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CHAPTER ONE
3. Set up your own learning goals and express expectations for the
new school year or semester, using appropriate language
(vocabulary and structures) in order to commit yourself to
succeeding in the new school challenges.
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1.1. Meeting New Classmates and Greeting old Friends
1.1.1 Conversation
Be (ser) Be (estar)
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- I am a student - I am in the house
- He is my father - You are sad
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1.2 Nice to see you again
1.2.1 Listen to the conversation again and answer the questions below.
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5. I prefer to be in class than on vacation.
Dialogue:
Here are some expressions that can be used in class to avoid using Spanish.
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11. May I go to the restroom?
Approximately 350 million people speak English as their first language. About the same
number use it as a second language. It is an official language in 44 countries. In many
others it is the language of business commerce, and technology. There are many varieties of
English, but Texan, Scottish, Australian, Indian, and Jamaican speakers of English, in spite
of the difference in pronunciation, structure and vocabulary would recognize that they are
all speaking the same basic language.
You are a medical doctor from Japan. You are at an international conference in Switzerland
and you wish to communicate with a doctor from Senegal. What language do you speak
with him? The answer is probably English. Today, nearly 600 million people around the
world use the English language, but only half of these people speak English as their first
language. Why is English useful for international communication? For one thing, many
books and papers in specialized fields are written in English. As a result, specialists, in
these fields often learn English. Specialists from different countries may use English for
international communication. English is truly a language known throughout the world.
When a language is used for communication between two or more people, whose native
language is a different one, that language is called Lingua Franca. That is the case of Latin
in the Roman world.
Millions of people around the world want to learn English. Many of them go to the United
States (and other English-speaking countries) to study at language schools, especially in the
summer. There are thousands of different school. They offer courses for children, teenagers,
and adults. There are courses in general English, Technical English, business English, and
so on. English is for international communication.
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Scan the article for the following information.
a) When the action is more important than the person who does it.
Ex. Millions of letters are sent every day.
Examples:
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4. Pilots sometimes need satellites for 4.Sometimes, satellites are needed for
navigation. navigation.
1.3 READING STRATEGIES
Most things cannot be enjoyed without friends but reading can. While sitting alone in our
house we can travel around the entire world, and we can understand the reason for
thousands of things. Living in this age, we can talk with those who lived thousands of years
ago. We can become the friends of wise men. Only books can give us these pleasures.
Those who cannot enjoy them are poor indeed; those who enjoy them most, obtain much
enjoyment from them.
Exercises:
a. Underline the sentence which gives the main idea of the passage:
1. It is a great pleasure to travel.
2. Reading offers people many pleasures.
3. Talking to wise men give us a great pleasure.
b. Underline the expression which can be used in place of living in this age:
1. Although he is alive today.
2. Although he has lived to an old age.
3. Although we live in the twentieth century.
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e. Underline the auxiliary can, in the paragraph. (Can is a modal auxiliary that is used
to ask for permission as well as to indicate ability.)
c. Actual (line 8)
- Real.
- Imaginary.
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d. Barefoot (line 22) probably means:
- With shoes.
- Without shoes.
READING STRATEGY: Getting the main idea. Check ( ) the item that the
author would check.
We use the present simple to describe general facts, repeated actions and habits and facts
that are always true.
General facts
- I like milk. - They speak Japanese.
- Maria plays basketball. - We live in Mexico.
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- The sun rises in the East. - The earth goes around the sun.
Exercise:
The Adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put them
before nouns. They do not have plural (s).
Examples: - He is tall. - She is tall. - They are tall.
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When we use an adjective with a noun, the adjective must come before the noun.
Examples: - Look at my new coat. - You are a young woman.
With long adjectives we use the expression the most before the adjectives
Ex. You are the most intelligent student here. T eres el estudiante ms inteligente aqu.
-It is the most expensive car in town. Es el carro ms caro de la ciudad.
