentences contains a verb formed with a
modal. Underline the verbs twice. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
.C 1. You lhgg14lry to respond politely.
I 2. Everyone !qu{_lgg.vg! the room immediately.
3. I could sat on the beach for hours.
4. She wiil asking you many difficult questions.
5. You can look at the book, but you cannot borrow it.
6. He may iies to you because he is not very truthful.
B. The weatherman said that it might snowing tonight.
9. Perhaps we could bought a new car this year.
10. This course will satisfy the graduation requirement.
-
EXERCISE (Skills 16-18): Each of the follor^",ing sentences contains a verb

formed with several parts. Underline the rzerbs trvice. Then indicate if the sen-
1. We have became good friends in the last vear.
2. \our name r,vili be list in the new directory.
3. The nerv movie is receive good reviews.
4. She must have feel sorr-v about her bad beharrior.
5. They have alu,ays given their family many presents.
6. We may be taking a vacation nert u,eek.
7. We cc,uld have takin-e a rracation last lveek.
8. The package might had been deliver by an express mail service.
9. I have not wrote very many letters to my lliends.
10. The car shouid not have be drive anymore today.
-
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 16-18): Choose the letter of the underiined word or
1. By the 1920s, many radio transmitters had been build.

ABCD
2. Fish farming has rose in the United States in recent years.
ABCD"
3. In areas of volcanic activity, beach sand may contains dark minerals and
ABC
little quartz.
D
4. cro-Magnon man \\'as names after the caves in southwest France where the
AB
first remains were discovered.
CD
5. Lassie, the famous collie who made her first screen appearance in 1943, has
AB
always be played by a male dog.
CD
6. A blue bigwig lizard stakes out a territory and u,ill defending females within
ABC-
it against courting- males.
D
7. President George Washington was inaugurates on the steps of the Federal

ABC
Eg!4Eg in Nerv York City.
D
8. By 1627 , Plymouth had became a r,iable and grorving communitv of 50
ABC
families, 25 goats, 15 cows, and more than 50 pigs.
D
9. Tobacco was the crop on rvhich the eminence of Willian-rsbur.q and the
AB
prosperity of Virginia r,vere base.
D
10. Because there may be scores of genes in each suspect DNA region, scientists
A
- must identifl,ing and sequence the actual genes contributing to T-vpe I
BCD
diabetes.
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills 1-I8): Choose the letter of the word or
1. the deepest valleys and canyons 3. Some composers, such as Richard

on the Earth. Wagne4 have felt that _the
-(A) In the Pacific ocean rvith action of the opera too much and
have rvritten operas without them.
(B) In the pacific Ocean
(C) The Pacific Ocean (A) arias interrupt
(D) The Pacific Ocean has (B) interrupt arias
(C) the interruption of arias
2. In the United States, the participation (D) areas of interruption
of females in the labor force
fiom 37 percent in 1965 to 51 percent
in 1980. -
(A) it jumped
(B) jump
(C) jumping
(D) jumped
Choose the letter of the underlined rvord or group of words that is not correct.
4. Water tqg| behind. can us::d to drive turbines.

#
5. Our universe may continue to erpand as it gets colder, empty, and deader.
ABCD
WRITTEN EXPRESSION 1 13
6. Every form of matter in the world are made up of atoms.

ABCD
7 . The lens and cornea are supply with nutrients and oxygen by the aqueous
ABCD
fluid.
B. Dodge City, laid out in 1872, orved both its prosperity and its famous to the
AB
buffalo in its early years.
cD
9. The amount of the two kinds of cholesterol in the blood have been shorvn to
A B C-
have an effect on the risk of heart attack.
D
10. By the time Noah Webster reached his mid-twenties, he had already publish
AB C
- an elementary speller.
D
J
I
i
t'
i
Srcrr 19: SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS

