Industrial engineering

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Industrial engineering is a branch of engineering which deals with the optimization of

complex processes, systems or organizations. Industrial engineers work to eliminate waste of time,
money, materials, person-hours, machine time, energy and other resources that do not generate
value. According to the Institute of Industrial and Systems Engineers, they create engineering
processes and systems that improve quality and productivity.[1]
Industrial engineering is concerned with the development, improvement, and implementation of
integrated systems of people, money, knowledge, information, equipment, energy, materials,
analysis and synthesis, as well as the mathematical, physical and social sciences together with the
principles and methods of engineering design to specify, predict, and evaluate the results to be
obtained from such systems or processes.[2] While industrial engineering is a longstanding
engineering discipline subject to (and eligible for) professional engineering licensure in most
jurisdictions, its underlying concepts overlap considerably with certain business-oriented disciplines
such as operations management.
Depending on the sub-specialties involved, industrial engineering may also be known as, or overlap
with, operations research, systems engineering, manufacturing engineering, production
engineering, management science, management engineering, ergonomics or human factors
engineering, safety engineering, or others, depending on the viewpoint or motives of the user.

Contents
[hide]

1Overview
2History
o 2.1Origins
2.1.1Industrial Revolution
2.1.2Specialization of labor
2.1.3Interchangeable parts
o 2.2Pioneers
o 2.3Modern practice
o 2.4Compared to other engineering disciplines
3Education
o 3.1Undergraduate curriculum
o 3.2Graduate curriculum
o 3.3Non-US institutes offering courses in Industrial Engineering
4Salaries and workforce statistics
o 4.1United States
o 4.2Norway
5See also
6Notes
7Further reading

Overview[edit]
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While originally applied to manufacturing, the use of "industrial" in "industrial engineering" can be
somewhat misleading, since it has grown to encompass any methodical or quantitative approach to
optimizing how a process, system, or organization operates. Some engineering universities and
educational agencies around the world have changed the term "industrial" to broader terms such as
"production" or "systems", leading to the typical extensions noted above.
The various topics concerning industrial engineers include:

Process engineering: design, operation, control, and optimization of chemical, physical, and
biological processes.
Systems engineering: an interdisciplinary field of engineering that focuses on how to design and
manage complex engineering systems over their life cycles.
Safety engineering: an engineering discipline which assures that engineered systems provide
acceptable levels of safety.
Data science: the science of exploring, manipulating, analyzing, and visualizing data to derive
useful insights and conclusions
Machine learning: the automation of learning from data using models and algorithms
Analytics and data mining: the discovery, interpretation, and extraction of patterns and insights
from large quantities of data
Cost engineering: practice devoted to the management of project cost, involving such activities
as cost- and control- estimating, which is cost control and cost forecasting, investment appraisal,
and risk analysis.
Value engineering: a systematic method to improve the "value" of goods or products and
services by using an examination of function.
Quality engineering: a way of preventing mistakes or defects in manufactured products and
avoiding problems when delivering solutions or services to customers.
Project management: is the process and activity of planning, organizing, motivating, and
controlling resources, procedures and protocols to achieve specific goals in scientific or daily
problems.
Management engineering: a specialized form of management that is concerned with the
application of engineering principles to business practice
Supply chain management: the management of the flow of goods. It includes the movement and
storage of raw materials, work-in-process inventory, and finished goods from point of origin to
point of consumption.
Ergonomics: the practice of designing products, systems or processes to take proper account of
the interaction between them and the people that use them.
Operations research, also known as management science: discipline that deals with the
application of advanced analytical methods to help make better decisions
Operations management: an area of management concerned with overseeing, designing, and
controlling the process of production and redesigning business operations in the production of
goods or services.
Job design: the specification of contents, methods and relationship of jobs in order to satisfy
technological and organizational requirements as well as the social and personal requirements
of the job holder.
Financial engineering: the application of technical methods, especially from mathematical
finance and computational finance, in the practice of finance
 Industrial plant configuration: sizing of necessary infrastructure used in support and
maintenance of a given facility.
Facility management: an interdisciplinary field devoted to the coordination of space,
infrastructure, people and organization
Engineering design process: formulation of a plan to help an engineer build a product with a
specified performance goal.
Logistics: the management of the flow of goods between the point of origin and the point of
consumption in order to meet some requirements, of customers or corporations.
Accounting: the measurement, processing and communication of financial information about
economic entities
Capital projects: the management of activities in capital projects involves the flow of resources,
or inputs, as they are transformed into outputs.[3][4] Many of the tools and principles of industrial
engineering can be applied to the configuration of work activities within a project. The application
of industrial engineering and operations management concepts and techniques to the execution
of projects has been thus referred to as Project Production Management.[5]
Traditionally, a major aspect of industrial engineering was planning the layouts of factories and
designing assembly lines and other manufacturing paradigms. And now, in lean
manufacturing systems, industrial engineers work to eliminate wastes of time, money, materials,
energy, and other resources.
Examples of where industrial engineering might be used include flow process charting, process
mapping, designing an assembly workstation, strategizing for various operational logistics,
consulting as an efficiency expert, developing a new financial algorithm or loan system for a bank,
streamlining operation and emergency room location or usage in a hospital, planning complex
distribution schemes for materials or products (referred to as supply-chain management), and
shortening lines (or queues) at a bank, hospital, or a theme park.
Modern industrial engineers typically use predetermined motion time system, computer
simulation (especially discrete event simulation), along with extensive mathematical tools for
modeling, such as mathematical optimization and queueing theory, and computational methods for
system analysis, evaluation, and optimization. Industrial engineers also use the tools of data
science and machine learning in their work owing to the strong relatedness of these disciplines with
the field and the similar technical background required of industrial engineers (including a strong
foundation in probability theory, linear algebra, and statistics, as well as having coding skills).