REGULAR ADJECTIVES
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Short Shorter than The shortest
Tall Taller than The tallest
Fat Fatter than The fattest
Lazy Lazier than The laziest
Nice Nicer than The nicest
Cute Cuter than The cutest
Beautiful More beautiful than The most beautiful
Intelligent More intelligent than The most intelligent
Interesting More interesting than The most interesting
IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES
Assigment: Write 10 compound sentences using 7 regular adjectives (4 short and 3 long
adjectives) and 3 irregular adjectives as in the example:
Ice skating is dangerous, bungee is more dangerous than Ice Skating but skydiving
is the most dangerous of them.
A funny thing happened to me last Friday. I went to Chicago to do some shopping. I wanted
to get some Christmas presents, and I needed to find a book for one of my classes. I
finished my shopping early, so I decided to stop at a small cafeteria and have some coffee
and doughnuts. I also bought the newspaper. When I entered the cafeteria I realized that
there were plenty of empty tables, and I found one near the window. I sat down and started
the crossword puzzle in the paper. I always enjoy doing that.
A few minutes later a woman sat down across from me at my table. That surprised me
because there were several empty tables. There was nothing strange about her, except that
she was very tall. She looked like a typical businesswoman, conservative suit, briefcase. I
didnt say anything; I just kept doing the crossword puzzle. Suddenly she opened my
package of doughnuts, took one out, and began to eat it. I couldnt believe my eyes! I was
too shocked to say anything. Anyway, I didnt want to make a scene, so I decided to ignore
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it. I always avoid trouble if I can. I just took a doughnut myself and went back to my
crossword puzzle.
When the woman took a second doughnut I didnt make a sound. I pretended to be very
interested in the puzzle. A few minutes later I casually put out my hand, took the last
doughnut, and glanced at the woman. She was staring at me furiously. I began to feel very
nervous. I was ready to get up and go when the woman suddenly stood up and left the
cafeteria. I felt very relieved and decided to wait for two or three minutes before going
home. I finished my coffee, folded my newspaper, and stood up. And there, on the table,
where my paper had been, was my package of doughnuts!!
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f. He is a specialist _________ the field of medicine.
g. There were specialists _________ different countries at the meeting.
Two words with apostrophes together. Ex. Is that Anns aunts car? = (Is that the
car that belongs to the aunt of Ann?
We can use of when we talk about things belonging to things. Ex. The roof of
the house was damaged.
of is not always necessary: Ex. I saw this dress in the store window.
Own and belong. Ex. - I own this bike. = This bike belong to me.
-Do you own this bike? = Does this bike belong to you?
1.4.2 OUR SCHEDULE
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- To go to school. - To go to work.
- To do the homework - To go to sleep.
Habits: An action that a person has done so often in the same way that he or
she does it without thinking. There are good and bad habits.
Good habits:
- To wash the hands before eating.
- To brush the teeth after eating.
- To use the fork, knife and spoon when eating.
- To shine the shoes.
- To eat slowly and chewing the food very well.
- To sleep eight hours a day. Etc
Bad habits:
- To smoke - To drink alcohol.
- To drink too much coffee. - To procrastinate.
Afternoon
Days
Hour Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday Saturday
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Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart below.
Listen to two people talk about their routines and complete the chart.
Denise and Julia, two friends from High School, run into each other at a store.
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1.4.3 PAST SIMPLE TENSE
There are regular and irregular verbs, for the way they form their past.
The regular verbs ended in -ed, for the past and past participle but changed in their
pronunciation /Id/, /t/, and /d/. The two syllable regular verbs with the stress on the last
syllable double the final consonant.
Example: clap clapped stop stopped
The irregular verbs have their own form for past and past participle, and follow different
rules for that.
1.4.4 PRONOUNS
The pronouns are used instead of a noun. There are different kinds of pronouns such as:
Subject pronouns, which come before the main verb: - I think its awful.
Do you like it?
Object Pronouns, they come after the main verb: - I sent them a letter.
Possessive pronouns: - Is this pen yours or mine.
This and these generally refer to something closer (in space or time) to the speaker.
That and those refer to something farther away:
- Whats this?, - Id like those, please. (close to the speaker)
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- These shoes are nice. - Is that blue car yours? (farther away from the
speaker)
Someone/ somebody is used for an unknown person. :
- Someone is knocking at the door.
Anyhting, is used for questions and negatives: - Is there anything in the box.
