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The present study investigated cereal crop farmers acreage response to price and non-price
factors in Rajasthan State of India using time series data spanning from 1981 to 2014. The cereal
crops considered for the study were jowar, maize, bajra, wheat and barley. Furthermore, the
Nerlovian model was used for data synthesis. From the results, it was observed that farmers in
the state were not price responsive except for maize. The growers of these crops considered the
lagged area and lagged price of competing crops to be the major factors for area allocation
decision. The lagged price and lagged yield emerged as an important factor in deciding area
allocation to maize and barley crops respectively. Therefore, findings showed that farmers
decision on cereal crops acreage allocation were governed by both price and non-price factors.
Hence price incentive alone was not sufficient in bringing desirable change in cropping pattern
as well as the production of these crops. Therefore, the creation of other infrastructural facilities
like irrigation is important to increase acreage and production with stability in the studied area.
Keywords: Acreage; response; Nerlovian model; cereal crops; Rajasthan state; India
INTRODUCTION
A disquieting feature of Indian agricultural economy is the influenced acreage allocation decision. Since then, the
uncertain trend in the movement of prices of agricultural Nerlovian lagged adjustment model has been used by
products. In a developing country like India where the researchers for analysis, for example, Subba et al. (2016);
emphasis is being laid on planned development of the Abujam et al. (2015), because Nerlove introduced the
economy, the role of price mechanism cannot be element of dynamism by incorporating the concept of
undermined in effecting desired changes in production. distributed lag in the analysis of crop acreage response.
Supply response function is based on generally accepted Another advantage for the choice of this particular model
notion that current experience relating to the past is that it facilitates separate estimation of the long-run and
decisions influences decisions. Farmers are rational in short-run elasticities. Following this suite, this research
allocating the land to a particular crop, hence, it is aimed at investigating empirically factors beyond price that
important to identify and examine important price and non- influence farmers acreage response in Rajasthan State of
price factors which affect this rational decision. India.
Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India
Sadiq et al. 231
At* = 0 + 1Pt-1 + 2Yt-1 + 3RF_IRR + 4YRt + 5PRt + The proportionate change in area under the crop (At) with
6CYt-1 + 7CPt-1 + DD + Ut (3) respect to a proportionate change in any of the factors
which cause variation in At is called elasticity of At with
At-At-1 =B (At*-At-1) (Nerlovian adjustment equation) (4) respect to that variables. In the present study, both short
run (SRE) and long run (LRE) elasticities of the area under
the crop with respect to price were estimated to examine
Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 232
and compare the effect of price on the responsiveness of Table 2: Acreage response function of Jowar crop
area in the short-run as well as in the long-run. The price
elasticities for linear regression model are given below: Parameters Coefficient
Intercept 0.65 (0.11)***
Mean of price Lagged price of jowar 0.23 (0.16)NS
Short-run elasticity (SRE) = Price coefficient X Lagged area of jowar 0.56 (0.21)***
Mean of area
Lagged yield of maize -0.11 (0.05)**
SRE Lagged price of maize 0.13 (0.11)NS
Long-run elasticity (LRE) =
Coefficient of adjustment Nagaur -0.33 (0.182)*
Tonk 0.08 (0.045)*
R2 0.67
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Note: ***, **,* denotes significance at 1, 5 and 10% level of probability
respectively.
This part empirically investigated the supply response of NS: Non-significant
farmers with the motive to tentatively study the relevance
of policy in the process of decisionmaking by the farmers. Maize crop
Two folds exist in which a farmers supply response can Four variables significantly influenced the current acreage
manifest itself: either to make adjustments in crop under maize cultivation viz. lagged price of maize, lagged
cultivated acreage, or vary the pattern of input use and try area of maize, rainfall and dummy district-Chittore were
to adjust the output of crop to market conditions. Farmers statistically significant at 1 percent probability level (Table
allocate land to different crops depending on expected 3). The acreage allocation of maize crop was significantly
revenue from different crops: assume input costs are the affected by lagged price of maize, and the relationship
same or move uniformly overtime for different crops, turned out to be negative, due to subsistence farming
expected revenue would depend on expected prices and system associated with maize producing areas, thus, a
expected yields. If yield levels remain constant overtime certain amount of production irrespective of the prevailing
due to inadequate significant technological changes, price in the market. Also, the negative relationship is
output response equals the acreage response. The attributed to non-availability of substitute crops to cultivate,
acreage response functions using Nerlovian adjustment as substitute crops require extra capital for cultivation, well
lag model were fitted through step-wise regression known that capital is the major constraint affecting small
technique, in order to allow the variable explaining and marginal farmers, they tend to glue themselves to the
maximum variability in explained variable to enter first in cultivation of maize crop. The adjustment coefficient was
order of their explanatory power. The regression results 0.81 which was very high, thus, indicating very rapid
with respect to the cereal crops studied are presented adjustments of the area under maize crop by the farmers.
