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CHAPTER 2: ALGEBRA
2.1 INDICES
LAW OF EXPONENT
Law Example
m+ n 2+4
a a =a
m n
3 3 = 3 = 36
2 4
am 34
= a m-n = 34-2 = 32
an 32
(a ) m n
= a mn (3 )
4 2
= 342 = 38
( ab ) ( xy )
n 4
= a nb n = x4 y 4
n n 2 2
a a 3 3 9
n= 2 =
=
b b 4 4 16
-n n -2 -2
a b 3 3 16
= = -2
=
b a 4 4 9
a - n b m 3-3 42 16
- m = n -2 = 3 =
b a 4 3 27
m 3
a n = n am 2 4 = 4 23
a0 = 1 x
0
y = 1
1 5
a -1 = 5 x -3 = 3
a x
Example:
7 2 7 4 7 73
Determine the value of b
72 7 4 7 73 = 7 2+ 4+1+3 = 710
Example:
( 9 3 )
2 3
=
( 3 3 )
2 2 3
( 3 27 ) ( 3 3 )
2 3 2
=
(3 ) =3
4 3
4
(3 ) 4 2
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Example:
23 35 ( 7 2 )
2
32 9
= =
74 24 33 2 2
Example:
32 55 + 33 53
34 54
Example:
92 7 4
34 7 4 + 33 7 2
Example:
p+4 p -2
If 3 = 9 find the value of p
DEFINITION
log a
Let a be a positive number with a 1. The logarithmic function with base a, denoted by is
defined by
log a x = y a y = x
When we use the definition of logarithms to switch back and forth between the logarithmic form
log a x = y ay = x
and the exponential form , its helpful to notice that, in both form, the base is the
same:
Logarithmic form:
exponent
log a x = y
base
Exponential form:
exponent
ay = x
base
PROPERTIES OF LOGARITHMS
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Property Reason
log a 1 = 0 We must raise a to
1.
the power 0 to get 1.
log a a = 1 We must raise a to
2.
the power 1 to get a
log a a x = x We must raise a to
3.
the power x to get
ax
4. a log a x = x log a x
is the power
to which a must be
raised to get x.
Common Logarithm
The logarithm with base 10 is called common logarithm and is denoted by omitting the base
lg x = log x = log10 x
Natural Logarithm
e is called the natural logarithm and is denoted by ln
The logarithm with base
ln x = log e x
y = ln x is the inverse function of the exponential function y = e x
The natural logarithmic function
By the definition of inverse function we have
ln x = y e x = x
Property Reason
1. ln1 = 0 We must raise e to the
power 0 to get 1.
2. ln e = 1 We must raise e to the
power 1 to get e
ln e x = x We must raise e to the
3. x
power x to get e
4. eln x = x ln x is the power to
which e must be raised
to get x.
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Example:
Evaluate the following:
3. x = ln e 4. 1
x = log 3
x = log e e 81
\x =1 1
3x =
81
3 = 3-4
x
\ x = -4
1. log 2 x = 3 2. log 5 x = -2
x = 23 x = 5-2
\x = 8 1
\x =
25
LAWS OF LOGARITHMS
Law
log a ( AB ) = log a A + log a B
1.
A
log a = log a A - log a B
2. B
log a ( AC ) = C log a A
3.
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Example:
log 30 = log ( 2 3 5 )
= log 2 + log 3 + log 5
8 4 5
= log 8 + log 5 - log 81
4
log
81
1
= log 23 + log 5 4 - log 34
1
= 3log 2 + log 5 - 4 log 3
4
2. Simplify
3. Evaluate
1. 1
log 25 - log125 + log 625
2
3log 5
1
log 52 - log 53 + log 54
= 2
3log 5
4
2 log 5 - 3log 5 + log 5
= 2
3log 5
1log 5 1
= =
3log 5 3
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= log ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 )
\ log ( x 2 - 1) = log ( x 2 + 4 x + 4 )
x2 -1 = x2 + 4x + 4
-1 = 4x + 4
5
x=-
4
BASE CONVERSION
log a x log b x
Suppose we are given and want to find
y = log b x
Let ,
We write this in exponential form and take the logarithm, with base a, of each side.
by = x Exponential form
log a
log a ( b y ) = log a x Take of each side
Law 3
y log a b = log a x
log a b
log a x Divide by
y=
log a b
So,
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Here the larger base 10 requires a smaller exponent (in magnitude) for a given number than the
smaller base does.