History[edit]
See also: List of industrial engineers

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Origins[edit]
Industrial Revolution[edit]
There is a general consensus among historians that the roots of the Industrial Engineering
Profession date back to the Industrial Revolution. The technologies that helped mechanize
traditional manual operations in the textile industry including the Flying shuttle, the Spinning jenny,
and perhaps most importantly the Steam engine generated Economies of scalethat made Mass
production of in centralized locations attractive for the first time. The concept of the production
system had its genesis in the factories created by these innovations.[6]
Specialization of labor[edit]

Watt's steam engine (Technical University of Madrid)

Adam Smith's concepts of Division of Labour and the "Invisible Hand" of capitalism introduced in his
treatise "The Wealth of Nations" motivated many of the technological innovators of the Industrial
revolution to establish and implement factory systems. The efforts of James Watt and Matthew
Boulton led to the first integrated machine manufacturing facility in the world, including the
implementation of concepts such as cost control systems to reduce waste and increase productivity
and the institution of skills training for craftsmen.[6]
Charles Babbage became associated with Industrial engineering because of the concepts he
introduced in his book "On the Economy of Machinery and Manufacturers" which he wrote as a
result of his visits to factories in England and the United States in the early 1800s. The book includes
subjects such as the time required to perform a specific task, the effects of subdividing tasks into
smaller and less detailed elements, and the advantages to be gained from repetitive tasks.[6]
Interchangeable parts[edit]
Eli Whitney and Simeon North proved the feasibility of the notion of Interchangeable parts in the
manufacture of muskets and pistols for the US Government. Under this system, individual parts were
mass-produced to tolerances to enable their use in any finished product. The result was a significant
reduction in the need for skill from specialized workers, which eventually led to the industrial
environment to be studied later.[6]
Pioneers[edit]
Frederick Taylor (1856 1915) is generally credited as being the father of the Industrial Engineering
discipline. He earned a degree in mechanical engineering from Steven's University, and earned
several patents from his inventions. His books, Shop Management and The Principles of Scientific
Management which were published in the early 1900s, were the beginning of Industrial
Engineering.[7] Improvements in work efficiency under his methods was based on improving work
methods, developing of work standards, and reduction in time required to carry out the work. With an
abiding faith in the scientific method, Taylor's contribution to "Time Study" sought a high level of
precision and predictability for manual tasks.[6]
The husband-and-wife team of Frank Gilbreth (1868 1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878 1972) were
the other cornerstone of the Industrial Engineering movement whose work is housed at Purdue
University School of Industrial Engineering. They categorized the elements of human motion into 18
basic elements called therbligs. This development permitted analysts to design jobs without
knowledge of the time required to do a job. These developments were the beginning of a much
broader field known as human factors or ergonomics.[6]
In the United States, the first department of industrial and manufacturing engineering was
established at Pennsylvania State University in 1909. The first doctoral degree in industrial
engineering was awarded in 1933 by Cornell University.
In 1912 Henry Laurence Gantt developed the Gantt chart which outlines actions the organization
along with their relationships. This chart opens later form familiar to us today by Wallace Clark.
Assembly lines: moving car factory of Henry Ford (1913) accounted for a significant leap forward in
the field. Ford reduced the assembly time of a car more than 700 hours to 1.5 hours. In addition, he
was a pioneer of the economy of the capitalist welfare ("welfare capitalism") and the flag of providing
financial incentives for employees to increase productivity.
Comprehensive quality management system (Total quality management or TQM) developed in the
forties was gaining momentum after World War II and was part of the recovery of Japan after the