A problem that is common in the Written Expression section of the TOEFL test is
a singular noun used where a plural noun is needed, or a plural noun used r.r,here
a singuiar nolln is needed.
He just finished several boolc".
She studied each chatrtters".
In the first example, severcLl indicates that the plural boolis is needed. In the second
example, each i:ndicates that the singular chapter is needed.
In the Written E,xpression section of the TOEFL test you should watch very
carefully for kev words such as each, ever1,, a, and single that indicate that a noun
should be singular. You should aiso ll'atch carefully for kev rvords such as 'nt(uly,
several, and three that indic-ate that ar noun should be p1tiral.
The following chart lists the kev words that indicate to you u,hether a noun
should be singular or plural.
KEY WORDS FOR SINGULAR AND PLURAL NOUNS
For singular nouns each every single one a
For plural nouns both two many several vaflous
EXERCISE 19: Each of the following sentences contains at ieast one key r,vord to
tell you if a noun should be singular or plural. Circie the key rl,ords. Drarv arrows
to the nouns they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor-
rect (I).
I =[-l
1. She talked to lGacQ people in the room.
l=--t
C 2. There is not (3111g1dlrit of food in the refrigerator.
3. You need trvo piece of identification to cash a check.
4. Both classes started on time.
5. We took a new routes to the beach house.
6. He gave many different reasons for his actions.
7. You must ansrver every questions on the test.
- "l -ir-ri
8. She tried several times to calIme.
9. He offered me only one glass of water.
10. We had various kind of drinks with the meal.
-
Sxu 20: COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
In English, nouns are classified as countable or uncountable. For certain ques-
tions on the TOEFL test, it is necessary to distinguish countable and uncountable
nouns in order to use the correct modifiers with them.
As the name implies, countable nouns are nouns that can be counted. Count-
able nouns can come in quantities of one, or two, or a hundred, etc. The noun
book is countable because you can have one book or several books.
Uncountable nouns, on the other hand, are nouns that cannot be counted
because they come in some indeterminate quantity or mass. A noun such as milk
or happiness cannot be counted; you cannot have one miik or tu,o milks, and you
cannot find one happiness or two happinesses. Uncountable nouns are often liquid
items such as rvater, oil, or shampoo. Uncountabie nouns can also refer to abstract
ideas such as securitl-, friendship, or hope.
It is important for you to recognize the difference between countable and
uncountable nouns r,vhen vou come across such kev words as much and m.any.
They have taken much'" trips recentlv.
There was not nlany* water in the pool.
In the first example, tnuch is incorrect because trips is countable. This sentence
should say many trips.In the second example, ntany is incorrect because water is
uncountable. This sentence should say much r,vater.
The following chart lists the key r.n ords that indicate to vou whether a noun is
countable or uncountable.
KEY WORDS FOR COUNTABLE AND UNCOUNTABLE NOUNS
For countable nouns many number few fewer
For uncountable nouns much amount little less

EXERCISE 2O: Each of the follor,ving sentences contains at least one key word to
tell you if a noun is countable or uncountable. Circle the key words. Drau, arrows
to the nouns they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incor-
rect (I).
C -
_r 1
1. She rvill r,isit in a (ern_)months.
_[]
| 2. @ql9 risk are unnecessarv.
3. You need to show a little kindness.
4. You have a number of choice.
5. There was a large amount of apples in the bowl.
6. We have fewer opporlunities now.
7. How much money is left?
B. He caused less problems this time.
9. They need a little times to finish their work.
10. He visited many exotic places.
-
EXERCISE (Skills l9-2O): Each of the follou,ing sentences contains at least one
key word to tell you if a noun is singular, plural, countable, or uncountable. Circle
the key words. Draw arrows to the nouns thev describe. Then indicate if the sen-
1. She enjoys food from many culture.

.i
)
2. He could not give me much good reasons.

i.
t.
'..'. :
3. Each owner must register his or her car.
4. They came up with a number of ideas.
5. Various new law go into effect on the first of the year.
6. The car no\v uses less oil.

il
t.'
':
7. The meal did not cost a single cents.
B. You need to make fewer mistake.
9. You can take one course or both courses.
10. He only smokes a small amount of cigarettes.
-
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills l9-2O): Choose the letter of the underlined word or
i:.
1. Cone shells live in much different seas and feed mainlv on small fish and
AB-C
worms.
D
2. The leaves of the common sunflou,er are rough to the touch on both side.
ABCD
3. Hemoglobin enables the red blood cells to carry oxygen and small numbers
ABCD
of carbon dioxide.
4. Those r.r,ith narcolepsy experience the uncontrollable desire to sleep, perhaps

A B
several time in one day.
CD
5. Another great artists of the time and possibly the most gifted silversmith in
ABC
the colonies was Paul Revere.
D
6. Alzheimer's disease afflicts two in ten person over the age of seventy in the
ABCD
United States.
7. The red cardinal spends man-v of its time fee4ing on the ground.
ABCD
8. In the 1920s, Tulsa had a higher number of millionaire than any other U.S. cit_v.
A B CD
9. Because Washington is a district and not a state, its residents har,e less rights
A BC
than other citizens.
D
10. Implosirre consonants occur in many different language, but they are
ABCD
particularly common in American Indian and African languages.
1 18 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills l-2o)z Choose the letter of the word or
1. the second most common metal 3. which climatologists have

in the Earth's crust, and it always determined is the wettest place on
-occurs in combination with other -Earlh not under water is a spot on the
substances. island of Kauai.
(A) Iron (A) The place
(B) Iron is (B) It is the place
(C) With iron (C) The place is
(D) With iron is (D) In the place is
2. In most parts of the globe, the _

not exceed roughly 31 degrees
centigrade.
(A) ocean surface
(B) ocean has a surface
(C) ocean surface does
(D) ocean has surfaced
4. A single protein molecule may bei

being composed of tens of thousands of atoms.
A D
5. Less plants grow in the poor taiga soils !g!g4!h the trees.
ABCD
6. Vast reselves of oil and gas is located in the Gulf of Mexico.
ABED
7. Helium is a colorless, odorless, taste element often used to inflate balloons.
ABCD
8. The common was the heart of every New England villages built in the
A B ---e-- D
eighteenth century.
9. Some of the regulations that bind U.S. institutions allows foreign banks to
ABC
package loans at hard-to-beat interest rates.
D
10. In angioplasty, a catheter is thread through anartery and guided through the
AB
body to the blocked area.
CD
7-
Smu 21: SUBJECT AND OBJECT PRONOUNS

