C PlaneTrusses PDF

4/2.
Plane Trusses (Reading content) 10/8/08 7:29 PM
4/2 Plane Trusses

A framework composed of members joined at their ends to form a rigid structure is called a truss. Bridges, roof supports,
derricks, and other such structures are common examples of trusses. Structural members commonly used are I-beams,
channels, angles, bars, and special shapes which are fastened together at their ends by welding, riveted connections, or
large bolts or pins. When the members of the truss lie essentially in a single plane, the truss is called a plane truss.
For bridges and similar structures, plane trusses are commonly utilized in pairs with one truss assembly placed on each
side of the structure. A section of a typical bridge structure is shown in Fig. 4/1. The combined weight of the roadway
and vehicles is transferred to the longitudinal stringers, then to the cross beams, and finally, with the weights of the
stringers and cross beams accounted for, to the upper joints of the two plane trusses which form the vertical sides of the
structure. A simplified model of the truss structure is indicated at the left side of the illustration; the forces L represent
the joint loadings.
Figure 4/1
Several examples of commonly used trusses which can be analyzed as plane trusses are shown in Fig. 4/2.
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4/2. Plane Trusses (Reading content) 10/8/08 7:29 PM
Figure 4/2
Simple Trusses
The basic element of a plane truss is the triangle. Three bars joined by pins at their ends, Fig. 4/3a, constitute a rigid
frame. The term rigid is used to mean noncollapsible and also to mean that deformation of the members due to induced
internal strains is negligible. On the other hand, four or more bars pin-jointed to form a polygon of as many sides
constitute a nonrigid frame. We can make the nonrigid frame in Fig. 4/3b rigid, or stable, by adding a diagonal bar
joining A and D or B and C and thereby forming two triangles. We can extend the structure by adding additional units of
two end-connected bars, such as DE and CE or AF and DF, Fig. 4/3c, which are pinned to two fixed joints. In this way
the entire structure will remain rigid.
Figure 4/3
Structures built from a basic triangle in the manner described are known as simple trusses. When more members are
present than are needed to prevent collapse, the truss is statically indeterminate. A statically indeterminate truss cannot be
analyzed by the equations of equilibrium alone. Additional members or supports which are not necessary for maintaining
the equilibrium configuration are called redundant.
To design a truss we must first determine the forces in the various members and then select appropriate sizes and
structural shapes to withstand the forces. Several assumptions are made in the force analysis of simple trusses. First, we
assume all members to be two-force members. A two-force member is one in equilibrium under the action of two forces
only, as defined in general terms with Fig. 3/4 in Art. 3/3. Each member of a truss is normally a straight link joining the
two points of application of force. The two forces are applied at the ends of the member and are necessarily equal,
opposite, and collinear for equilibrium.
The member may be in tension or compression, as shown in Fig. 4/4. When we represent the equilibrium of a portion of
a two-force member, the tension T or compression C acting on the cut section is the same for all sections. We assume
here that the weight of the member is small compared with the force it supports. If it is not, or if we must account for
the small effect of the weight, we can replace the weight W of the member by two forces, each W/2 if the member is
uniform, with one force acting at each end of the member. These forces, in effect, are treated as loads externally applied
to the pin connections. Accounting for the weight of a member in this way gives the correct result for the average
tension or compression along the member but will not account for the effect of bending of the member.
Figure 4/4
Truss Connections and Supports

When welded or riveted connections are used to join structural members, we may usually assume that the connection is a
pin joint if the centerlines of the members are concurrent at the joint as in Fig. 4/5.
Figure 4/5
We also assume in the analysis of simple trusses that all external forces are applied at the pin connections. This
condition is satisfied in most trusses. In bridge trusses the deck is usually laid on cross beams which are supported at the
condition is satisfied in most trusses. In bridge trusses the deck is usually laid on cross beams which are supported at the
joints, as shown in Fig. 4/1.
For large trusses, a roller, rocker, or some kind of slip joint is used at one of the supports to provide for expansion and
contraction due to temperature changes and for deformation from applied loads. Trusses and frames in which no such
provision is made are statically indeterminate, as explained in Art. 3/3. Figure 3/1 shows examples of such joints.
Two methods for the force analysis of simple trusses will be given. Each method will be explained for the simple truss
shown in Fig. 4/6a. The free-body diagram of the truss as a whole is shown in Fig. 4/6b. The external reactions are
usually determined first, by applying the equilibrium equations to the truss as a whole. Then the force analysis of the
remainder of the truss is performed.
Figure 4/6
Copyright 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
4/3. Method of Joints (Reading content) 10/8/08 7:31 PM
4/3 Method of Joints

This method for finding the forces in the members of a truss consists of satisfying the conditions of equilibrium for the
forces acting on the connecting pin of each joint. The method therefore deals with the equilibrium of concurrent forces,
and only two independent equilibrium equations are involved.
We begin the analysis with any joint where at least one known load exists and where not more than two unknown forces
are present. The solution may be started with the pin at the left end. Its free-body diagram is shown in Fig. 4/7. With the
joints indicated by letters, we usually designate the force in each member by the two letters defining the ends of the
member. The proper directions of the forces should be evident by inspection for this simple case. The free-body
diagrams of portions of members AF and AB are also shown to clearly indicate the mechanism of the action and
reaction. The member AB actually makes contact on the left side of the pin, although the force AB is drawn from the
right side and is shown acting away from the pin. Thus, if we consistently draw the force arrows on the same side of the
pin as the member, then tension (such as AB) will always be indicated by an arrow away from the pin, and compression
(such as AF) will always be indicated by an arrow toward the pin. The magnitude of AF is obtained from the equation
F y = 0 and AB is then found from F x = 0.
Figure 4/7
Joint F may be analyzed next, since it now contains only two unknowns, EF and BF. Proceeding to the next joint having
no more than two unknowns, we subsequently analyze joints B, C, E, and D in that order. Figure 4/8 shows the free-
body diagram of each joint and its corresponding force polygon, which represents graphically the two equilibrium
conditions F x = 0 and F y = 0. The numbers indicate the order in which the joints are analyzed. We note that, when
joint D is finally reached, the computed reaction R 2 must be in equilibrium with the forces in members CD and ED,
which were determined previously from the two neighboring joints. This requirement provides a check on the correctness
of our work. Note that isolation of joint C shows that the force in CE is zero when the equation F y = 0 is applied. The
force in this member would not be zero, of course, if an external vertical load were applied at C.
Figure 4/8
It is often convenient to indicate the tension T and compression C of the various members directly on the original truss
diagram by drawing arrows away from the pins for tension and toward the pins for compression. This designation is
illustrated at the bottom of Fig. 4/8.
Sometimes we cannot initially assign the correct direction of one or both of the unknown forces acting on a given pin. If
so, we may make an arbitrary assignment. A negative computed force value indicates that the initially assumed direction
is incorrect.
This New York City bridge structure suggests that members of a simple truss need not be straight.
Stephen Wilkes/The Image Bank/Getty Images
Internal and External Redundancy

If a plane truss has more external supports than are necessary to ensure a stable equilibrium configuration, the truss as a
whole is statically indeterminate, and the extra supports constitute external redundancy. If a truss has more internal
members than are necessary to prevent collapse when the truss is removed from its supports, then the extra members
constitute internal redundancy and the truss is again statically indeterminate.
For a truss which is statically determinate externally, there is a definite relation between the number of its members and
the number of its joints necessary for internal stability without redundancy. Because we can specify the equilibrium of
each joint by two scalar force equations, there are in all 2j such equations for a truss with j joints. For the entire truss
composed of m two-force members and having the maximum of three unknown support reactions, there are in all m + 3
unknowns (m tension or compression forces and three reactions). Thus, for any plane truss, the equation m + 3 = 2j will
be satisfied if the truss is statically determinate internally.
A simple plane truss, formed by starting with a triangle and adding two new members to locate each new joint with
respect to the existing structure, satisfies the relation automatically. The condition holds for the initial triangle, where m
= j = 3, and m increases by 2 for each added joint while j increases by 1. Some other (nonsimple) statically determinate
trusses, such as the K-truss in Fig. 4/2, are arranged differently, but can be seen to satisfy the same relation.
This equation is a necessary condition for stability but it is not a sufficient condition, since one or more of the m
members can be arranged in such a way as not to contribute to a stable configuration of the entire truss. If m + 3 > 2j,
there are more members than independent equations, and the truss is statically indeterminate internally with redundant
members present. If m + 3 < 2j, there is a deficiency of internal members, and the truss is unstable and will collapse
under load.
Harbour Bridge in Sydney, Australia.