For example, for x = 0.4, 10 needs the power
-0.4 while 2.72 requires -0.9. Comparing the magnitudes these exponents we see that 10 has smaller
exponent. As before, as the base of the logarithm increases the graph of the logarithm flattens
toward the x axis.
Notice how the graphs become asymptotic to the negative y axis rather quickly. A very small change
in x near zero results in a very large change in y. This means from a practical point of view a large
number of significant digits in the logarithm are required to distinguish one x value form another
from another in this range.
These two graphs cannot cross the y axis. There is no exponent of a base that will cause that
exponential to be zero
EXPONENTIAL EQUATION
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An exponential equation is one in which the variable occurs in the exponent. For example,
2x = 7
The variable x presents a difficulty because it is in the exponent. To deal with this difficulty we take
the logarithm of each side and then use the Laws of Logarithms to bring down x from the exponent.
2x = 7
ln 2 x = ln 7 Take ln of each side
x ln 2 = ln 7 Law 3 (bring down the
ln 7 exponent)
x=
ln 2 Solve for x. Use a calculator
2.807
Example:
Solve the exponential equation
8e 2 x = 20
20
e2 x =
8
ln e = ln 2.5
2x
ln 2.5
x=
2
0.458
e2 x - e x - 6 = 0
(e ) -e -6 =0
x 2 x
( e - 3) ( e + 2 ) = 0
x x
e x - 3 = 0 or e x + 2 = 0
\ex = 3 e x = -2 (ignore)
x = ln 3
LOGARITHMIC EQUATION
A logarithmic equation is one in which a logarithm of the variable occurs. For example,
log 2 ( x + 2 ) = 5
To solve for x we write the equation in exponential form.
x + 2 = 25
x = 32 - 2
x = 30
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Example:
Solve the following equation for x
ln x = 8 ln x = 8
x = e8 eln x = e8
x 2981 x 2981
OR
log 2 ( 25 - x ) = 3
25 - x = 23
25 - x = 8
x = 17
4 + 3log ( 2 x ) = 16
3log ( 2 x ) = 12
log ( 2 x ) = 4
2 x = 104
x = 5000
2. 4 TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULA
When a symbol other than the subject is required to be calculated it is usual to rearrange the
formula to make a new subject. This rearranging process is called transposing the formula or
transposition.
The formula y = ax + b has y as the subject. By rearranging this formula we could make x the subject.
Example:
2R
V =
1. Transpose the formula R - r to make R the subject.
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Step 1: Since there are no roots get rid of the fraction by multiplying both sides of the equation by
( R - r)
V ( R - r ) = 2R
VR - Vr = 2 R
VR - 2 R = Vr
R ( V - 2 ) = Vr
Vr
R=
( V - 2)
Although we used five steps to obtain the required subject, in very many cases far fewer steps are
needed. Nevertheless, you should work through the steps in order given.
rl
R=
2. Rearrange the formula a to make
rl aR
a= l=
a) R b) r
l2 = l1 + l1aq
l1aq = l2 - l1
l2 - l1
a=
l1q
l
t = 2p
4. Given
g , find g.
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l
t = 2p
g
l
t 2 = 4p 2
g
4p 2l
g= 2
t
CONSTRUCTION OF EQUATIONS FROM VERBAL DATA
English Mathematica
phrase l phrase
4 more than a number x+4
A number increased by y+5
5
+ The sum of x and y x+y
A number added to 3 3+n
x plus y x+y
A number decreased by y5
5
5 less than a number n5
The difference between xy
x and y
x minus y xy
The product of a and b a.b
x multiplied by a a.x
x Twice a number 2.n
of y .y
32 percent of z (0.32).z
x times y x.y
The quotient of x and y x/y
The quotient of y and x y/x
The ratio of x and y x/y
x divided by y x/y
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Example:
A linear function is a first degree equation in x and y (with two variables). That is, there are no
exponents greater than one or negative exponents in a linear equation. A first degree equation,
when solved for y, expresses y as a linear function of x:
y=mx+c
where, m is the slope (measure of the steepness of the line) and the constant c is the y-intercept
(value of y where the line crosses the y-axis)
The graph of a linear function is a straight line.