Proncruns are r,vords such as he, s/.1e, or i/ that take the place of nouns. One com-
mon problen-r rvith pronouns on the TOEFL test is that subiect and object pronouns
are confused, so you should be able to recognize these tr,r,o types of pronouns.
SUBJECT OBJECT
I me
you you
he him
she her
it it
we US
they them
A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a verb. An object pronolrn can be used
as the object of a verb or the object of a preposition. Compare the foilor.r,ing two
sentences.
Marie sar,r' 1/zc fi1rz u-ith Barry.
L/
Y//- ."
S/re sau ir uithltint.
In the second sentence, the subiect pronoun size is replacing the noun Marie. The
object of the verb lr is replacing the noun phrase the film, and the object of the
preposition him is replacing the noun Bany.
The foilor,r,ing are eramples of the types of subject or object pronoun errors
that vou might see on the TOEFL test.
Me" and my friend are taking a trip.
Our neighbors are going rvith ),ou and 1"-.
In the first exarlple, the object pronoun nte is incorrect because this pronoun
serves as the subject ofthe sentence. The object pronoun rze should be changed to
the subject pronoun 1. It can be difficult to recosnize that me is the subject
because the verb are lnas a double subject, me and nu f riend. In the second exam-
p1e, the subject pronoun 1is incorrect because this pronoun serves as the object of
the prepositton u,ith. The subject pronoun 1 should be changed to the object pro-
noun rne.It can be difficult to recognize that 1is the object of the prepositionwith
becarrse the prepositionwith has tr,vo objects: the correct object you andthe incor-
rect object 1.
EXERCISE 2'l.z Each of the follou,ing sentences contains at least one subject or
object pronoun. Circle the pronouns. Then indicate if the sentences are correct
c 1 @) should do @ fo' 6eD
I 2 @ helped GhJ u,ith the r,r,ork.
3. Her and Bob came over to visit me.
4. I brought it for you and them.
5. He opened the refoigerator and took some food from it.
6. She lent it to you and I.
7. She spent all the money on them.
B. You forgot to give it to they.
9. We offered she a place to stay.
10. They watched us play with it.
-
Srrr 22: POSSESSIVES
Possessive adjectives and pronouns both shorv rvho or what "owns" a noun. How-
evel, possessive adjectives and possessive pronouns do not have the same func-
tion, and these t'ut o kinds of possessirres can be confused on the TOEFL test. A
possessive adjective describes a noun: it must be accompanied by a noun. A pos-
sessive pronoun takes the place of a noun: it cannot be accompanied by a noun.
f--l
Beth gave us her television.
ADJECTIVE
Beth gave us hers.

PRONOUN
Notice that in the first example the possessive adjective her is accompanied by the
noun television. In the second example, the possessive pronounhers is not accom-
panied by a noun.
-!
-
The following chart outlines the possessives and their uses.
POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS
my mine
your yours
his his
her hers
its
our ours
their theirs
must be accompanied by a noun cannot be accompanied by a noun
These examples show the types of errors that are possible with possessive adjec-
tives and possessive pronouns on the TOEFL test.
The students turned in theit's" papers.
I lr,ould like to borrow yottr".
In the first example, the possessive pronoun theirs is incorrect because it is accom-
panied by the noun papers, and a possessive pronoun cannot be accompanied by
a noun. The possessive adjectle their is needed in the first example. In the second
example, the possessive adjective yotu"is incorrect because it is not accompanied
by a noun, and a possessirre adjective must be accompanied by a noun. The pos-
sessive pronoun yours is needed in the second example.
EXERCISE 22: Each of the following sentences contains at least one possessive
pronoun or adiective. Circle the possessives in these sentences. Then indicate if
the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. She cut (ireii) hair recentl-v.
c 2. we will take @.ur o. @

3. Please lend me yours notes from the historv lecture.
4. I like his ideas and hers.
5. The tree fell on its side during the storm.
6. My desk is located near hers.
7. Theirs suggestion rvas unrealistic.
B. Our appointment is just after your.