Photodisc/Media Bakery
Special Conditions
We often encounter several special conditions in the analysis of trusses. When two collinear members are under
compression, as indicated in Fig. 4/9a, it is necessary to add a third member to maintain alignment of the two members
and prevent buckling. We see from a force summation in the y-direction that the force F 3 in the third member must be
zero and from the x-direction that F 1 = F 2. This conclusion holds regardless of the angle and holds also if the collinear
members are in tension. If an external force with a component in the y-direction were applied to the joint, then F 3 would
no longer be zero.
Figure 4/9
When two noncollinear members are joined as shown in Fig. 4/9b, then in the absence of an externally applied load at
this joint, the forces in both members must be zero, as we can see from the two force summations.
When two pairs of collinear members are joined as shown in Fig. 4/9c, the forces in each pair must be equal and
opposite. This conclusion follows from the force summations indicated in the figure.
Truss panels are frequently cross-braced as shown in Fig. 4/10a. Such a panel is statically indeterminate if each brace
can support either tension or compression. However, when the braces are flexible members incapable of supporting
compression, as are cables, then only the tension member acts and we can disregard the other member. It is usually
evident from the asymmetry of the loading how the panel will deflect. If the deflection is as indicated in Fig. 4/10b, then
member AB should be retained and CD disregarded. When this choice cannot be made by inspection, we may arbitrarily
select the member to be retained. If the assumed tension turns out to be positive upon calculation, then the choice was
correct. If the assumed tension force turns out to be negative, then the opposite member must be retained and the
calculation redone.
Figure 4/10
We can avoid simultaneous solution of the equilibrium equations for two unknown forces at a joint by a careful choice
of reference axes. Thus, for the joint indicated schematically in Fig. 4/11 where L is known and F 1 and F 2 are unknown,
a force summation in the x-direction eliminates reference to F 1 and a force summation in the x-direction eliminates
reference to F 2. When the angles involved are not easily found, then a simultaneous solution of the equations using one
set of reference directions for both unknowns may be preferable.
Figure 4/11
Sample Problem 4/1

Compute the force in each member of the loaded cantilever truss by the method of joints.
Helpful Hints
It should be stressed that the tension/compression designation refers to the member, not the joint.
Note that we draw the force arrow on the same side of the joint as the member which exerts the force.
In this way tension (arrow away from the joint) is distinguished from compression (arrow toward the
joint).
Solution.
If it were not desired to calculate the external reactions at D and E, the analysis for a cantilever truss could
begin with the joint at the loaded end. However, this truss will be analyzed completely, so the first step will be
to compute the external forces at D and E from the free-body diagram of the truss as a whole. The equations of
equilibrium give
Next we draw free-body diagrams showing the forces acting on each of the connecting pins. The correctness of
the assigned directions of the forces is verified when each joint is considered in sequence. There should be no
question about the correct direction of the forces on joint A. Equilibrium requires
where T stands for tension and C stands for compression.
Joint B must be analyzed next, since there are more than two unknown forces on joint C. The force BC must
provide an upward component, in which case BD must balance the force to the left. Again the forces are
obtained from
Joint C now contains only two unknowns, and these are found in the same way as before:
Finally, from joint E there results
and the equation F x = 0 checks.
Sample Problem 4/2

The simple truss shown supports the two loads, each of magnitude L. Determine the forces in members DE, DF,
DG, and CD.
Helpful Hints
Rather than calculate and use the angle = 78.8 in the force equations, we could have used the
11.25 angle directly.
Solution.
First of all, we note that the curved members of this simple truss are all two-force members, so that the effect of
each curved member within the truss is the same as that of a straight member.
We can begin with joint E because there are only two unknown member forces acting there. With reference to
the free-body diagram and accompanying geometry for joint E, we note that = 180 11.25 90 = 78.8.
We must now move to joint F, as there are still three unknown members at joint D. From the geometric
diagram,
From the free-body diagram of joint F,
Simultaneous solution of these two equations yields
For member DG, we move to the free-body diagram of joint D and the accompanying geometry.
Then from joint D:
The simultaneous solution is
Note that is shown exaggerated in the accompanying figures.
Additional Sample Problem - Method of Joints
Problems
Introductory Problems
4/1. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss. Explain why knowledge of the lengths of the
members is unnecessary.
Problem 4/1
Answer:
AB = 2000 lb C, AC = 1732 lb T
BC = 3460 lb C
4/2. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss. Identify any zero-force members by inspection.
Problem 4/2
4/3. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/3
Answer:
AB = 3000 N T, AC = 4240 N C, CD = 4240 N T
AD = 3000 N C, BC = 6000 N T
Problem 4/4
Problem 4/5
Answer:
AB = 5.63 kN C, AF = 3.38 kN T
BC = 4.13 kN C, BE = 0.901 kN T
BF = 4 kN T, CD = 6.88 kN C
CE = 5.50 kN T, DE = 4.13 kN T
EF = 3.38 kN T
4/6. Calculate the force in each member of the loaded truss. All triangles are isosceles.
Problem 4/6
4/7. Determine the force in member AC of the loaded truss. The two quarter-circular members act as two-
force members.
Problem 4/7
Answer:
4/8. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss. Make use of the symmetry of the truss and of
the loading.
Problem 4/8
Problem 4/9
Answer:
AB = 14.42 kN T, AC = 2.07 kN C, AD = 0
BC = 6.45 kN T, BD = 12.89 kN C
4/10. Determine the forces in members BE and CE of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/10
Representing Problems
4/11. Calculate the forces in members CG and CF for the truss shown.
Problem 4/11
Answer:
CG = 2.24 kN T, CF = 1 kN C
4/12. Each member of the truss is a uniform 20-ft bar weighing 400 lb. Calculate the average tension or
compression in each member due to the weights of the members.
Problem 4/12
4/13. A drawbridge is being raised by a cable EI. The four joint loadings shown result from the weight of the
roadway. Determine the forces in members EF, DE, DF, CD, and FG.
Problem 4/13
Answer:
EF = 3.87 kips C, DE = 4.61 kips T
DF = 4.37 kips C, CD = 2.73 kips T
FG = 7.28 kips C
4/14. The truss is composed of equilateral triangles of sides a and is loaded and supported as shown.
Determine the forces in members EF, DE, and DF.
Problem 4/14
4/15. Determine the forces in members BC and BG of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/15
Answer:
BC = 3.46 kN C, BG = 1.528 kN T
4/16. Determine the forces in members BI, CI, and HI for the loaded truss. All angles are 30, 60, or 90.
Problem 4/16
4/17. Determine the forces in members AF, BE, BF, and CE of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/17
Answer:
AF = 6.13 kN T, BE = 5.59 kN T
BF = 6.50 kN C, CE = 5 kN C
4/18. The signboard truss is designed to support a horizontal wind load of 800 lb. A separate analysis shows
that of this force is transmitted to the center connection at C and the rest is equally divided between D
and B. Calculate the forces in members BE and BC.
Problem 4/18
4/19. A snow load transfers the forces shown to the upper joints of a Pratt roof truss. Neglect any horizontal
reactions at the supports and solve for the forces in all members.
Problem 4/19
Answer:
AB = DE = BC = CD = 3.35 kN C
AH = EF = 3 kN T, BH = DF = 1 kN C
CF = CH = 1.414 kN T, FG = GH = 2 kN T
4/20. The loading of Prob. 4/19 is shown applied to a Howe roof truss. Neglect any horizontal reactions at the
supports and solve for the forces in all members. Compare with the results of Prob. 4/19.
Problem 4/20
4/21. Determine the force in each member of the pair of trusses which support the 5000-lb load at their
common joint C.
Problem 4/21
Answer:
AB = BC = BG = 0, AG = CG = 2890 lb C
4/22. Determine the force in member BF of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/22
4/23. The rectangular frame is composed of four perimeter two-force members and two cables AC and BD
which are incapable of supporting compression. Determine the forces in all members due to the load L in
position (a) and then in position (b).
Problem 4/23
Answer:
a.
b.
4/24. Verify the fact that each of the trusses contains one or more elements of redundancy and propose two
separate changes, either one of which would remove the redundancy and produce complete statical
determinacy. All members can support compression as well as tension.
Problem 4/24
4/25. Determine the forces in members AC and AD of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/25
Answer:
AC = AD = 779 lb C
4/26. Analysis of the wind acting on a small Hawaiian church, which withstood the 165-mi/hr winds of
Hurricane Iniki in 1992, showed the forces transmitted to each roof truss panel to be as shown. Treat the
structure as a symmetrical simple truss and neglect any horizontal component of the support reaction at
A. Identify the truss member which supports the largest force, tension or compression, and calculate this
force.
Problem 4/26
4/27. The tower for a transmission line is modeled by the truss shown. The crossed members in the center
sections of the truss may be assumed to be capable of supporting tension only. For the loads of 1.8 kN
applied in the vertical plane, compute the forces induced in members AB, DB, and CD.
Problem 4/27
Answer:
AB = 3.89 kN C, DB = 0, CD = 0.932 kN C
4/28. Determine the force in member CM of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/28
Answer:
CM = 3.41L T
4/4. Method of Sections (Reading content) 10/8/08 7:48 PM
4/4 Method of Sections