1.5 DESCRIPTIONS.
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Use different cuttings, pictures, magazines, to describe a room or a place, using adjectives
and prepositions of place.
The modal auxiliaries are used after the subject and before the main verb.
Exercise: What advice would you give the person who wrote this letter?
Dear Steve,
Im 25 years old and recently married. Both my husband and I have full time jobs. Since we
got married. Ive been doing all the cooking and most of the household chores. Lately hes
been coming from work in the evening a half hour earlier than I do, but he just waits for me
to get home and prepare his dinner. I dont think thats fair. Ive been thinking about talking
it over with him, but I dont want to start an argument.
Newlywed
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I. Make comments about the reading using these questions:
a. Should both a husband and a wife share responsibilities at home?
b. Should a man cook for his family?
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S+ Aux.+ V (past part)+ C S + Aux + not + V(p.p.) + C Aux + S + V (p.p) + C + ?
I have started the plan. I havent started the plan. Have I started the plan?
You have left the room. You havent left the room. Have you left the room?
He has drunk my juice. He hasnt drunk my juice. Has he drunk my juice?
She has eaten the apple. She hasnt eaten the apple. Has she eaten the apple?
We have written a report. We havent written a report. Have we written a report?
You have finished a book. You havent finished a book. Have you finished a book?
They have lost their car. They havent lost their car. Have they lost their car?
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We also use will to make a promise.
- I will do lots of homework tonight.
For formal prediction.
- The weather forecast for tomorrow it will rain in the afternoon.
Forming the simple future (with the auxiliary will)
CHAPTER TWO
Advertisement
OBJECTIVES:
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Students will be able to:
Understand the consequences of certain actions and unexpected results of life situations
by studying different stories of people and their own experiences in English in order to
adopt an optimistic and comprehensive attitude towards difficulties in life.
Analyze choices, make comparisons when shopping for goods and/or services by being
informed of different offers, consumer rights, in order to get the best for their money and be
aware of their rights and obligations as consumers, in situations where the English language
is required.
Analyze their own learning styles through reading stories about how other people learn,
what works for them, what doesnt, doing questionnaires and exercises related to the
learning strategies in order to make the most of the experience of being a second language
learner, overcome difficulties they may encounter in the learningteaching process and
become independent learners.
Adjectives: The adjectives tell you more about the size, shape, color, etc. of nouns. We put
them before nouns. They do not have plural s or other changes. When we describe a
person there are some things that we have to mention:
Name Cristina
Age Late teens
Build good figure
Height pretty tall
Hair color black
Hair style long, wavy
Face oval-shaped, turned-up nose, full lips
Eyes brown, long eyelashes
Complexion olive-skinned
Distinguishing features dimples
Dress a T-shirt, a pair of jeans
Personality talkative, funny
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Medium
Middle/aged Thin Black Short Long
height
Average
Elderly Slim Gray Straight Round
height
In his/her 30s Petite Short Dyed Curly Oval
In his/her early
Overweight Tall Dark Wavy Squar
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Dintinguishing
Personality Eyes Complexion Dress
Features
Beard (male) Nice Black Pale Scruffy
Bushy
Mustache (male) Quiet Suntanned Conservative
eyebrows
Unshaven (male) Loud Thin eyebrows Dark-skinned Elegant
A scar Moody Thick eyelashes Olive-skinned Fashionable
With glasses Funny brown
What is it like? We use this question when we ask someone to give an opinion about, or
describe, something or someone. We use an adjective in the answer.
- Groups of people:
The young the old the rich the poor
THE USUAL ORDER OF ADJECTIVES. (you wont often find them all in one sentence)
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a / an Beautiful little Square Old
one Nice small Round New
Three Ugly Medium-size Oval Modern
A lot of Clean Average-sized Rectangular Antique
some Expensive long Flat 1982
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PROBLEMS WITH ADJECTIVES:
II.2 Call
Work with a partner. List any things that you dislike about phones. Read the magazine
article and check if it mentions any of the things on your list.