war.
The American Institute of Industrial Engineering was formed in 1948. The early work by F. W. Taylor
and the Gilbreths was documented in papers presented to the American Society of Mechanical
Engineers as interest grew from merely improving machine performance to the performance of the
overall manufacturing process; most notably starting with the presentation by Henry R. Towne (1844
- 1924) of his paper The Engineer as An Economist (1886)[8].
Modern practice[edit]
In 1960 to 1975, with the development of decision support systems in supply such as the Material
requirements planning (MRP), you can emphasize the timing issue (inventory, production,
compounding, transportation, etc.) of industrial organization. Israeli scientist Dr. Jacob
Rubinovitz installed the CMMS program developed in IAI and Control-Data (Israel) in 1976 in South
Africa and worldwide.
In the seventies, with the penetration of Japanese management theories such
as Kaizen and Kanban, Japan realized very high levels of quality and productivity. These theories
improved issues of quality, delivery time, and flexibility. Companies in the west realized the great
impact of Kaizen and started implementing their own Continuous improvementprograms.
In the nineties, following the global industry globalization process, the emphasis was on supply chain
management, and customer-oriented business process design. Theory of constraints developed by
an Israeli scientist Eliyahu M. Goldratt (1985) is also a significant milestone in the field.
Compared to other engineering disciplines[edit]
Engineering is traditionally decompositional. To understand the whole, it is first broken into its parts.
One then masters the parts and puts them back together, becoming the master of the whole.
Industrial and systems engineering's (ISE) approach is the opposite; any one part cannot be
understood without the context of the whole. Changes in one part affect the whole, and the role of a
part is a projection into the whole. In traditional engineering, people understand the parts first, then
they can understand the whole. In ISE, they understand the whole first, and then they can
understand the role of each part.

Education[edit]
Universities offer degrees at the bachelor, masters, and doctoral level.
Undergraduate curriculum[edit]
2017 U.S. News Undergraduate Rankings[9]

University Rank
 Georgia Institute of Technology 1

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2

Purdue University 3

University of California, Berkeley 4

Virginia Tech 5

Stanford University 6

Northwestern University 7

University of Wisconsin-Madison 8

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 9

Penn State University 9

In the United States the undergraduate degree earned is the Bachelor of Science (B.S.) or Bachelor
of Science and Engineering (B.S.E.) in Industrial Engineering (IE). Variations of the title include
Industrial & Operations Engineering (IOE), and Industrial & Systems Engineering (ISE). The typical
curriculum includes a broad math and science foundation spanning chemistry, physics, mechanics
(i.e., statics, kinematics, and dynamics), materials science, computer science,
electronics/circuits, engineering design, and the standard range of engineering mathematics
(i.e. calculus, linear algebra, differential equations, statistics). For any engineering undergraduate
program to be accredited, regardless of concentration, it must cover a largely similar span of such
foundational work - which also overlaps heavily with the content tested on one or more engineering
licensure exams in most jurisdictions.
The coursework specific to IE entails specialized courses in areas such as optimization, applied
probability, stochastic modeling, design of experiments, statistical process
control, simulation, manufacturing engineering, ergonomics/safety engineering, and engineering
economics. Industrial engineering elective courses typically cover more specialized topics in areas
such as manufacturing, supply chains and logistics, analytics and machine learning, production
systems, human factors and industrial design, and service systems.[10][11][12][13][14]
Certain business schools may offer programs with some overlapping relevance to IE, but the
engineering programs are distinguished by a much more intensely quantitative focus, required
engineering science electives, and the core math and science courses required of all engineering
programs.
Graduate curriculum[edit]
2017 U.S. News Graduate Rankings[15]