When analyzing plane trusses by the method of joints, we need only two of the three equilibrium equations because the
procedures involve concurrent forces at each joint. We can take advantage of the third or moment equation of
equilibrium by selecting an entire section of the truss for the free body in equilibrium under the action of a nonconcurrent
system of forces. This method of sections has the basic advantage that the force in almost any desired member may be
found directly from an analysis of a section which has cut that member. Thus, it is not necessary to proceed with the
calculation from joint to joint until the member in question has been reached. In choosing a section of the truss, we note
that, in general, not more than three members whose forces are unknown should be cut, since there are only three
available independent equilibrium relations.
Illustration of the Method

The method of sections will now be illustrated for the truss in Fig. 4/6, which was used in the explanation of the method
of joints. The truss is shown again in Fig. 4/12a for ready reference. The external reactions are first computed as with the
method of joints, by considering the truss as a whole.
Figure 4/12
Let us determine the force in the member BE, for example. An imaginary section, indicated by the dashed line, is passed
through the truss, cutting it into two parts, Fig. 4/12b. This section has cut three members whose forces are initially
unknown. In order for the portion of the truss on each side of the section to remain in equilibrium, it is necessary to
apply to each cut member the force which was exerted on it by the member cut away. For simple trusses composed of
straight two-force members, these forces, either tensile or compressive, will always be in the directions of the respective
members. The left-hand section is in equilibrium under the action of the applied load L, the end reaction R 1, and the
three forces exerted on the cut members by the right-hand section which has been removed.
We can usually draw the forces with their proper senses by a visual approximation of the equilibrium requirements. Thus,
in balancing the moments about point B for the left-hand section, the force EF is clearly to the left, which makes it
compressive, because it acts toward the cut section of member EF. The load L is greater than the reaction R 1, so that the
force BE must be up and to the right to supply the needed upward component for vertical equilibrium. Force BE is
therefore tensile, since it acts away from the cut section.
With the approximate magnitudes of R 1 and L in mind we see that the balance of moments about point E requires that
BC be to the right. A casual glance at the truss should lead to the same conclusion when it is realized that the lower
horizontal member will stretch under the tension caused by bending. The equation of moments about joint B eliminates
three forces from the relation, and EF can be determined directly. The force BE is calculated from the equilibrium
equation for the y-direction. Finally, we determine BC by balancing moments about point E. In this way each of the
three unknowns has been determined independently of the other two.
The right-hand section of the truss, Fig. 4/12b, is in equilibrium under the action of R 2 and the same three forces in the
cut members applied in the directions opposite to those for the left section. The proper sense for the horizontal forces
can easily be seen from the balance of moments about points B and E.
Additional Considerations
It is essential to understand that in the method of sections an entire portion of the truss is considered a single body in
equilibrium. Thus, the forces in members internal to the section are not involved in the analysis of the section as a whole.
To clarify the free body and the forces acting externally on it, the cutting section is preferably passed through the
members and not the joints. We may use either portion of a truss for the calculations, but the one involving the smaller
number of forces will usually yield the simpler solution.
In some cases the methods of sections and joints can be combined for an efficient solution. For example, suppose we
wish to find the force in a central member of a large truss. Furthermore, suppose that it is not possible to pass a section
through this member without passing through at least four unknown members. It may be possible to determine the forces
in nearby members by the method of sections and then progress to the unknown member by the method of joints. Such a
combination of the two methods may be more expedient than exclusive use of either method.
The moment equations are used to great advantage in the method of sections. One should choose a moment center, either
on or off the section, through which as many unknown forces as possible pass.
It is not always possible to assign the proper sense of an unknown force when the free-body diagram of a section is
initially drawn. Once an arbitrary assignment is made, a positive answer will verify the assumed sense and a negative
result will indicate that the force is in the sense opposite to that assumed. An alternative notation preferred by some is to
assign all unknown forces arbitrarily as positive in the tension direction (away from the section) and let the algebraic
sign of the answer distinguish between tension and compression. Thus, a plus sign would signify tension and a minus
sign compression. On the other hand, the advantage of assigning forces in their correct sense on the free-body diagram of
a section wherever possible is that doing so emphasizes the physical action of the forces more directly, and this practice
is the one which is preferred here.
Many simple trusses are periodic in that there are repeated and identical structural sections.
Photodisc/Media Bakery
Sample Problem 4/3

Calculate the forces induced in members KL, CL, and CB by the 20-ton load on the cantilever truss.
Helpful Hints
We note that analysis by the method of joints would necessitate working with eight joints in order to
calculate the three forces in question. Thus, the method of sections offers a considerable advantage in
this case.
We could have started with moments about C or P just as well.
We could have started with moments about C or P just as well.
We could also have determined CL by a force summation in either the x- or y-direction.
Solution.
Although the vertical components of the reactions at A and M are statically indeterminate with the two fixed
supports, all members other than AM are statically determinate. We may pass a section directly through members
KL, CL, and CB and analyze the portion of the truss to the left of this section as a statically determinate rigid
body.
The free-body diagram of the portion of the truss to the left of the section is shown. A moment sum about L
quickly verifies the assignment of CB as compression, and a moment sum about C quickly discloses that KL is in
tension. The direction of CL is not quite so obvious until we observe that KL and CB intersect at a point P to the
right of G. A moment sum about P eliminates reference to KL and CB and shows that CL must be compressive
to balance the moment of the 20-ton force about P. With these considerations in mind the solution becomes
straightforward, as we now see how to solve for each of the three unknowns independently of the other two.
Summing moments about L requires finding the moment arm . Thus,
Next we take moments about C, which requires a calculation of cos . From the given dimensions we see =
tan 1(5/12) so that cos = 12/13. Therefore,
Finally, we may find CL by a moment sum about P, whose distance from C is given by
or . We also need , which is given by
and cos = 0.868. We now have
Sample Problem 4/4