9. Your friends and mv friends are coming to our party.

10. You don't have yours gloves with vou, but I have mine.
-
Srcrr 23: PRONOUN REFERENCE
After you have checked that the subject and object pronouns and the possessives
are used correctly, you should also check each of these pronouns and possessives
for agreement. The following are examples of errors of this type that vou might
find on the TOEFL test.
The cookies are for you, so please take itr,.
Each person has to sign theirr,application I,orm.
In the first example, the singular pronoun l/ is incorrect because it refers to the
plural noun cookies. This pronoun should be replaced r.r,ith the plural pronoun
them. In the second erample, the p1uraI possessive adjectirre their is incorrect
because it refers to the singular each persorz. This adjective should be replaced
rvith the singular his or his or her.
The following chart outlines what vou should remember about checking pro-
noun reference.
PRONOUN AGREEMENT
1. Be sure that every pronoun and possessive agrees with the noun it refers to.
2. You generally check earlier in the sentence for agreement.
EXERCISE 23: Each of the following sentences contains at least one pronoun or
possessive. Circle the pronouns and possessives. Dralr, arro\\rs to the nouns thev
refer to. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. If my friend calls, please relJ fthem) that I u,ill return the cali.
C- 2. I don't like the idea because is too costiy.
3. The tables at the restaurant are so large that it can seat 12 people.
4. The soup needs more salt because he does not taste very good.
-
5. The girls ran too fast, and she fell down.
\
6. In the autumn, the tree lost its leaves.
7. The rnindows were open, so I closed it.
8. The travelers lost their way in the storm.
9. The boy got the box, and he opened it careftrll_v.
10. The woman left their earrings at home, so she wasn't wearing them.
-
EXERCISE (Skills 2l-23\z Each of the following sentences contains at least one
pronoun or possessive. Circle the pronouns and possessives. Then indicate if the
sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
1. They sold the car to you and I.
2. Please tell your brother that I need to talk to him.
3. The bicycie lost it front wheel.
4. Martha was happy when her boss gave her a pay raise.
5. Just between us, I am not sure if we can trust them.
6. The mother talked to her son about his behavior.
7. I told his the truth, but he didnt believe me.
8. You and she should look for they.
9. The student left his notebooks in the class, so he went back to get it.
10. If they dont have their ca4 we will lend them ours.
-
i.i
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 2l-23): Choose the letter of the underlined word or
1. Animals like frogs have waterproof skin that prevents they from drying out
ABC
quickly in air, sun, or wind.
D
2. Because of its ability to sur-virre close to human habitations, the Virginia deer
TB
has actually increased their range and numbers.
CD
3. John D. Rockefeller was the founder of the Standard Oil Company; and he
AB
was the richest man in the rvorld at the time of her retirement.
CD
4. The aorta arches out of the hear1, and then its moves down torvard the lower
ABC-D
body.
5. Global average temperatures are now .6 degrees Celsius warmer than we

ABCD
were 100 years ago.
6. During the Civil War, Clara Barton became known as the "Angel of the
AB
Battlefield" for hers fearless care of wounded soldiers.
CD
7. Our Sun is a medium-sized star orbiting near the edge of a collection of stars
ABC
that our call the Milky Way.
D
B. Francis Scott Key wrote the words to "The Star-Spangled Banner" as they
ABC
stood alone rvatching the British bombardment of Forl McHenry.
D
9. Some scallops can open and close theirs valves and su,im au,ay rapidly when
AB
they are disturbed.
CD
10. Pearl S. Buck began her first novel, EcLst Wind, West Wind, in 1925, while her
AB C
was traveling between the United States and China.
D
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills l-23)z Choose the letter of the u,.ord or
group of u,ords that best completes the sentence.
1. Although knives and forks of 3. A dip pen'-snib is split into trrlo harhres
--
prehistoric origin, spoons are at the point of the nib.
relzrtirrelv nerv.
(A) u,ho meet
(A) are (B) rvhich rneet
(B) they are (C) they meet
(C) are thev (D) meet
(D) rvhich are
2. Neptune's the planet in the

direction opposite to the other seven
moons. -
(A) moon Triton orbiting
(B) moon Triton orbits
(C) moon Tiiton in orbit
(D) moon is in Tritons orbit
Choose the letter of the underlined rl,ord or group of words that is not correct.
4. In 1785, Henry Knox rvas appoint the new republic's .O

first secretary of war.
A B C
5. Biophysics is one of the various branch of physics.
AB C D
6. Unlike many great writers, Longfellow was an enormously popular poet in
ABC
him day.
D
7. After Lincoln's assassination, Fordt Theater lrras closed and parts of it r,vas
A BC
converted to gotrernment office space.
D
B. Most of the Earth's ice is found either in the two great ice caps of Antarctica
ABC
and Greenland and on the tall mountains of the world.
D
9. Except for a few species, such as the spotted salamandeq the courtship of
A
salamanders are secretive and not often observed.
BCD
10. Unlike most mollusks, crustaceans outgrow their shells and need to build
A-B
several completely ne\ / casings throughout thev lives.
CD
Sxur 24: ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS

