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Lecture # 5
Limit Cycles
p. 1/?
Oscillation: A system oscillates when it has a nontrivial
periodic solution
x(t + T ) = x(t), t 0
1 z2 (0)
q
r0 = z12 (0) + z22 (0), 0 = tan
z1 (0)
p. 2/?
The linear oscillation is not practical because
It is not structurally stable. Infinitesimally small
perturbations may change the type of the equilibrium
point to a stable focus (decaying oscillation) or unstable
focus (growing oscillation)
p. 3/?
1
Limit Cycles:
i
X
X
+ i = h(v)
C L
v Resistive
Element
CC
iC CC
iL v
(a)
(b)
p. 4/?
x1 = x2
x2 = x1 h (x1 )x2
2 + h (0) + 1 = 0
h (0) < 0 Unstable Focus or Unstable Node
p. 5/?
Energy Analysis:
E = 12 CvC
2
+ 12 Li2L
1
vC = x1 and iL = h(x1 ) x2
E = 12 C{x21 + [h(x1 ) + x2 ]2 }
p. 6/?
a x
b 1
E = Cx1 h(x1 )
p. 7/?
Example: Van der Pol Oscillator
x1 = x2
x2 = x1 + (1 x21 )x2
4 x2 x
3 2
3
2 2
1 1
0 0
x x
1 1 1
1
2 2
3
2 0 2 4 2 0 2 4
(a) (b)
= 0.2 =1
p. 8/?
1
z1 = z2
z2 = (z1 z2 + 13 z23 )
3
10 x z
2 2
2
5 1
0
0 z
1 1
x
1
5 2
3
5 0 5 10 2 0 2
(a) (b)
=5
p. 9/?
x x
2 2
x x
1 1
(a) (b)
p. 10/?
Example: Wien-Bridge Oscillator
s R1
B B B
C1
+ v1
#
BB BB BB
"!
+ +
v2 C2 R2 gv
P
P
( 2)
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
P
Equivalent Circuit
p. 11/?
State variables x1 = v1 and x2 = v2
1
x1 = [x1 + x2 g(x2 )]
C1 R1
1 1
x2 = [x1 + x2 g(x2 )] x2
C2 R1 C2 R2
There is a unique equilibrium point at x = 0
Numerical data: C1 = C2 = R1 = R2 = 1
p. 12/?
x = x + y (3.234 y 2.195 y3 + 0.666 y5)
y = ( x + y (3.234 y 2.195 y3 + 0.666 y5)) y
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0
y
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
p. 13/?
x = x + y (3.234 y 2.195 y3 + 0.666 y5)
y = ( x + y (3.234 y 2.195 y3 + 0.666 y5)) y
0
y
6 4 2 0 2 4 6
x
p. 14/?