Calculate the force in member DJ of the Howe roof truss illustrated. Neglect any horizontal components of force
at the supports.
Helpful Hints
There is no harm in assigning one or more of the forces in the wrong direction, as long as the
calculations are consistent with the assumption. A negative answer will show the need for reversing
the direction of the force.
If desired, the direction of CD may be changed on the free-body diagram and the algebraic sign of
CD reversed in the calculations, or else the work may be left as it stands with a note stating the
proper direction.
Observe that a section through members CD, DJ, and DE could be taken which would cut only three
unknown members. However, since the forces in these three members are all concurrent at D, a
moment equation about D would yield no information about them. The remaining two force equations
would not be sufficient to solve for the three unknowns.
Solution.
It is not possible to pass a section through DJ without cutting four members whose forces are unknown.
Although three of these cut by section 2 are concurrent at J and therefore the moment equation about J could be
used to obtain DE, the force in DJ cannot be obtained from the remaining two equilibrium principles. It is
necessary to consider first the adjacent section 1 before analyzing section 2.
The free-body diagram for section 1 is drawn and includes the reaction of 18.33 kN at A, which is
previously calculated from the equilibrium of the truss as a whole. In assigning the proper directions for the
forces acting on the three cut members, we see that a balance of moments about A eliminates the effects of CD
and JK and clearly requires that CJ be up and to the left. A balance of moments about C eliminates the effect of
the three forces concurrent at C and indicates that JK must be to the right to supply sufficient counterclockwise
moment. Again it should be fairly obvious that the lower chord is under tension because of the bending tendency
of the truss. Although it should also be apparent that the top chord is under compression, for purposes of
illustration the force in CD will be arbitrarily assigned as tension.
illustration the force in CD will be arbitrarily assigned as tension.
By the analysis of section 1, CJ is obtained from
In this equation the moment of CJ is calculated by considering its horizontal and vertical components acting at
point J. Equilibrium of moments about J requires
The moment of CD about J is calculated here by considering its two components as acting through D. The
minus sign indicates that CD was assigned in the wrong direction.
Hence,
From the free-body diagram of section 2, which now includes the known value of CJ, a balance of moments
about G is seen to eliminate DE and JK. Thus,
Again the moment of CJ is determined from its components considered to be acting at J. The answer for DJ is
positive, so that the assumed tensile direction is correct.
An alternative approach to the entire problem is to utilize section 1 to determine CD and then use the method of
joints applied at D to determine DJ.
Additional Sample Problem - Method of Sections
Problems
Introductory Problems
4/29. Determine the forces in members CG and GH.
Problem 4/29
Answer:
CG = 0, GH = 27 kN T
4/30. Determine the force in member AE of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/30
4/31. Determine the force in member BC of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/31
Answer:
BC = 4.81 kips T
4/32. Determine the forces in members GH and CG for the truss loaded and supported as shown. Does the
statical indeterminacy of the supports affect your calculation?
Problem 4/32
4/33. Determine the force in member DG of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/33
Answer:
DG = L T
4/34. Determine the force in member BE of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/34
Representative Problems
4/35. Determine the forces in members DE and DL.
Problem 4/35
Answer:
DE = 24 kN T, DL = 33.9 kN C
4/36. Calculate the forces in members BC, BE, and EF. Solve for each force from an equilibrium equation
which contains that force as the only unknown.
Problem 4/36
4/37. Calculate the forces in members BC, CD, and CG of the loaded truss composed of equilateral triangles,
each of side length 8 m.
Problem 4/37
Answer:
BC = 1.155 kN T, CD = 5.20 kN T
CG = 4.04 kN C
4/38. Determine the forces in members BC and FG of the loaded symmetrical truss. Show that this calculation
can be accomplished by using one section and two equations, each of which contains only one of the two
unknowns. Are the results affected by the statical indeterminacy of the supports at the base?
Problem 4/38
4/39. The truss shown is composed of 45 right triangles. The crossed members in the center two panels are
slender tie rods incapable of supporting compression. Retain the two rods which are under tension and
compute the magnitudes of their tensions. Also find the force in member MN.
Problem 4/39
Answer:
FN = GM = 84.8 kN T, MN = 20 kN T
4/40. Determine the force in member BF.
Problem 4/40
4/41. Determine the forces in members CD, CJ, and DJ.
Problem 4/41
Answer:
CD = 0.562L C, CJ = 1.562L T
DJ = 1.250L C
4/42. Compute the force in member HN of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/42
4/43. Determine the forces in members DE, DL, LM, and EL of the loaded symmetrical truss.
Problem 4/43
Answer:
DE = 4.80L C, DL = 0.0446L T, LM = 4.54L T
EL = 3.80L T
4/44. Determine the forces in members DQ and CQ of the loaded symmetrical truss.
Problem 4/44
4/45. Calculate the forces in members CB, CG, and FG for the loaded truss without first calculating the force
in any other member.
Problem 4/45
Answer:
CB = 56.2 kN C, CG = 13.87 kN T
FG = 19.62 kN T
4/46. The hinged frames ACE and DFB are connected by two hinged bars, AB and CD, which cross without
being connected. Compute the force in AB.
Problem 4/46
4/47. Determine the force in member JM of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/47
Answer:
JM = 0.0901L T
4/48. Determine the forces in members DE, EI, FI, and HI of the arched roof truss.
Problem 4/48
4/49. Determine the force in member GK of the loaded symmetrical truss.
Problem 4/49
Answer:
GK = 2.13L T
4/50. Determine the force in member CL of the loaded truss. The radius of curvature of the upper chord
BCDEFG is 30 m.
Problem 4/50
4/51. Determine the force in member DK of the loaded overhead sign truss.
Problem 4/51
Answer:
DK = 1 kip T
4/52. Determine the force in member DG of the compound truss. The joints all lie on radial lines subtending
angles of 15 as indicated, and the curved members act as two-force members. Distance
.
Problem 4/52
Answer:
DG = 0.569L C
4/53. Determine the force in member CK of the loaded truss.
Problem 4/53
Answer:
CK = 9290 N C
4/54. A design model for a transmission-line tower is shown in the figure. Members GH, FG, OP, and NO
are insulated cables; all other members are steel bars. For the loading shown, compute the forces in
members FI, FJ, EJ, EK, and ER. Use a combination of methods if desired.
Problem 4/54
Answer:
FI = ER = 0, FJ = 7.81 kN T
EJ = 3.61 kN C, EK = 22.4 kN C
Problem 4/2
Determine the force in members: (a) AD, (b) CD, (c) AB, (d) BC, (e) BD of the loaded truss.
(Note: the compression force must be negative.)
Determine the force in members: (a) BC, (b) CD, (c) AD, (d) BD, (e) AB of the loaded truss.
(Note: the compression force must be negative.)
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 180
180 Chapter 4 Structures
Sample Problem 4/1
Compute the force in each member of the loaded cantilever truss by the
B 5m D
method of joints.
5m 5m 5m 5m
Solution. If it were not desired to calculate the external reactions at D and E,
the analysis for a cantilever truss could begin with the joint at the loaded end. A
However, this truss will be analyzed completely, so the first step will be to com- 5m C 5m E
pute the external forces at D and E from the free-body diagram of the truss as a
whole. The equations of equilibrium give 30 kN 20 kN
[ME 0] 5T 20(5) 30(10) 0 T 80 kN T

5m 30
[Fx 0] 80 cos 30 Ex 0 Ex 69.3 kN
y 60
[Fy 0] 80 sin 30 Ey 20 30 0 Ey 10 kN
5m
Next we draw free-body diagrams showing the forces acting on each of the x
Ex
connecting pins. The correctness of the assigned directions of the forces is veri-
fied when each joint is considered in sequence. There should be no question 5m 5m
about the correct direction of the forces on joint A. Equilibrium requires
30 kN 20 kN Ey
[Fy 0] 0.866AB 30 0 AB 34.6 kN T Ans.
[Fx 0] AC 0.5(34.6) 0 AC 17.32 kN C Ans. y