Sometimes in the Written Expr:ession section of the TOEFL test, adjectives are
incorrectly r-ised in place of adverbs, or adverbs are incorrectlv used in place of
adjectirzes. Adjectives and adverbs have very different uses in sentences. Adjectives
harre only one job: they describe nouns or pronolrns.
r-l
It is a deliciott-s meal .
ADJ. NOUN
It is del.icious.
In the first example, the adjective delicious describes the noun meal.In the sec-
ond example, the adjective delicious describes the pronoun it.
Adverbs have three different uses. They can describe verbs, adjectives, or other
adverbs.
f-------__-l
He writes letters quickly.
VERB ADV.
t--_v r-_]
It is a quickly written letter.
ADV. ADJ. NOUN
It is an r*, rrffi,.tffi,rJri*..
ADV. ADV. ADJ. NOUN
In the first example, the adverb quickly describes the verb writes.In the second
example, the adverb quickly describes the adjective written (which describes the
noun letter).In the third example, the adverb extremely describes the adverb
quickly, which describes the adjective written (which describes the noun letter).
The following are examples of incorrect sentences as they might appear on the
TOEFL test.
. They were seated at alargelyn table.
ADV. NOUN
r--l
The child talked soft" to her mother.
VERB ADJ.
, f-ll-v
We read an ex,treme* long story.
ADJ. ADJ.
sn" .pJ*. r,non r"rirQrrc^o.

ADJ. ADV.
In the first erample, the adverb largely is incorrect because the adjectle largeis
needed to describe the noun table. In the second example, the adjective soft is incor-
rect because the adverb solily is needed to describe the verb talked. In the third
7- -l
WRITTEN EXPRESSION 12V
example, the adjective extreme is incoruect because the adverb extremeh is needed [o
describe the adiective long.In the last example, the adjectirze unbelievable is incorrect
because the adverb tLnbelievably is needed to describe the adverb quickLy*.
The following chart outlines the important information that you should
remember about the use of adjectirres and adverbs.
USE OF ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS
Adjectives Adjectives describe nouns or pronouns.
Adverbs Adverbs describe verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.
NOTE: A list of common word endings (including adjective and adverir

endings) and exercises to practice their use are included at the back of the
text in Appendix C.You may want to complete these exercises (if you have
not already done so) before you continue with Skills 24 through 25.
EXERCISE 242 Each of the follon,in-e sentences has at least one ad.jective or
adverb. Circle the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Dra.w arrows to tire
u,ords the1, describe. Then ind:1e the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I)"
lf
I 1. Her hair u,as u, @g!te11l) color of red.
i
ADV.
C 2. The r,leather is
ADV. ADJ.
3. We attended a poor planned conference.
4. He talked slowlv and carefully.
5. The composition was careful prepared.
6. She had an incredible story about her long trip.
7. He sent me a quickly w-ritten note.
B. The cat meor,r,ed sad.
9. The children are hungry and tired.
10. The lecturer spoke extremely loucl.

SKILL 25: ADJECTIVES AFTER LINKING VERBS

Generally an adverb rather than an adjective will come directly after a verb because
the adverb is describing the verb.
r---l
She spoke nicelv.
VERB ADV.
In this example, the verb spoke is followed by the adverb nicely. This adverb
describes the verb spoke.
HoweveL you must be very careful if the verb is alinking verb. A linking verb is
foliowed by an adjective rather than an adverb.
f---]
She looks nlce.
SUBJ. ADJ.
In this example, the iinking verb looks is followed by the adjective nice. This adjec-
tive describes the subject s/ze.
You should be sure to use an adjective rather than an adverb after a linking
verb. Be careful, hor,vever, because the adjective that goes rvith the linking verb
does not always directly follor.v the linking verb.
v I vr
He seems unustmlly nice.
STIBJ. ADV. ADJ.
In this example, the adjectle nice, which describes the subject he, is itself
described by the adverb unusually. From this example, you should notice that it is
possible to have an adr,erb directlv after a linking verb, but only if the adverb
describes an adjective that follo-'r,s.
These sentences show the types of errors u,ith linking verbs that are common
on the TOE,FL test.
The test looks easlly'r- to me.
Sally feels unbelievable" happt about the nert's.
In the first example, the linking verb looks should be followed by the adjective
easy rather than the adverb easily.In the second example, the linking verb feels is
follort'ed by the adjective hoppr'. The incorrect adjective unbelievable should be the
adverb unbelievably because it describes the adjective happy.
The following chart lists commonly used linking verbs and outlines the differ-
ent uses of adjectives and adverbs after regular verbs and linking verbs.
rr,,i
ADJECTIVES AND ADVERBS AFTER VERBS
(subject) + vtverb) +
(regular (adverb)
A regular verb is followed by an adverb.The adverb describes the verb.
(subject) + (linking verb) + (adjective)

A linking verb is followed by an adjective.The adjective describes the subject.
(subject) + r________l
verb) + (adverb) +
I
(linking (adjective)
It is possible for a Iinking verb to be followed by an adverb and an adjective.The adverb
describes the adjective, and the adjective describes the subject
Linking verbs:
be look smell
become prove tusrc
EXERCISE 252 Each of the following sentences contains at least one adjective or
adverb. Circle the adjectives and adverbs, and label them. Draw arrows to the
rvords they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or incorrect (I).
I 1. Kaihi, 1""k. Cgorg"o"rl}) in that dress.