University Rank
 Georgia Institute of Technology 1

University of Michigan, Ann Arbor 2

Northwestern University 3

University of California, Berkeley 3

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 5

Purdue University 6

Virginia Tech 6

Columbia University 8

Cornell University 8

Pennsylvania State University 8

University of Wisconsin-Madison 8

The usual graduate degree earned is the Master of Science (MS) or Master of Science and
Engineering (MSE) in Industrial Engineering or various alternative related concentration titles.
Typical MS curricula may cover:
Operations research and optimization techniques Facilities design and work-space design
Engineering economics Quality engineering
Supply chain management and logistics Reliability engineering and life testing
Systems simulation and stochastic processes Statistical process control or quality control
Analytics and machine learning Time and motion study
Manufacturing systems/manufacturing engineering Predetermined motion time system and computer
Human factors engineering and ergonomics (safety use for IE
engineering) Operations management
Production planning and control Project management
System analysis and techniques Productivity improvement
Management sciences Materials management
Computer-aided manufacturing Robotics
Lean Six Sigma Product Development
Financial engineering System dynamics and policy planning
Non-US institutes offering courses in Industrial Engineering[edit]
Technion - Israel Institute of Technology
21 National Institute of Industrial Engineering (NITIE), India
Instituto Tecnologico de Buenos Aires (ITBA[16]), Buenos Aires
Cyprus International University, North Cyprus
National Institute of Applied Sciences of Lyon (INSA Lyon) - France [17]

Salaries and workforce statistics[edit]

United States[edit]
The total number of engineers employed in the US in 2015 was roughly 1.6 million. Of these,
272,470 were industrial engineers (16.92%), the third most popular engineering specialty.[18] The
median salaries by experience level are $62,000 with 0-5 years experience, $75,000 with 5-10 years
experience, and $81,000 with 10-20 years experience.[19] The average starting salaries were $55,067
with a bachelor's degree, $77,364 with a master's degree, and $100,759 with a doctorate degree.
This places industrial engineering at 7th of 15 among engineering bachelor's degrees, 3rd of 10
among master's degrees, and 2nd of 7 among doctorate degrees in average annual salary.[20] The
median annual income of industrial engineers in the U.S. workforce is $83,470.[21]
Norway[edit]
The average total starting salary in 2011 for Norwegian industrial engineers is NOK 505,100
($83,100),[22] while the average total salary in general is NOK 1,049,054 ($172 600).[23]

See also[edit]
Wikimedia Commons has
media related to Industrial
engineering.

Related topics Reverse engineering Associations

Operations research
Systems engineering
Engineering management
Manufacturing engineering
Operations engineering
Enterprise engineering
Maintenance engineering
Production engineering
Quality engineering
Human factors engineering
Project management
Project Production Management
Safety engineering
Engineering economics
Environment, health and safety
List of production topics
Nutrient systems
Overall equipment effectiveness
Occupational safety and health
Sales process engineering
Sociotechnical systems
Statistical process control
Toyota production system
Institute of Industrial and
Systems Engineers
INFORMS
Institute of Industrial and
Systems Engineers
American Society for
Engineering Education
American Society for Quality
The Australian Society for
Operations Research
The UK MTM Association
European Students of
Industrial Engineering and
Management
The International Federation of
Operational Research Societies
(IFORS)
Indian Institution of Industrial
Engineering
 Product design / industrial Iranian Institute of Industrial
design Engineering
Washington Accord
The Operations Research
Society of Japan