AB
where T stands for tension and C stands for compression.
Joint B must be analyzed next, since there are more than two unknown
forces on joint C. The force BC must provide an upward component, in which 60 BD
AC x
case BD must balance the force to the left. Again the forces are obtained from AB = 60
34.6 kN 60
[Fy 0] 0.866BC 0.866(34.6) 0 BC 34.6 kN C Ans. BC
30 kN
[Fx 0] BD 2(0.5)(34.6) 0 BD 34.6 kN T Ans.
Joint A Joint B
Joint C now contains only two unknowns, and these are found in the same
way as before: Helpful Hint
It should be stressed that the ten-
[Fy 0] 0.866CD 0.866(34.6) 20 0 sion/compression designation refers
CD 57.7 kN T Ans. to the member, not the joint. Note
that we draw the force arrow on the
[Fx 0] CE 17.32 0.5(34.6) 0.5(57.7) 0 same side of the joint as the member
which exerts the force. In this way
CE 63.5 kN C Ans.
tension (arrow away from the joint)
Finally, from joint E there results is distinguished from compression
(arrow toward the joint).
[Fy 0] 0.866DE 10 DE 11.55 kN C Ans.
BC =
and the equation Fx 0 checks. 34.6 kN
CD DE
60 60 60 69.3 kN
AC = CE CE =
17.32 kN 63.5 kN
20 kN 10 kN
Joint C Joint E
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 181
Article 4/3 Method of Joints 181
Sample Problem 4/2

A
B
The simple truss shown supports the two loads, each of magnitude L. Deter-
mine the forces in members DE, DF, DG, and CD. C
2R
H D
Solution. First of all, we note that the curved members of this simple truss
are all two-force members, so that the effect of each curved member within the R G
truss is the same as that of a straight member.

We can begin with joint E because there are only two unknown member E
O F
forces acting there. With reference to the free-body diagram and accompanying
geometry for joint E, we note that 180 11.25 90 78.8. = 22.5
L L
[Fy 0] DE sin 78.8 L 0 DE 1.020L T Ans.
DE
11.25
[Fx 0] EF DE cos 78.8 0 EF 0.1989L C
y
We must now move to joint F, as there are still three unknown members at joint D
11.25
D. From the geometric diagram,
x
EF O

2R sin 22.5 E
tan1 42.1 11.25
2R cos 22.5 R
OD = OE = 2R
L
From the free-body diagram of joint F,
Joint E
[Fx 0] GF cos 67.5 DF cos 42.1 0.1989L 0
[Fy 0] GF sin 67.5 DF sin 42.1 L 0 Helpful Hint

Simultaneous solution of these two equations yields Rather than calculate and use the
angle 78.8 in the force equa-
GF 0.646L T DF 0.601L T Ans. tions, we could have used the 11.25
angle directly.
For member DG, we move to the free-body diagram of joint D and the accompa-
nying geometry.
GF
tan1 2R
2R sin 45 2R sin 22.5
cos 22.5 2R cos 45
33.8 DF
D
2R
67.5 22.5
tan1 2R cos 22.5 R cos 45
2R sin 22.5 R sin 45
2.92 0.1989L O
F

E
OF = FE = R
Then from joint D:
L
Joint F
[Fx 0] DG cos 2.92 CD sin 33.8 0.601L sin 47.9 1.020L cos 78.8 0
[Fy 0] DG sin 2.92 CD cos 33.8 0.601L cos 47.9 1.020L sin 78.8 0
The simultaneous solution is CD C
CD 1.617L T DG 1.147L or DG 1.147L C Ans.

hor.
D
Note that is shown exaggerated in the accompanying figures.
G
22.5 2R
DG
47.9 O
22.5
DF = 0.601L DE = 1.020L
OG = CG = R
Joint D
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 190
Sample Problem 4/3 M

L
Calculate the forces induced in members KL, CL, and CB by the 20-ton load H I J K
on the cantilever truss. 26
16
G F E D C B A
Solution. Although the vertical components of the reactions at A and M are 6 panels at 12
statically indeterminate with the two fixed supports, all members other than AM 20 tons
are statically determinate. We may pass a section directly through members KL,
CL, and CB and analyze the portion of the truss to the left of this section as a
statically determinate rigid body. KL L
y
CL
The free-body diagram of the portion of the truss to the left of the section is

shown. A moment sum about L quickly verifies the assignment of CB as com-
pression, and a moment sum about C quickly discloses that KL is in tension. The G x
P C CB
direction of CL is not quite so obvious until we observe that KL and CB intersect
at a point P to the right of G. A moment sum about P eliminates reference to KL
and CB and shows that CL must be compressive to balance the moment of the 20 tons
20-ton force about P. With these considerations in mind the solution becomes
straightforward, as we now see how to solve for each of the three unknowns in-
dependently of the other two.
Helpful Hints
Summing moments about L requires finding the moment arm BL 16 We note that analysis by the method
(26 16)/2 21 ft. Thus, of joints would necessitate working
with eight joints in order to calcu-
[ML 0] 20(5)(12) CB(21) 0 CB 57.1 tons C Ans. late the three forces in question.
Next we take moments about C, which requires a calculation of cos . From the Thus, the method of sections offers a
given dimensions we see tan1(5/12) so that cos 12/13. Therefore, considerable advantage in this case.
[MC 0] 12
20(4)(12) 13 KL(16) 0 KL 65 tons T Ans.
We could have started with mo-
ments about C or P just as well.
Finally, we may find CL by a moment sum about P, whose distance from C
is given by PC/16 24/(26 16) or PC 38.4 ft. We also need , which is given
by tan1(CB/BL) tan1(12/21) 29.7 and cos 0.868. We now have
[Mp 0] 20(48 38.4) CL(0.868)(38.4) 0 We could also have determined CL

by a force summation in either the
CL 5.76 tons C Ans. x- or y-direction.
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 191
Article 4/4 Method of Sections 191
Sample Problem 4/4 10 kN 1 2

10 kN D
Calculate the force in member DJ of the Howe roof truss illustrated. Ne-
C E
glect any horizontal components of force at the supports.
B F 6m
G
A
L K J I H
Solution. It is not possible to pass a section through DJ without cutting four 10 kN
members whose forces are unknown. Although three of these cut by section 2 are 6 panels at 4 m
concurrent at J and therefore the moment equation about J could be used to ob-
tain DE, the force in DJ cannot be obtained from the remaining two equilibrium 10 kN
principles. It is necessary to consider first the adjacent section 1 before analyzing
10 kN
section 2. C CD Section 1
The free-body diagram for section 1 is drawn and includes the reaction of
18.33 kN at A, which is previously calculated from the equilibrium of the truss CJ
as a whole. In assigning the proper directions for the forces acting on the three A J
cut members, we see that a balance of moments about A eliminates the effects of JK
CD and JK and clearly requires that CJ be up and to the left. A balance of mo-
ments about C eliminates the effect of the three forces concurrent at C and indi- 18.33 kN
cates that JK must be to the right to supply sufficient counterclockwise moment.
Again it should be fairly obvious that the lower chord is under tension because of Helpful Hints
the bending tendency of the truss. Although it should also be apparent that the
There is no harm in assigning one or
top chord is under compression, for purposes of illustration the force in CD will
more of the forces in the wrong di-
be arbitrarily assigned as tension. rection, as long as the calculations
By the analysis of section 1, CJ is obtained from
are consistent with the assumption.
A negative answer will show the
[MA 0] 0.707CJ(12) 10(4) 10(8) 0 CJ 14.14 kN C need for reversing the direction of
In this equation the moment of CJ is calculated by considering its horizontal and the force.
vertical components acting at point J. Equilibrium of moments about J requires If desired, the direction of CD may
be changed on the free-body diagram
[MJ 0] 0.894CD(6) 18.33(12) 10(4) 10(8) 0 and the algebraic sign of CD re-
versed in the calculations, or else the
CD 18.63 kN
work may be left as it stands with a
The moment of CD about J is calculated here by considering its two components note stating the proper direction.
as acting through D. The minus sign indicates that CD was assigned in the
wrong direction. 10 kN
10 kN
Hence, CD 18.63 kN C DE
Section 2
From the free-body diagram of section 2, which now includes the known DJ
value of CJ, a balance of moments about G is seen to eliminate DE and JK. 14.14 kN
A G
Thus, JK J
[MG 0] 12DJ 10(16) 10(20) 18.33(24) 14.14(0.707)(12) 0 18.33 kN
DJ 16.67 kN T Ans. Observe that a section through mem-