PHONE MOANS:
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while youre on hold you want to speak to. and its still the wrong
awful. The operator connects one, so you have to wait
you to an extension, and again. And again and
Frank: I hate it when you the person you want is again, until you get tired
call a company or an not there, so you have to of trying.
office and you can never wait for ages. Then you
get through to the person get another extension,
a) Do you think it should be against the law to use a c________ p________ while
youre driving?
b) Have you ever been in an embarrassing situation because you forgot to t________
your phone o________?
c) When somebody leaves a message on your v________ m________, how long do
you wait before you return the call?
d) When was the last time you listened to a r________ m________ and had to choose
from different o________?
e) While you are o________ h________, do you prefer to listen to music or silence?
There are formal and informal calls, and we use different kind of phrases for each
FORMAL CALL:
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B: Yes, could you please tell him that we are missing some documents and we need the
last three months taxes payment receipts for the loan?
A: Sure, I will tell him.
B: Thank you, you are very kind, good bye.
A: Good bye.
INFORMAL CALL:
II.3 Shop.
Read the article about giving and receiving presents and answer the following questions:
It was my birthday recently, and as usual, I didnt get what I really wanted. I usually get a
bunch of flowers, a book, a box of candy, and electronic gadgets. My family always asks
me what I want, and I always say the same thing I want a surprise. So this year I
got flowers, books, candy and gadgets.
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Flowers are lovely, but they hardly ever last for more than a week, and a real present is
something you can keep. I always look for the diamond ring hidden in the flowers, but its
never there.
Books are waste of time, and I hate getting candy because Im normally on a diet.
But gadgets are the worst. Most women are not interested in gadgets. Men buy gadgets for
women because men love gadgets. For my birthday, my husband bought me a gadget that
makes bubbles in the bath, like a Jacuzzi. Last year he got me one of those things you put
on the back of your seal and it massages your back. Whats he trying to tell me? That
I deserve some little luxuries? I agree with that, but the little luxuries I like are made of
gold or silver.
But women are sensitive and intuitive, so they always know the right thing to buy. Right?
Wrong.
The big mistake that women make is that they usually buy clothes. They buy clothes
because they like them, and they want other people to wear the clothes they like. you
always wear dark colors, and want to change you, so Im going to buy you a brightly
colored tie or a pair of Mickey Mouse socks.
This is a big mistake. Men usually dont want brightly colored ties or silly socks. The word
to remember when you are buying a present for a male is gadgets. Men like anything digital
or electronic. Like on of those watches that tell scuba flashlight and a Swiss army knife, the
same present that I once gave to a 12 year-old nephew. He was overjoyed.
Its very simple. You cant ever go wrong if you always remember the G word for men
and the J word for women and thats J for jewelry, not J for Jacuzzi.
Exercise: Read the text again and underline the words referring to frequency.
Exercise: Rearrange the words below to make six statements from the article.
You have been given the first word.
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II.3.1 Consumer rights
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RETURNING AN ITEM
Here is an example where the person needed to return an item. What do the person is going
to return? And why?
Read the questions and then in pairs read the dialogue and discuss the situations. After that
make up a similar situation and write your own dialogue.
2. Would the phrase: the consumer is always right apply in this situation, why or
why not?
3. Should Ana get her money back if her mother doesnt like the colors the store has?
This would be a typical situation at a store, take roles, read it and discuss, use the questions
as reference.
IN A STORE:
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II.3.2 Classified adds
The want Ads in the newspaper may be a gold mine of information about job openings.
Most job hunters head for the want Ads first. The from page of each newspaper usually tells
you on what page to find the want Ads (classified Ads) once you have found the right
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section, look under Help wanted or Employment opportunities. Sometimes want Ads
are listed alphabetically. For example, job advertising for accountants would be near the
beginning and those for waiters / waitresses near the end.
Because there are often more highly qualified applicants than there are jobs, getting a good
job is not easy. Its hard to find a job if you dont have experience, but you cant get job
experience without first finding a job, you must fist decide what you are qualified for and
what you want to do. You must be realistic.
What should you do when you open the newspaper and find hundreds of jobs listed? How
can you decide which jobs to go after?
Look at the information shown in the Ad below.
QUESTIONS:
4. Can a person with no experience apply for the crane operator job?
7. Sandy only types 45 words in one minute. Which job should she try for?
8. What should you do if you are interested in the job of Crane operator?
10. Which ad promises the seller a percentage of every sale he/ she makes in addition to
his/her salary?