Notes[edit]
1. Jump up^ "What IEs Do". www.iienet2.org. Retrieved September 24, 2015.
2. Jump up^ Salvendy, Gabriel. Handbook of Industrial Engineering. John Wiley & Sons, Inc; 3rd edition
p. 5
3. Jump up^ "Factory Physics for Managers", E.S. Pound, J.H. Bell, and M.L. Spearman, McGraw-Hill
2014, p 47
4. Jump up^ New Era of Project Delivery Project as Production System, R. G. Shenoy and T. R.
Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp 13-24
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-
_Project_as_Production_System
5. Jump up^ New Era of Project Delivery Project as Production System, R. G. Shenoy and T. R.
Zabelle, Journal of Project Production Management, Vol 1, pp Nov 2016, pp 13-24
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/312602707_New_Era_of_Project_Delivery_-
_Project_as_Production_System
6. ^ Jump up to:a b c d e f Maynard & Zandin. Maynard's Industrial Engineering Handbook. McGraw Hill
Professional 5th Edition. June 5, 2001. p. 1.4-1.6
7. Jump up^ All about industrial engineering
8. Jump up^ [https://archive.org/stream/transactionsof07amer#page/428/mode/2up Engineer as
Economist
9. Jump up^ "Best Undergraduate Industrial / Manufacturing Engineering Program Rankings". U.S.
News. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
10. Jump up^ "ISyE Undergraduate Courses". Georgia Institute of Technology. Retrieved 2 March2017.
11. Jump up^ "Industrial Engineering and Operations Research (IND ENG)". University of California,
Berkeley. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
12. Jump up^ "Courses". University of Michigan, Ann Arbor. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
13. Jump up^ "Courses". Northwestern University. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
14. Jump up^ "ISE Electives". University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
15. Jump up^ "Best Industrial Engineering Programs". U.S. News. Retrieved March 2, 2017.
16. Jump up^ "ITBA Instituto Tecnolgico de Buenos Aires". itba.edu.ar (in Spanish). Retrieved 2017-
05-16.
17. Jump up^ "INSA Lyon - Industrial Engineering Departement".
18. Jump up^ "May 2015 National Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates". U.S. Department of
Labor, Bureau of Labor Statistics. Retrieved 2 March 2017.
19. Jump up^ "Industrial Engineer Salary". Payscale. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
20. Jump up^ "2010-11 Edition, Engineers". Bureau of Labor Statistics, U.S. Department of Labor,
Occupational Outlook Handbook, Accessed: January 14, 2009
21. Jump up^ "Industrial Engineer Salary". Sokanu. Retrieved 3 March 2017.
22. Jump up^ NTNU Bindeleddet's diplomunderskelsen 2011 (eng.: diploma study 2011)
23. Jump up^ NTNU Bindeleddet's alumniunderskelsen 2012 (eng.: alumni study 2012)

Further reading[edit]
Badiru, A. (Ed.) (2005). Handbook of industrial and systems engineering. CRC Press. ISBN 0-
8493-2719-9.
 B. S. Blanchard and Fabrycky, W. (2005). Systems Engineering and Analysis (4th Edition).
Prentice-Hall. ISBN 0-13-186977-9.
Salvendy, G. (Ed.) (2001). Handbook of industrial engineering: Technology and operations
management. Wiley-Interscience. ISBN 0-471-33057-4.
Turner, W. et al. (1992). Introduction to industrial and systems engineering (Third edition).
Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-481789-3.
Eliyahu M. Goldratt, Jeff Cox (1984). The Goal North River Press; 2nd Rev edition
(1992). ISBN 0-88427-061-0; 20th Anniversary edition (2004) ISBN 0-88427-178-1
Miller, Doug, Towards Sustainable Labour Costing in UK Fashion Retail (February 5,
2013). doi:10.2139/ssrn.2212100
Malakooti, B. (2013). Operations and Production Systems with Multiple Objectives. John Wiley &
Sons.ISBN 978-1-118-58537-5
Systems Engineering Body of Knowledge (SEBoK)
Traditional Engineering
Master of Engineering Administration (MEA)