ADV.
-e 2. The children have sroun

AD\/.
3. Steve walked rapid to the corner to catch the bus.
4. The boys became sick with the flu.
5. The mother closed the door careful.
6. Tom appeared rather unhappily at what had happened.
7. The choir members sang enthusiastically.
B. The soup tastes too salty.
9. The book seemed easily for the students.
10. In the late afternoon, the sun set slow in the rvest.
EXERCISE (Skills 24-25)z Each of the following sentences contains at least one
adjective or adverb. Circle the adjectives and adverbs, and label thern. Draw
arrows to the words they describe. Then indicate if the sentences are correct (C) or
incorrect (I).
1. The chef prepared a delica[ely sauce.
2. Matthew feels terribly angry about the issue.
3. The swimmer swam powerful across the pool.
4. The receptionist answered the phone carefully.
5. The dishes in the sink were dirty.
6. The physics exam seemed quite simply to me.
7. He acted unbelievably rude.
8. The burned toast did not taste very good.
9. His decision was absolutely necessary.
10. The job applicant dressed carefully for the important interview.
-
TOEFL EXERCISE (Skills 24-25)z Choose the letter of the underlined word or
1. Sounds quieter than 10 decibels are impossibly for the hurnan ear to hear.
ABCD
2. Often the best farmland is next to a river that floods periodical.
ABCD
3. The planet Mercury has a moderately elliptically orbit.
ABCD
4. AL l8-watt fluorescent bulb seems as brightly as a 75-watt incandescent bulb.
ABED
5. The telephone works by changing the voice's sound waves into electrically
ABCD
signals.
WRITTEN EXPRESSION 13i
6. In the northern United States, two European species of small yil1" birch are
AB
extensive planted as ornamentals.
CD
7 . Fifty million Americans continue to smoke despite abundant evidence that
- R -
smoking is extremelyrnfr"uf;frzuly.
-C---D--
8. The U.S. Military Academy sits on scenic heights overlooking a strategically
A B - ---
bend in the Hudson River. -c
9. The Erie Canal became so successfully at providing cheap transportation that
AB
it was greatly enlarged between 1835 and 1862.
CD
10. The Infra-Red Astronomy Satellite (IRAS), launched in 1983, contained a
A
- !q9914 coded reflecting telescope that detected infrared rays.
BCD
TOEFL REVIEW EXERCISE (Skills l-25): Choose the letter of the word or
1. On December 17 , 1903, the Flyer 3. Researchers have long debated about

near Kitty Hau,k, Nofih moon Titan contains
carolina, with oruille wright as pilot. hydrocarbon oceans or lakes.
(A) took off (A) Saturnt
(B) it took off (B) rvhether it is Saturn,s
(C) taking off (C) whether Saturn,s
(D) took it off (D) whether Saturn is a
2. Comets are relatively small celestial
bodies up chiefly of dirt and icy
materials.
(A) make
(B) made
(C) they make
(D) make them
r'" ii ; rl
'' i'
4. The abrasively action of the wind wears away softer luy"tt of rock.
ABCD
5. There are two r,r,a), of making a gas condense: cooling it or putting it under
ABCD
pressure.
6. Researchers have discovered that the application of bright light can

AB
sometimes be uses to overcome jet lag.
CD
7. Salmon qrgleqgry may include having to jump up waterfalls, sw-im up
AB
rapids, or climbing fish ladders at dams.
CD
B. If a strike is called in violation of an existing contract between labor and
ABC
management, its a wildcat strike.
D
9. Snapping turtles are easily recognized because of the ]arge head, the long tail,
ABC
and the shell that seems insufficiently to protect the body.
D
10. The long string of genes making up a chromosome have been 1ik9ry! to a
ABCD
- string of pearls.
2o2o2o2oZoZo2oz
TOEFL PCST_TEST
SECTION 2
Time-25 minutes
(including the reading of the directions)
Now set your clock for 25 minutes.
This seclion is designed to measure vour ability to recognize ianguage
that is appropriate for star.rclarcl
rvritten English. There are t\\'o tvpes of questions in thii section,"u,jih special
cil."ctions foreach tvpe.
Structure
Ptgqlig4"r These questions are incomplete sentences. Beneath each sentence you
r,vili see four rvorcls
or phrases, marked (A), (B), (C), and (D). Choose the one u,ord or phrase
that iest completes the
sentence' Then, on your ans\\rer sheet, find the number of the queriion
and fill ir-r the space that
corresponds to the letter of the ansrver you harre chosen.
Look a1 the folloli ing examples.

The president _ the election bv- a landslicle. o
(A) r,von @
(B) he won @
(C) yesterday @
(D) fortunatell,
The sentence should read, "The president u'on the election bv a lanclslicle."
Therefore, vou should
choose ansr.rer (AJ.