Again the moment of CJ is determined from its components considered to be act- bers CD, DJ, and DE could be taken
ing at J. The answer for DJ is positive, so that the assumed tensile direction is which would cut only three unknown
correct. members. However, since the forces
An alternative approach to the entire problem is to utilize section 1 to deter- in these three members are all con-
mine CD and then use the method of joints applied at D to determine DJ. current at D, a moment equation
about D would yield no information
about them. The remaining two force
equations would not be sufficient to
solve for the three unknowns.
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 199
Article 4/5 Space Trusses 199
Sample Problem 4/5 z

L
The space truss consists of the rigid tetrahedron ABCD anchored by a ball- B
E
and-socket connection at A and prevented from any rotation about the x-, y-, or 1
z-axes by the respective links 1, 2, and 3. The load L is applied to joint E, which
is rigidly fixed to the tetrahedron by the three additional links. Solve for the
forces in the members at joint E and indicate the procedure for the determina- 4m 4m
tion of the forces in the remaining members of the truss.
C
y
A
Solution. We note first that the truss is supported with six properly placed 3m
3m
constraints, which are the three at A and the links 1, 2, and 3. Also, with m 9 D
2 x
members and j 5 joints, the condition m 6 3j for a sufficiency of members 3
to provide a noncollapsible structure is satisfied.
The external reactions at A, B, and D can be calculated easily as a first step,
although their values will be determined from the solution of all forces on each Helpful Hints
of the joints in succession.
We start with a joint on which at least one known force and not more than Suggestion: Draw a free-body dia-
three unknown forces act, which in this case is joint E. The free-body diagram of gram of the truss as a whole and ver-
joint E is shown with all force vectors arbitrarily assumed in their positive ten- ify that the external forces acting on
sion directions (away from the joint). The vector expressions for the three un- the truss are Ax Li, Ay Lj, Az
known forces are (4L/3)k, By 0, Dy Lj, Dz
(4L/3)k.
FEB FEC FED
FEB (i j), FEC (3i 4k), FED (3j 4k) With this assumption, a negative
2 5 5
numerical value for a force indicates
Equilibrium of joint E requires compression.
[F 0] L FEB FEC FED 0 or z

L
FEC B
FEB FED E
Li (i j) (3i 4k) (3j 4k) 0 FEB
2 5 5
FEC
Rearranging terms gives FED
4m 4m

FEB 3FEC FEB 3FED 4FEC 4FED
L i j k0
2 5 2 5 5 5
y
Equating the coefficients of the i-, j-, and k-unit vectors to zero gives the three A
equations 3m
3m
FEB 3FEC FEB 3FED x
L 0 FEC FED 0
2 5 2 5
Solving the equations gives us
FEB L/2 FEC 5L/6 FED 5L/6 Ans.
Thus, we conclude that FEB and FEC are compressive forces and FED is tension.
Unless we have computed the external reactions first, we must next analyze
joint C with the known value of FEC and the three unknowns FCB, FCA, and FCD.
The procedure is identical with that used for joint E. Joints B, D, and A are then
analyzed in the same way and in that order, which limits the scalar unknowns to
three for each joint. The external reactions computed from these analyses must,
of course, agree with the values which can be determined initially from an analy-
sis of the truss as a whole.
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 206
Sample Problem 4/6

3m 2m
The frame supports the 400-kg load in the manner shown. Neglect the A
weights of the members compared with the forces induced by the load and com- 1.5 m
pute the horizontal and vertical components of all forces acting on each of the 0.5 m R
0.5 m
members. B
E
1.5 m F
C
Solution. We observe first that the three supporting members which consti- 1.5 m
tute the frame form a rigid assembly that can be analyzed as a single unit. We 400 kg
D
also observe that the arrangement of the external supports makes the frame sta-
tically determinate.
From the free-body diagram of the entire frame we determine the external
reactions. Thus, Helpful Hints
We see the frame corresponds to the
[MA 0] 5.5(0.4)(9.81) 5D 0 D 4.32 kN category illustrated in Fig. 4/14a.
[Fx 0] Ax 4.32 0 Ax 4.32 kN Without this observation, the prob-
lem solution would be much longer,
[Fy 0] Ay 3.92 0 Ay 3.92 kN because the three equilibrium equa-
tions for member BF would contain
Next we dismember the frame and draw a separate free-body diagram of four unknowns: Bx, By, Ex, and Ey.
each member. The diagrams are arranged in their approximate relative positions Note that the direction of the line
to aid in keeping track of the common forces of interaction. The external reac- joining the two points of force appli-
tions just obtained are entered onto the diagram for AD. Other known forces are cation, and not the shape of the mem-
the 3.92-kN forces exerted by the shaft of the pulley on the member BF, as ob- ber, determines the direction of the
tained from the free-body diagram of the pulley. The cable tension of 3.92 kN is forces acting on a two-force member.
also shown acting on AD at its attachment point.
Next, the components of all unknown forces are shown on the diagrams. Ay
Here we observe that CE is a two-force member. The force components on CE y
have equal and opposite reactions, which are shown on BF at E and on AD at C.
Ax
We may not recognize the actual sense of the components at B at first glance, so
they may be arbitrarily but consistently assigned. x
The solution may proceed by use of a moment equation about B or E for
member BF, followed by the two force equations. Thus,
[MB 0] 3.92(5) 12Ex(3) 0 Ex 13.08 kN Ans. 0.4(9.81)

= 3.92 kN
[Fy 0] By 3.92 13.08/2 0 By 2.62 kN Ans.
[Fx 0] Bx 3.92 13.08 0 Bx 9.15 kN Ans. D
Positive numerical values of the unknowns mean that we assumed their direc-
tions correctly on the free-body diagrams. The value of Cx Ex 13.08 kN ob- 3.92 kN
Ay = 3.92 kN
tained by inspection of the free-body diagram of CE is now entered onto the 3.92 kN
diagram for AD, along with the values of Bx and By just determined. The equa-
tions of equilibrium may now be applied to member AD as a check, since all the Ax = 3.92 kN 3.92 kN
forces acting on it have already been computed. The equations give 4.32 kN 3.92 kN
3.92 kN
Ex
By
[MC 0] 4.32(3.5) 4.32(1.5) 3.92(2) 9.15(1.5) 0 Bx
1 1 3.92 kN
Cx Ex
By 2
[Fx 0] 4.32 13.08 9.15 3.92 4.32 0 2 Cx 2
Ex
[Fy 0] 13.08/2 2.62 3.92 0 1
Cx
D= 1
Cx
4.32 kN 2
c04.qxd 1/26/06 1:25 PM Page 207
Article 4/6 Frames and Machines 207
Sample Problem 4/7 B