These equations are called linear systems and must be solved simultaneously (at the same time).
There are several methods of solution that can be used:
Graphical method
Algebraic method (substitution or elimination)
The problem of solving a system of two linear equations with two variables can be viewed as a
geometry problem. The graph of each equation is a line, thus, a system of two equations containing
two variables represents a pair of lines. The lines intersect, are parallel or are coincident.
(a) If the lines intersect, then the system of equations has one solution, given by the point of
intersection. The system is consistent and the equations are independent.
(b) If the lines are parallel, then the system of equations has no solution, because the lines never
intersect. The system is inconsistent.
(c) If the lines are coincident, then the system of equations has infinitely many solutions,
represented by the totality of points on the line. The system is consistent and the equations
are dependent.
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GRAPHICALLY
1. Solve:
3 x 2 y = 4 equation 1
6 x + y = 13 equation 2
by using graphical method (intercept method)
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The two lines intersect; the system has one solution which is given by the point of intersection; (2, 1)
2. Solve:
4 x + 2 y = 8 equation 1
2 x + y = 5 equation 2
by using graphical method (intercept method)
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ALGEBRAICALLY
a) By substitution
b) By elimination
Example:
x + 2 y = -1..............................(1)
4 x - 3 y = 18............................(2)
By Substitution
x = -1 - 2 y
From eq (1):
Substituting this expression for x into eq (2) gives:
4 ( -1 - 2 y ) - 3 y = 18
- 4 - 8 y - 3 y = 18
- 11 y = 18 + 4
y = -2
y = -2
Substituting into eq (1) gives:
x + 2 ( -2 ) = -1
x=3
By Elimination
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\ y = -2
y = -2
Substituting into eq (1) gives:
x + 2 ( -2 ) = -1
x=3
x 5
+ = y..............................(1)
8 2
y
13 - = 3x...........................(2)
3
x 5
8 + 8 = 8 y
8 2
x + 20 = 8 y.........................(3)
39 - y = 9 x.........................(4)
x - 8 y = -20.......................(5)
9 x + y = 39.........................(6)
By Substitution
x = -20 + 8 y
From eq (1):
Substituting this expression for x into eq (2)
gives:
9 ( -20 + 8 y ) + y = 39
- 180 + 72 y + y = 39
73 y = 219
y=3
y=3
Substituting into eq (1) gives:
x = -20 + 8 ( 3)
x=4
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By Elimination
72 x + 8 y = 312.................(7)
x=4
Substituting into eq (5) gives:
4 - 8 y = -20
4 + 20 = 8 y
24 = 8 y
y =3
Head wind - the plane is flying against the wind, which causes the plane fly more slowly.
Tail wind the plane is flying with the wind and can go at a faster rate of speed.
Air speed the speed of the plane without consideration of the effect of the wind
Ground speed is the resultant, or the sum of the wind speed and air speed.
Cross wind the wind is blowing at an arbitrary angle with respect to the planes direction.
Therefore, we need to adjust this formula for consideration of head winds and tail winds as follows:
Distance (d) = rate (r) x time (t)
d = (x - y) x t d = (x + y) x t
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Example:
Suppose it takes a small airplane flying with a head wind 16 hours to travel 1800 miles. However,
when flying with a tail wind, the airplane can travel the same distance in only 9 hours. Find the rate
of speed of the wind and the air speed of the airplane.
1800 = (x y) 16
1800 = (x + y) 9
1800 = 9x + 9y .(2)
We have determined that the air speed for the small airplane is 156.25 miles per hour.
1800 = 9 ( 156.25) = 9 y
\ y = 43.75
We have now determined that the speed of the wind is 43.75 miles per hour.
Therefore, we have determined that the average rate of speed of the airplane for the 1800 mile trip
is 156.25 miles per hour and the rate of speed of the wind is 43.75 miles per hour
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c) Quadratic formula
FACTORISATION
The technique of factoring is often one of trial and error. The method of complete factorization is
applicable only if we can convert the quadratic expression ax + bx + c into two factors. Each factor
2
when equated to zero gives the value of the root. We check our answer by using calculator.
Example:
x 2 + 4 x - 12 = 0
( x + 6) ( x - 2 ) = 0
( x + 6) = 0 or ( x - 2 ) = 0
\ x = -6 or x = 2
2 x 2 + 5x - 3 = 0
( 2 x - 1) ( x + 3) = 0
( 2 x - 1) = 0 or ( x + 3) = 0
1
\x = or x = -3
2
When the method of factorization fails, we may try to solve the equation using completing the
square method.