When the conference? @
o
(A) the doctor attended
(B) did- the doctor artend o
(C) tl-re doctor u,ill altend @
(D) the doctor's attendance
The sentence should read, "when dicl the doctor attend tire conference?"
Therefore, vou shoulcl
choose ansr,ver (B).
'fOEFL' Lest alirections ancl form:ir are l.cprintccl

bv perntission
of El S, the copu ight orvner: Ho\!L-\.er, all er:rmplcs alcl tesr
oL..ri,.r..ri Dt,,\ Ll,J l,r p.r,.,,rr FJu,..ri,,n. lrr.. STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 133
ii
2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
1.. Iived on Earth for nearly 150 million 6. The ear is a flexible organ, simply was
years. not designed to withstand the noise of
-(A) Dinosaurs modern living. -
(B) Dinosaurs who (A) but it
(C) If dinosaurs (B) it
(D) Since dinosaurs (C) but
(D) its
2. Early printers arranged tlpe into a
small, flat composing stick. 7 . In1934, chemist Wallace Carothers
- produced a plastic which nylon.
(A) words
(B) are words on (A) his call
(C) words on (B) he called -
(D) the words are on (C) to call him
(D) calling
3. along most of its length into an upper
chamber and a lower chamber. 8. As grows, the shell in which it lives
-(A) The divided cochlea grows, too.
(B) Dividing the cochlea (A)- a mollusk
(C) The cochlea is divided (B) a mollusk it
(D) With a divided cochlea (C) has a mollusk
(D) it has a mollusk
4. Yeast is an organic catalyst known to
prehistoric humanity. 9. The first the Civil War was fired from
- Fort Johnson upon Fort Sumter on April 12,
(A) was
(B) which was
186 1. -
(C) which it (A) shot
(D) which (B) shot in
(C) shot was in
5. Many communities a complex system (D) it was shot
of linguisiic levels in order to shorv respect.
- 10. Stalactites are formed in caves by
(A) useful groundwater dissolved lime.
(B) use alreadl, made
(C) making it useful (A) it contains
(D) make use of (B) containing-
(C) contains
(D) containment
134 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST.TEST

2.2o2o2o2oZoZo2
I 1. Bv studving the movements of the Sun and 14. A group of winged reptiles _ pterosaurs
Moon, erren early astronomers could _ is believed to have been the first tzerlebrates
eclipses rvould take place. with the power of flight.
(A) predicting u,hen (A) call
(B) u,hen it predicts (B) calls
(C) the prediction rvhen (C) called
(D) predict when (D) is called
12. Coifee probablv originaliy grerv r,vild in 15. On November 23, 1863, Grant stunned the
Ethiopia in the prorrince of Kaffe, zind ii.om Confederates on Missionary Ridge with
there to southern Arabia. what to be a full-dress military parade
(A) br:inging it of troops who unexpectedly opened fire.
(B) ir- ua' broughl -
(A) appeared
(C) brought it (B) appearing
(D) brought ivith it (C) appearance
(D) apparent
13. Alabama rvas occupied bv the French and
Spanish belore _ to England in 1763.
(,{) u,as cecied
(B) cectrcd to it
(C) it rvas cecled
(D) ceded it
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST.TEST 135

2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
Written ExPression
Directions: In these questions, each sentence has fourunder]ined r,r,ords or phrases. The for-rr
.rrr+.tir."a parts of the sentence are marked (A), (B), (C), ancl (D). Identifu the one underlined urord
or phrase that must be changed in order for t]ie sentence to be correcl. Then, on .vour ansu'er sheet,
{ind the number of the question and fill in the space that corresponds to the letter oI the ansr,r'er votl
harre chosen.
Look at the follorving examPles.

@
The four string on a violin are tuned
ABCD
o
@
in fil'ths. @
The sentence should read, "The four strings on a r.iolin are tuned in fifths." Therefore, vou shouid
choose ansrver (B).

@
The research for the book Roors taking @
Aler Halev
ABC-
turelrre years.
o
@
"
The sentence should read, "The research for the book Rools took Aler HaleY trveh,e vears. Therefore,
you shor-rld choose ansu'er (C).
TOEFT-: lcsl cli|ections and forttrat arr: rcpl'iIted br pcrmjssiorr

()l ETS, the c()pvr'ight orvncr: Hotvever, all cxatllples ancl tcst
136 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST (]ucstions are pr()\ iclccl bv Pear'son Eduertirn, Inc.
2o2o2o2o2o2o2oZ
16. Vast flows of information is carried on hair-thin fiber-optic cables.
ABED
17. The crafting of fine violins has been proceeding for severai century as a secret art.
A B- --e- D
18' Linguistic conflicts due to divided ethnic and national loyalties can be both bitter or violent.
ABCD
19. In 1851, rvith the publication of hers antislavery novel, Harriet Beecher Stor,ire rocketed to fame.
ABC-D
20. The smallest and simple living organisms on Earth are bacteria.
ABCD
21. The effort to determine the exact numerical value of pl has now reach 2.16 billion decimal digits.
AB CD
22. The hammerhead shark is usual found in rl,arm, tempel:ate waters.
ABCD
23. Princeton University, which was establish in 1746, is one of the oldest universities in the United
_ -D-
A B C
States.
24. According to a \n/orld Resources Institr-rte report, a significant palt of forest acreage disappear
A
9u.h y"...
-e-
D
25. The Earth's crust is composed of 15 plate: r,r,hich float on the partially molten layer belorv they.
AB--c-l
26. As one cllmbs high up a mountain, the air becomes both colder or thinner.
A B ED
27. When a bone it into several pg- doctors
+\g -u, the pieces together for proper healing.
t D
28. The long necks of much plant-eating dinosaurs r,r,ere useful for reaching up to the treetops to feed.
ABCD
29. Hippocrates believed that good health was dependently on the balance of the four fluids of the
ouc
body.
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 137