30 lb
Neglect the weight of the frame and compute the forces acting on all of its
members. 20
12
F
D
50 lb
Solution. We note first that the frame is not a rigid unit when removed from 20 12
E
its supports since BDEF is a movable quadrilateral and not a rigid triangle. Con-
sequently the external reactions cannot be completely determined until the indi- A C
vidual members are analyzed. However, we can determine the vertical
components of the reactions at A and C from the free-body diagram of the frame 30
as a whole. Thus,
30 lb
3
[MC 0] 50(12) 30(40) 30Ay 0 Ay 60 lb Ans. 4
[Fy 0] Cy 50(4/5) 60 0 Cy 100 lb Ans.
Next we dismember the frame and draw the free-body diagram of each part. 50 lb
Since EF is a two-force member, the direction of the force at E on ED and at F on y
AB is known. We assume that the 30-lb force is applied to the pin as a part of
member BC. There should be no difficulty in assigning the correct directions for Ax x
forces E, F, D, and Bx. The direction of By, however, may not be assigned by inspec- Cx
tion and therefore is arbitrarily shown as downward on AB and upward on BC.
Ay Cy
Member ED. The two unknowns are easily obtained by Helpful Hints
We see that this frame corresponds to
[MD 0] 50(12) 12E 0 E 50 lb Ans.
the category illustrated in Fig. 4/14b.
[F 0] D 50 50 0 D 100 lb Ans. The directions of Ax and Cx are not
obvious initially and can be assigned
arbitrarily to be corrected later if
necessary.
Member EF. Clearly F is equal and opposite to E with the magnitude of 50 lb. Alternatively the 30-lb force could
be applied to the pin considered a
part of BA, with a resulting change
Member AB. Since F is now known, we solve for Bx, Ax, and By from in the reaction Bx.
By By
[MA 0] 50(3/5)(20) Bx(40) 0 Bx 15 lb Ans.
Bx Bx 30 lb
[Fx 0] Ax 15 50(3/5) 0 Ax 15 lb Ans.
y 3
[Fy 0] 50(4/5) 60 By 0 By 20 lb Ans. 4
F
3 x
The minus sign shows that we assigned By in the wrong direction.
4 D
D
F
Member BC. The results for Bx, By, and D are now transferred to BC, and the E
remaining unknown Cx is found from 3 50 lb
Ax Cx
4
[Fx 0] 30 100(3/5) 15 Cx 0 Cx 75 lb Ans.
A y = 60 lb E Cy = 100 lb
We may apply the remaining two equilibrium equations as a check. Thus,
[Fy 0] 100 (20) 100(4/5) 0 Alternatively we could have re-

turned to the free-body diagram of
[MC 0] (30 15)(40) (20)(30) 0 the frame as a whole and found Cx.
Chapter S4 Problem 23 Solution file:///Users/Documents/08_Fall_Statics/NELS_mech2110/p_...
MECH 2110 - Statics & Dynamics

Chapter S4 Problem 23 Solution
Page 188, Engineering Mechanics - Statics, 4th Edition, Meriam and Kraige
Given: The truss shown below supporting a mass M equal to 500 kg.
Find: The force in each member of the truss.
0. Observations:
A. All connections between the members are pins. Each member is connected at two points. All
external loads are applied at connection points. The weights of the members are small compared to
the external loads. The system may be classifed as a truss. All members are two force members,
transmitting force along the line between the member connection points.
B. In order to determine the directions of all of the members (and hence all of the forces), we need to
determine the coordinates of each of the pins. Setting our origin at point A, X positive to the right, Y
positive upward, all coordinates in meters:
A (0,0)
B (0,(42-22)1/2) = (0, 121/2)
C (2,121/2+2)
D (2+121/2,121/2+2)
F (2,121/2)
E (2+31/2,121/2+1) { midway between D and F, average of those two points)
G (XG, 121/2) { where XG is some unspecified negative number. }
1 of 5 10/8/08 8:52 PM
C. From the above coordinates we can determine the direction of each member (and hence each
force). This can be done by subtracting the coordinates of two points along the line of action of the
force and then evaluating the unit vector parallel to that direction.
X-Direction: BF, BG, and CD
Y-Direction: AB and CF
eEF and eDE = +- { 31/2/2 i + 0.5 j } { 30 degree angle }
eBC = +- { 1/21/2 i + 1/21/2j } { 45 degree angle }
eAF = +- { 0.5 i + 31/2/2 j } { 60 degree angle }
eCE = +- { 31/2/2 i - 0.5 j } { -30 degree angle }
D. We are asked to determine the force in each and every member of the truss. This will require the
consideration of several mechanical systems. One approach would be to successively consider
different connecting pins. If we can sequentially identify pins that are connected to no more than two
members transmitting loads that have not yet been determined, we can readily determine the forces in
those members (method of joints). In so doing, we must exploit the fact that the force transmitted by
a two force member is along the line between the two connection points. We must further exploit the
fact that the forces acting at the two ends of the member are oppositely directed. We can see that
considering the pins in the following sequence will enable us to determine the member forces as
follows:
Pin D (Members CD and DE)
Pin E (Members CE and EF)
Pin C (members CF and BC)
Pin F (Members BF and AF)
Pin B (Members BG and AF)
For convenience we will assume all members to be in tension. In this way any negative results will
indicate a member transmitting a compressive force.
1. Mechanical System - Successive consideration of 5 mechanical systems, beginning with pin D and
following sequentially with pins E, C, F and B (each considered individually). Note that the
mechanical system including pin D also includes the supported mass and the cable that connects pin D
to the mass. The other mechanical system include only the pins.
2. Free Body Diagram

The figure provides the free body diagrams of
the required five mechanical systems. The
coordinate axes used are shown. Note that as
every member of a truss is a two force member,
each of the forces exerted by a truss member on
a pin, is parallel to the member. Further note
that the forces exerted by either end of a two
force member must be equal in magnitude and
opposite in direction. Both of these facts are
reflected in the free body diagrams.
Additionally, all forces are shown pulling the
2 of 5 10/8/08 8:52 PM
pins closer together. This reflects an assumption

that each and every member of the truss is in
tension (being stretched) and is exerting a
resisting force pulling the attached pins toward
one another. This is convenient as a positive
result for any member force indicates tension,
while a negative result indicates compression in that member. This approach is reflected in the signs
of the various terms appearing in the equilibrium equations for each of the pins. As noted above, by
sequentially considering pins D, E, C, F, and B, all member forces can be evaluated.
3. Equations
Note the use of the various unit vectors in expressing the force components. The force components
are obtained by multiplying the magnitude of the force by the corresponding component of the
associated unit vector. The choice of the positive or negative sign is made based upon the free body
diagrams of the pins.
Pin D:
S FX = -CD - 31/2/2 DE = 0
S FY = - 1/2 DE - M g = 0
Pin E
S FX = 31/2/2 DE - 31/2/2 EF - 31/2/2 CE = 0
S FY = 1/2 DE - 1/2 EF + 1/2 CE = 0
Pin C
S FX = CD + 31/2/2 CE - 1/21/2 BC = 0
S FY = -1/2 CE - CF - 1/21/2 BC = 0
Pin F
S FX = -BF + 31/2/2 EF - 1/2 AF = 0
S FY = CF + 1/2 EF - 31/2/2 AF = 0
Pin B
S FX = BF - BG +1/21/2 BC = 0
S FY = -AB + 1/21/2 BC = 0
4. Solve
From the Y equation for pin D:
DE = - 2 M g = - 2 * 500 kg 9.81 m/s2 = -9810 N
DE = 9.81 kN compression
3 of 5 10/8/08 8:52 PM
From the X equation for pin D:

CD = - 31/2/2 DE = 8500 N
CD = 8.50 kN tension.
Multiplying the Y equation for pin E by the square root of 3, and then subtracting the X equation for
pin E from that result, we observe that all of the terms except the one involving CE vanish:
31/2 CE = 0
CE = 0
Using this result in the y equation for pin E:

EF = DE = -9810 N
EF = 9.81 kN compression
From the X equation for pin C:

BC = 21/2 CD + (3/2)1/2 CE = 12010 N
BC = 12.01 kN tension
From the Y equation for pin C:

CF = -1/2 CE - 1/21/2 BC = -8500 N
CF = 8.50 kN compression
From the Y equation for pin F:

AF = 1/31/2 EF + 2/31/2 CF = -15470 N
AF = 15.47 kN compression
From the X equation for pin F:

BF = 31/2/2 EF - 1/2 AF = -759 N
BF = 0.759 kN compression
From the X equation for pin B

BG = BF + 1/21/2 BC = 7740 N
BG = 7.74 kN tension
From the Y equation for pin B:

AB = 1/21/2 BC = 8500 N
AB = 8.50 kN tension
Results
DE = 9810 N compression
CD = 8.50 kN tension
CE = 0
EF = 9.81 kN compression
BC = 12.01 kN tension
CF = 8.50 kN compression
AF = 15.47 kN compression
4 of 5 10/8/08 8:52 PM
BF = 0.759 kN compression
BG = 7.74 kN tension
AB = 8.50 kN tension
5 of 5 10/8/08 8:52 PM
MECH 2110 - Statics & Dynamics