Example:
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5 5 x 5
2
x2 + +
coefficient of x is 2 . 2 4
Half the coefficient 2
3 5
5
2
= +
2 4
squared is 4
perfect square x + = +
4 2 4
x + = +
4 2 16
2
5 49
x + =
4 16
QUADRATIC EQUATION
-b b 2 - 4ac
x=
2a
Example:
a)
x2 + 2x - 8 = 0
\ a = 1, b = 2, c = -8
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-2 22 - 4 ( 1) ( -8 )
x=
2 ( 1)
-2 4 + 32
x=
2
-2 6
x=
2
x = 2 or x = -4
b)
3 x 2 - 4 - 11x = 0
\ a = 3, b = -11, c = -4
x=
2 ( 3)
11 121 + 48
x=
6
11 13
x=
6
1
x = 4 or x = -
3
GRAPH OF QUADRATIC EQUATION
ax2 + bx + c = 0
The other method to solve quadratic equation is to solve it graphically. The roots of a quadratic
equation are the x-intercepts of the graph
Example:
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The parabola cross the x-axis at x = -2 and x = 5. These are the roots of the quadratic equation.
A quadratic equation has two roots if its graph has two x-intercepts
A quadratic equation has one root it its graph has one x-intercept
A quadratic equation has no real solutions if its graph has no x-intercepts
INEQUALITIES
The following table provides several commonly used mathematical inequalities and their respective
meanings
Phrase Mathematic
Inequality
a is less than b a<b
a is greater than or ab
equal to b
a is at least b
a is not less than b
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Example:
3 x + 4 x - 5
3 x - x -5 - 4
2 x -9
9
x -
2
9
x : x -
2
Solution set:
9
- ,
2
Interval notation:
Graph:
9
-
2
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2 - 3 x < x + 10
-3 x - x < 10 - 2
- 4x < 8
8
x>-
4
x>2
{ x : x > 2}
Solution set:
( -2, )
Interval notation:
Graph:
-2
-5 x + 25 > 0
- 5 x > -25
-25
x<
-5
x<5
{ x : x < 5}
Solution set:
( -,5]
Interval notation:
Graph:
5
-4 < x - 3 < 5
-4 + 3 < x < 5 + 3
-1 < x < 8
{ x : -1 < x < 8}
Solution set:
( -1,8 )
Interval notation:
Graph:
-1 8
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-1 8
-x + 4
-2 9
2
-4 - x + 4 18
- x + 4 -4 and - x + 4 18
- x -8 - x 14
x 8 x -14
{ x : -14 x 8}
Solution set:
[ -14,8]
Interval notation:
Graph:
-14 8
-14 8
A quadratic inequality is an inequality of the form ax + bx + c > 0 where a,b, and c are real
2
Example:
2 x 2 + 3 x 5
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2 x 2 + 3 x - 5 0
( 2 x + 5) ( x - 1) 0
5
If ( 2 x + 5 ) 0, then x -
2
If ( x - 1) 0, then x 1
- + +
- - +
+ 5 - +
-
2 1
5
- ,1
The solution set is: 2
- x2 < - x - 2
- x2 + x + 2 < 0
( - x + 2 ) ( x + 1) < 0
If ( - x + 2 ) > 0, then x < 2
If ( x + 1) > 0, then x > -1
- + +
+ + -
- -1 + 2 -
( -, -1) ( 2, )
The solution set is:
Example:
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-2 x 2 + 7 x < 3
-2 x 2 + 7 x - 3 < 0
( -2 x + 1) ( x - 3) < 0
1
2 3
( -2 x + 1) + - -
( x - 3) - - +
( -2 x + 1) ( x - 3) - + -
1
, ( 3,
-
)
The solution set is: 2
y 2 ( y + 1) 20
y 2 + y - 20 0
( y + 5) ( y - 4 ) 0
-5 4
( y + 5) - + +
( y - 4) - - +
( y + 5) ( y - 4 ) + - +
( -,-5] [ 4, )
The solution set is:
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4. Use the real number line method or table of signs method to determine the intervals that
satisfy the original inequality
5. Write the solution set using interval notation
Example:
Solve the following inequalities using the real number line method