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II.4 ASKING AND GIVING DIRECTIONS
EXPRESSIONS:
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EXERCISES:
PAST CONTINUOUS
X
Taking a bath phone rang
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They were staying here. They werent staying here. Were they staying here?
EXERCISE:
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- Woman women - mouse mice
- Child children - foot feet
No change
Some words have the same singular and plural
- Sheep sheep
- Fish fish (fishes)
COUNTABLE NOUNS.
- Countable nouns singular a/an (we use an with words beginning with a vowel sound.
I have an umbrella. Do you have a chair?
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b) Dont worry about lunch. I bought ____________ sandwiches.
c) You need ____________ scissors to cut the paper.
d) Do you have ____________ brothers or sisters?
e) I think you owe me ____________ money.
f) Wed like to stay longer, but we dont have ____________ time.
g) Could you give me ____________ information please?
h) Sam bought ____________ pants at the sale.
i) There are ____________ books on the table. Are they yours?
j) Could you bring me ____________ bread from the supermarket?
EXERCISE: Put the verbs in parenthesis into the past simple or present perfect.
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c) I (miss) __________________ the end of the movie last night. What (happen)
__________________?
d) I (lose) __________________ my keys on Monday but I (find)
__________________ them on Tuesday.
e) We had a great party last week Who (you, invite) __________________?
f) Where (you, meet) __________________ Sam?
g) Peter is hurt and (not play) __________________ basketball for a month.
CHAPTER THREE
Making friends
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What will I achieve in this chapter?
OBJECTIVES:
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What does he/she like? Refers to physical characteristics.
Example: What does your mother look like? - She is short, with long wavy hair.
3.2.2 Look at the lyrics. The lines have been cut in half. The lines are in the correct
order in column A, but they are mixed up in column B. Listen and match the two
halves of each line.
A B
VERSE 1 1) When youre down loving care
2) And you need some even your darkest night
3) And nothing, no, and think of me
4) Close your eyes and troubled
5) Oh, and soon is going right
6) To brighten up Ill be there
CHORUS 1) You just call out be there, yes I will
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2) And you know summer, or fall
3) Ill come running is call
4) Dont you know that wherever I am
winter, spring a friend
5) All youve got to do yeah, to see you again
6) And Ill my name
7) Youve got
VERSE 2 1) Aint it good to know that If you let them
2) People can be so cold
3) Theyll hurt you let them
4) Take your very soul youve got a friend
So dont and desert you
5)
3.2.3 Arrange the words below to make well-known English expressions about
friendship.
a) Friend - girls - a - best - are - diamonds
__________________________________________________________________
3.2.4 Complete each expression in the sentences below with one word from the box.
a) The best age to ___________ married is twenty-five for women and twenty-seven
for men.
b) A big ___________ in age should not be a problem for a couple if they are in love.
c) It is impossible for both partners in a marriage to ___________ a career.
d) A woman should never ask a man ___________ on a first date.
e) A stormy relationship is much better than a boring one.
f) A couple with children should never ___________ up. They should stay together.
g) The main reason for getting married is to ___________ children.
In 1979, Mother Teresa won the Nobel Prize for Peace. This book tells about her life-
long work with poor people and how she finally became famous.
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The story begins with her childhood in Yugoslavia. She was born in 1910. At the age of
18, she decided to become a nun. The Catholic religion was very important to her. But
more important was helping other people. She especially wanted to help poor people of
India.
She first worked as a school teacher in India. But her students were not poor people. So,
finally she left the school. That was when she began her real lifes work. She walked the
streets in Indian cities looking for people who needed help. She gave them food,
clothing, or medicine.
After a while, other nuns began to help her. She built hospitals and schools for the poor.
She also started a special group of nuns called the Order of the Missionaries of Charity.
They began to work with the poor people in many countries around the world.
Important people sometimes gave Mother Teresa money or cars for her work. But the
money and cars always went to the poor people. She lived very simply and worked very
hard. The Nobel Prize gave her $100,000. Her Order has used this money to continue
her work. This book provides many interesting details about her life work. We may not
be able to give our lives to the poor like Mother Teresa. But we can learn from her, even
after her death.