2o2o2o2o2o2o2o2
30. A tet stream is a llat and narrorr, tube o[ air that mo\res more raPi4 than the !ug9t1r1d1ng ai1'.
ABCD
31. Because mistletoe berries are poisonous, evenrone rvith Christmas decoralions containing
A
mistletoe need to be aware of the potential danger.
CD
32. When Pierre LEnfant designed the national capital in 1791, her envisioned a broad boulevard
ABC
linking the White House and the Capitol.
D
33. In a copperhead snake, the venom flows from a single venom glqlds to a ptir of hollow testh.
ABCD
34. A hawk swallows t:"0 in large *;99, digests some of it, and the rest'
f ==#aq=
35. Defects can occurring when liquid helium undergoes a phase transition to its superfluid phase'
A -B C D
36. Cavemen created a large amount of early works of art using a mixture of clay, chalk, and burned
ABC
wood and bones.
D
37. Variations in melody, rhythm, and tone of voice b":qqqq a major feature of child speech toward
ABC D
the end of the first year.
38. As a protective protein molecule, an antibody can combines glth u foreign virus protein.
ABCD
39. The water moccasin is a high venomous and extremely dangerous pit viper.
ABCD
40. Thougll aluminum is more common than iron, it is ertremely difficult to break their hold on
ABC
other atoms.
D
This is the end of Section 2.

If you finish before 25 minutes has ended,
check your work on Section 2 only.
@@@@@@@
138 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POSI'-TEST

2o2o2o2oZoZoZoz
When you finish the test, you may do the follou,ing:
. Turrn to the Diagnostic Chart on pages 357-363,
and circle the numbers of the ques[ions that you
missed.
. Turn to the Progress Chart on page 3-53, and acld
your score to the chart.
STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION POST-TEST 139

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TOEFL PREPARATION COURSE

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN MODULE

Assistant Director for Assistant Director for

Look at the following exarnples.

Example I Sample Answer

The president the election by a landslide.

Example II Sample Answer

TOEFL" test directions and formaL are reprinted bv permission

2. the discovery of the fossilized 8. If calcium oxide remains exposed to ai1,

6. in the United States spends 900 hours

56 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST 57

Look at the following examples.

Example I Sample Answer

Example II Sample Answer

The research for the book Roors taking @

TOEFL! test directions and format are reprintcd by permission

17. Some of the District of Columbia are on lowJying, marshy ground.

18. Georgiat economy is based main on agriculture.

2t. A dome is a semispherical structures on top of a building.

28. When salt is added to ice, _E-

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE.TEST 59

60 STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION PRE-TEST 61

THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

STRATEGIES FOR THE STRUCTURE QUESTIONS

Srcu- 1: SUBJECTS AND VERBS

SUBJECTS AND VERBS

I 1. My best friend alrvavs helpful with problems.

C 2. The bus schedule has cllanged since last week.

3. Accidentally dropped the glass on the floor.

4. The customer paying the clerk for the clothes.

5. The professor handed the syllabus to the students.

6. Each day practiced the piano for hours.

7. The basketball player tossed the ball into the hoop.

B. The new student in the class very talkative and friendly.

9. Walking with the children to school.

10. The whales headed south for the winter.

STRUCTURE AND WRITTEN EXPRESSION

Sxrr-r- 2: OBJECTS OF PREPOSITIONS

NOTE: A list of prepositions and exercises to practice recognizing

EXERCISE 2: Each of the following sentences contains one or more prepositional

I 2 @@D.,gg4 to turn in the papers.

3. The directions to the exercise on page 20 unclear.

5. During the week eat lunch in the school cafeteria.

6. In the morning after the concert was tired.

7. In the summer the trip to the mountains is our favorite trip.

9. With her purse in her hand ran through the door.

1. During the meeting in the office discussed the schedule.

2. The doctor gave the patient a prescription.

3. The tall evergreen trees along the road.

4. The watch in the jewelry box needs a new battery.

5. Pleasantly greets everyone in all the offices every morning.

7. The dishes in the sink really need to be washed as soon as possible.

9. The plane from New York circling the airport.

2. Early toes instead of hooves on 7. radio as the first practical

Srcrr 3: PRESENT PART|C|PLES

In this sentence, arriving is part of the verb because it is accompanied by ls.

C 1. The @UgUy needs to be picked up.

I 2. Theclothes gfg-@"n the floor sh9gl4g into the washing machine.

3. The waitress bringing the steaming soup to the waiting diners.

4. Most of the striking workers are walking the picket line.

5. For her birthday, the child is getting a talking doll.