Chapter S4 Problem 35 Solution
Page 196, Engineering Mechanics - Statics, 4th Edition, Meriam and Kraige
Given: Given the truss shown below supporting the load P of magnitude 8 kN.
Find: The force in members DE and DL
0. Observations:
A. All connections between the members are pins. Each member is connected at two points. All
external loads are applied at connection points. The weights of the members are small compared to
the external loads. The system may be classifed as a truss. All members are two force members,
transmitting force along the line between the member connection points.
B. As we are only interested in the forces in two of the many members in the truss, the method of
sections appears attractive.
C. The only force we know is the applied load P. The two forces we want to know act in members
near the upper left corner of the truss. If we consider the mechanical system to be that part of the
truss to the right of a section that passes through members DE, DL, CL, and LM; said mechanical
system will be acted upon by the known force and both of the two forces of interest. The drawback is
that four unknown forces will act on this mechanical system and we will only be able to write three
independent equations (2 force and 1 moment). We will not be able to solve for all 4 unknown
forces. However, three of the four unknown forces (DL, CL, and LM) all act through the point L. By
summing moments about L, we should be able to generate a single equation involving only one
1 of 3 10/8/08 8:55 PM
unknown, DE. As this is one of the unknowns of interest, this is very promising.
D. If we can determine the force in member DE, we can then next consider a mechanical system
consisting of pin D. The forces from members DE, DL, and CD act on this pin. Only two of these
members exert force components in the horizontal direction, DE and DL. The sum of the forces in the
X will involve only these two member forces. As we will have already determined the force in
member DE, we should be able to determine the second force of interest, the force in member DL.
E. As each of the member forces is parallel to the associated member, the geometry of the truss is of
some interest. The left part of the truss consists of three square sections stacked one on top of
another. Each of these square sections has a vertical span, h, of 2 m. Each square has a horizontal
span, w, also equal to 2 m. The truss includes members for each edge of each of these squares and for
one diagonal of each of the squares. These diagonal members run from lower right to upper left. As
diagonals of squares, they make an angle of 45 degrees with the horizontal. The overhanging (right
portion) of the truss is of a slightly more complex geometry. This portion also includes three
sections. Each section is a quadilateral, with truss members on each side and along one diagonal.
Again the diagonal member runs from lower right to upper left. Two sides of each quadrilateral are
vertical. These vertical sides are seperated by identical distances. The horizontal span of each section
is the same as that for the squares, w. The upper and lower sides of these sections each form straight
lines. These two lines converge in a symmetrical way from an initial separation of h (2 m) where they
join the left part of the truss, to a separation of h/2 (1 m) at the end of the third overhanging section
where the load is supported. These characteristics could be used to determine the coordinates of each
connection point. From those coordinates the direction of each member could be established.
However, based upon our choice of mechanical systems, the only attribute of interest will be the total
horizontal span of these three sections. This horizontal span (3 h) is equal to the perpendicular
distance from the proposed moment point, L, to the applied vertical load, P.
1. Mechanical System - Two mechanical systems will be considered (as discussed above). We will
first consider that portion of the truss to the right of a section passing through members DE, DL, CL,
and LM. We will then consider a mechanical system consisting of pin D.
2. Free Body Diagram
The figure includes the

free body diagrams of both
mechanical systems. The
coordinate axes used are
shown. The right portion
of the figure includes all of
the truss to the right of a
section through members
DE, DL, CL, and LM.
The forces acting in each
of these members have
been assumed to be tensile
(stretching the members)
2 of 3 10/8/08 8:55 PM
and are shown on the free body diagram. The applied load P is also shown. The left portion of the
figure includes a free body diagram of the pin D. Again all of the members have been presumed to be
in tension. The three member forces acting on the pin D, DE, DL, and CD, are all shown pulling the
pin D toward the member. The forces DE and DL appear in both free body diagrams, reflecting the
nature of two force members and the law of action and reaction. Positive member force results will
indicate that the member is indeed experiencing tensile forces. A negative result will indicate that the
member is actually under compression.
3. Equations
Section System:
S ML = -3 w P + h DE = 0 { The applied load is vertical. The horizontal (perpendicular) distance
from the moment point L to the load is three times the horizontal span, w, of the truss members. The
rotational tendency about point L produced by the applied load is clockwise or negative, The force in
member DE is horizontal. The vertical (perpendicular) distance from the moment point L to the force
in member DE is equal to the vertical span, h, of one of the truss members.
Pin D System:
S FX = DE + 1/21/2 DL = 0 { Exploiting the direction of DL as a diagonal of a square, its
component in the X direction must be equal to the cosine of 45 degrees (1/21/2) multiplied by its
overall magnitude. }
4. Solve
Solving the moment equation for DE:
DE = 3 (w/h) P
= 3 (2 m/2 m) 8 kN
= 24 kN
DE = 24 kN tension
Solving the force equation:

DL = -21/2 DE = -33.94 kN
DL = 33.9 kN compression
Results
DE = 24 kN tension
DL = 33.9 kN compression
3 of 3 10/8/08 8:55 PM

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4/2.

Plane Trusses (Reading content) 10/8/08 7:29 PM

4/2 Plane Trusses

Truss Connections and Supports

4/3 Method of Joints

Internal and External Redundancy

Harbour Bridge in Sydney, Australia.

Sample Problem 4/1

where T stands for tension and C stands for compression.

Finally, from joint E there results

and the equation F x = 0 checks.

Sample Problem 4/2

From the free-body diagram of joint F,

Simultaneous solution of these two equations yields

Then from joint D:

The simultaneous solution is

Note that is shown exaggerated in the accompanying figures.

Additional Sample Problem - Method of Joints

4/3. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.

AB = 3000 N T, AC = 4240 N C, CD = 4240 N T

4/5. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.

4/9. Determine the force in each member of the loaded truss.

EF = 3.87 kips C, DE = 4.61 kips T

DF = 4.37 kips C, CD = 2.73 kips T

4/15. Determine the forces in members BC and BG of the loaded truss.

4/25. Determine the forces in members AC and AD of the loaded truss.

4/4 Method of Sections

Illustration of the Method

Sample Problem 4/3

We could have started with moments about C or P just as well.

We could also have determined CL by a force summation in either the x- or y-direction.

Summing moments about L requires finding the moment arm . Thus,

Sample Problem 4/4

illustration the force in CD will be arbitrarily assigned as tension.

By the analysis of section 1, CJ is obtained from

Additional Sample Problem - Method of Sections

4/29. Determine the forces in members CG and GH.

4/31. Determine the force in member BC of the loaded truss.

4/33. Determine the force in member DG of the loaded truss.

4/35. Determine the forces in members DE and DL.

4/41. Determine the forces in members CD, CJ, and DJ.

DE = 4.80L C, DL = 0.0446L T, LM = 4.54L T

4/47. Determine the force in member JM of the loaded truss.

4/49. Determine the force in member GK of the loaded symmetrical truss.

180 Chapter 4 Structures

Sample Problem 4/1

[ME 0] 5T 20(5) 30(10) 0 T 80 kN T

[Fy 0] 0.866AB 30 0 AB 34.6 kN T Ans.

[Fx 0] AC 0.5(34.6) 0 AC 17.32 kN C Ans. y

Article 4/3 Method of Joints 181

Sample Problem 4/2

[Fx 0] GF cos 67.5 DF cos 42.1 0.1989L 0

[Fy 0] GF sin 67.5 DF sin 42.1 L 0 Helpful Hint

The simultaneous solution is CD C

CD 1.617L T DG 1.147L or DG 1.147L C Ans.

190 Chapter 4 Structures

Sample Problem 4/3 M

[Mp 0] 20(48 38.4) CL(0.868)(38.4) 0 We could also have determined CL

Article 4/4 Method of Sections 191

Sample Problem 4/4 10 kN 1 2

[MG 0] 12DJ 10(16) 10(20) 18.33(24) 14.14(0.707)(12) 0 18.33 kN

DJ 16.67 kN T Ans. Observe that a section through mem-

Article 4/5 Space Trusses 199