EXERCISE: Think about the information carefully as you read. Then in the following
exercise, circle the letter of the expression that best completes each sentence.
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d. Was a schoolteacher.
Gandhi was born on October 2, 1869, in Probandar, India, Gandhis father and grandfather
had both gone into politics, and each had served as prime minister of an Indian State.
Gandhi was married at the age of thirteen to a girl of the same age named Kasturbai. He
had been engaged to Kasturbai for several years.
When Gandhi was nineteen, he went to England to study law. His wife and his son stayed
in India. In 1891, Gandhi returned to India. He passed his bar examination, but he was so
shy and afraid to speak that he wasnt a good lawyer. Two years later, however, an Indian
business company sent Gandhi to South Africa as its lawyer there.
In South Africa, Gandhi was shocked at the treatment of other Indians. Gandhi read books
by Tolstoy, Ruskin and Thoreau. In them, he found ideas about nonresistance, the dignity of
labor and civil disobedience. Gandhi believed in these ideas so strongly that he became an
excellent lawyer and political leader, and after a twenty-year fight, he ended legal
discrimination against Indians in South Africa.
A forty-six, Gandhi returned to India, where he used the same ideas of nonviolent civil
disobedience to free his country from British rule. India became independent in 1947. Since
his death in 1948, Gandhis work has influenced other leaders such as Martin Luther King,
Jr., in the United States.
EXERCISES:
* According to last reading about Mohandas K. Gandhi answer the following questions:
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1. Which was his Profession? _________________________________________________
3. a) Gandhi died.
b) Martin Luther King Jr., used his ideas in the U.S.
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EXAMPLE: a) Gandhi got married
b) He went to England to study law.
1. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
3. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
4. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
5. ___________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________
6. ___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
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We had written a report. We hadnt written a report. Had we written a report?
You had finished a book. You hadnt finished a book. Had you finished a book?
They had lost their car. They hadnt lost their car. Had they lost their car?
The past perfect is used to describe a past event which took place before another
past event.
o By the time the train arrived, Susan had managed to push her way to the
front of the crowd.
It is not always necessary if a time expression makes the order of events clear.
o Before the train arrive, Susan managed to push her way to the front of the
crowd.
EXERCISE
2. By the time Sheila got back, Chris _______________________ (went / had gone)
4. Laura missed the party because no-one _______________________ her about it.
(was telling / had told)
KEYPOINTS:
The past Perfect describes past events which took place before another past event.
Generally referring to two events in the past.
If before or after is used, the past perfect is optional
The past perfect is not used to show that an event happened a long time ago in the
past.
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It expressed a continuous state for a time in the past, but that have finished before
the present time (it means, that does not continue).
3.3 POLLUTION
When I was a child and a young boy, we had a better life than now a days. Some young
people would say that life is better now, that they live in a modern way with T.V. sets, cell
phones, beepers, fast cars, fast motorcycles, video games, VHSs, computers and
calculators that make their life easier.
Thats fine, very fine, but we have to go to the core of the matter: Is modern man living
better than before? Just take a look at our world: rivers, lakes, lagoons and seas are
contaminated; our air is polluted; cars, buses, trucks and vans are filling the air with
pollution; we contaminate our earth with the garbage we produce every day and we
contaminate the air with smoke and loud noise produced by our stereos and radios.
We are killing our Mother Earth with our carelessness and stupidity We are not
intelligent We are going right into the abysm Our ancient people told us take care of
the earth but we are foolish. We dont want to hear and understand this message.
We should do it, but we cant understand the message: save the earth to save yourself.
EXERCISE: ANSWER THESE QUESTIONS. USING CAN AND CANT. SEE THE
EXAMPLE.
a. Can we clean our rivers? Yes, we can clean our rivers.
No, we cant clean our rivers.
1. Can people help to preserve forests and wildlife?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
2. Can we sort the garbage in bags for pick up?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
3. Can we have special laws to protect the environment?
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_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
4. Can our community outlaw burning garbage?
_________________________________________________________________.
_________________________________________________________________.
3.4 .
3.5 .
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