below: Other significant variables observed are lagged area and
rainfall that exert positive significant influence on acreage
Jowar (Sorghum) crop allocation under the crop. The coefficient of determination
of acreage under the crop was satisfactory as exogenous
The R2 of acreage under Jowar was 0.67, implying that 67 variables included in the model explained 65 percent
percent of the variation in acreage under Jowar was variation in current acreage under maize cultivation.
explained jointly by the explanatory variables included in District dummy variable: Chittore explaining the existence
the model (Table 2). In the allocation of acreage for Jowar of un-measureable characteristics influencing area
crop, the significant influencing factors were lagged area allocation under the crop. The negative sign of the district
under Jowar and lagged yield of competing crop. Current dummy implied less area allocation to maize as compared
area under Jowar was positively influenced by lagged area to another district.
of the crop which is statistically significant at 1 percent
probability level. The estimated adjustment coefficient Table 3: Acreage response function of maize crop
(0.44) was moderate, indicating moderate adjustment of Parameters Coefficient
the area under jowar crop by the farmers. The coefficient Intercept 0.98 (0.732)NS
of lagged yield of competing crop (maize) was negative Lagged price of maize -0.51(0.13)***
and statistically significant at 5 percent probability level, Lagged area of maize 0.19(0.05)***
meaning acreage under Jowar cultivation decreased over Lagged yield of maize 0.44 (0.41)NS
the years mainly due to better yield performance of Price risk of maize 0.11(0.08)NS
competing crops. As the productivity of competing crop Rainfall 0.09 (0.031)***
(Maize) increased, acreage under Jowar cultivation Chittore -0.521 (0.112)***
Udaipur 0.545 (0.521)NS
decreased significantly. However, the dummy variable for
R2 0.65
districts indicated that there were some un-measureable
Note: ***, **, * denotes significance at 1, 5 and 10% level of probability
attributes in Nagaur and Tonk districts which steered area respectively. NS: Non-significant
allocation to Jowar crop.
Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India
Sadiq et al. 233
The R2 of the acreage response function was 0.83; Table 6: Acreage response function of Barley crop
meaning that 83 percent variation in acreage under wheat
crop cultivation was explained by the exogenous variables Parameters Coefficient
Intercept -0.09 (0.32)**
included in the model. The lagged area under wheat, yield
Lagged price of barley 0.073 (0.0617)NS
risk and availability of irrigation facilities with the farmers
Lagged area of barley 0.677 (0.393)*
were the identified significant parameters influencing area Lagged yield of barley -0.83 (0.491)*
under wheat crop. The lagged acreage of wheat and Irrigated area under barley 0.24 (0.125)*
availability of irrigation facilities exert a positive influence Lagged yield of rice 0.17(0.154)NS
on current acreage under wheat production, implying that Lagged price of rice 0.19 (0.134)NS
with assured irrigation facilities to farmers, sustainable Jaipur 0.23 (0.129)*
wheat production could be achieved. The acreage Alwar 0.09 (0.051)*
adjustment coefficient was low (0.39), meaning that the Sri-Ganganagar 0.32 (0.171)*
adjustment rate of area under wheat crop was very low. R2 0.84
Yield risk had a negative impact on the current acreage Note: ***, **, * denotes significance at 1, 5 and 10% level of probability
devoted to wheat cultivation, meaning farmers react to respectively.
yield risk involved. Districts dummy explained the non- NS: Non-significant
importance of Jaipur, Alwar and Sri-Ganganagar districts,
respectively, in wheat production, as their estimated Short-run and Long-run elasticities
coefficients were not significant (Table 5).
Owned lagged price variables were found to be positive for
three crops viz., jowar, wheat and barley, while negative
Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India
J. Agric. Econ. Rural Devel. 234
Crops Short-run elasticity Long-run elasticity Year(s) required for price effect to
materialize
Jowar 0.23 0.52 3.61
Maize -0.51 -0.63 14.13
Bajra -0.71 -0.82 -
Wheat 0.311 0.79 3.18
Barley 0.073 0.23 2.65
Source: Authors computation, 2017
for the remaining cereal crops under consideration viz., factors; hence, price incentive alone was not sufficient in
maize and bajra (Table 7). Out of the aforementioned bringing desirable change in cropping pattern as well
crops, only maize crop coefficient of lagged price of itself production of the cereal crop. Non-price factors like yield
was significant (negative signed). The short run elasticity risk, the yield of own and competing crops, rainfall and
revealed acreage responsiveness of a crop to price irrigation facilities, investigated were relevant explanatory
changes in preceding crop period, and the elasticity for variables. Therefore, policy for better implementation of
these crops ranged from -0.21 to 0.094: negative price price support system, development of consistently
response was observed in maize and bajra (non- performing varieties and further enhancement of irrigation
commercial crops). However, it should be noted that facilities will go a long way in ensuring agricultural stability
negative supply response is not an uncommon feature on in the state.
supply response as seen in earlier studies: Sud and
Kahlon (1969) observed negative price coefficients in
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Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India
Sadiq et al. 235
Supply Response of Cereal Crop Farmers to Price and Non-Price Factors in Rajasthan State of India