2 x -1
>1
x +1
2x -1
-1 > 0
x +1
( 2 x - 1) - ( x + 1) > 0
x +1
x-2
>0
x +1
If ( x - 2 ) > 0, then x > 2
If ( x + 1) > 0, then x > -1
- + +
- - +
+ -1 - 2 +
( -, -1) ( 2, )
The solution set is:
x
- 3 0
x-2
x - 3( x - 2)
0
x-2
x - 3x + 6
0
x-2
-2 x + 6
0
x-2
If ( -2 x + 6 ) 0, then x 3
If ( x - 2 ) > 0, then x > 2
+ + -
- + +
+ -
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- 2 3
, 2 ) [ 3, )
( -
The solution set is:
Example:
3 1
- 0
x+2 x +3
3 ( x + 3) - ( x + 1)
0
( x + 3) ( x + 1)
2x + 8
0
( x + 3) ( x + 1)
-4 -3 -1
( 2 x + 8) - + + +
( x + 3) - - + +
( x + 1) - - - +
2x + 8 - + - +
( x + 3) ( x + 1)
3 2
x + 2 x -1
3 2
- 0
x + 2 x -1
3 ( x - 1) - 2 ( x + 2 )
0
( x + 2 ) ( x - 1)
3x - 3 - 2 x - 4
0
( x + 2 ) ( x - 1)
x-7
0
( x + 2 ) ( x - 1)
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-2 1 7
( x - 7) - - - +
( x + 2) - + + +
( x - 1) - - + +
x-7 - + - +
( x + 2 ) ( x - 1)
( -2,1) [ 7, )
The solution set is:
2.7 POLYNOMIAL
where
a1 = the constant coefficient of x in the polynomial
an = the leading coefficient in the polynomial and an 0
an xn = the leading term in the polynomial
Polynomial function of degree 1, 2, 3 and 4 occurs so often that we give them special names, as
shown in the chart below:
OPERATIONS OF POLYNOMIAL
To add or subtract two or more polynomials, first remove the parentheses and then combine like or
similar terms. The resulting expression is written in order of decreasing degree from left to right. This
is called the standard form of a polynomial.
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Example:
Example:
Products / Multiplication
Example:
Example:
Division
To divide one polynomial by another polynomial, we will use the long division method.
Example:
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Example:
Find the quotient and the remainder for
Example:
Solve
Factor Theorem
f(a) = 0.
Conversely, if, for a given polynomial function f(x), f(a) = 0, then x-a is a factor of f(x)
Note: The Factor Theorem is very useful when factorizing polynomials of degree greater than 2.
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Example:
The function f is given by f(x) = 2x3 x2 - 18x + 9. Show that ( x - 3 ) is a factor of f(x).
Let x = 3
f(3) = 2(3)3 - (3)2 - 18(3) + 9
= 54 - 9 - 54 + 9
=0
Remainder Theorem
The remainder of a polynomial when divided by a linear function can be obtained from
a) Long division
b) The Remainder Theorem.
HOWEVER, THE REMAINDER THEOREM GIVES A (SIMPLE) METHOD FOR EVALUATING THE
REMAINDER ONLY. IF THE QUOTIENT IS REQUIRED IN A QUESTION, LONG DIVISION MUST BE USED.
Example:
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f(-2) = 0
2(-2)3 + a(-2)2 + b(-2) + 2 = 0
-16 + 4a - 2b + 2 = 0
4a - 2b = 14
2a - b = 7 ---------------------------(1)
f(2) = 12
2(2)3 + a(2)2 + b(2) + 2 = 12
16 + 4a + 2b + 2 = 12
4a + 2b = -6
2a + b = -3 ---------------------------(2)
Eq (1) - Eq (2)
-2b = 10
b = -5
Substitute b = -5 in (1),
2a - (-5) = 7
2a = 2
a=1
Thus, f(x) = 2x3 + x2 - 5x + 2
EXERCISE
INDICES
( 34 )( 32 )( 35 )
c) ( 32)( 33 )
3 6 6 7
2 2 2 2
d) 242520
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e) 16ab 4 c 8 d
f)
( 36x ) ( 9 xy 4)
LOGARITHM
log10 x = 4 lg x = 5
a) b)
1 4
log 4 x = -2 log8 x = -
2 d) 3
c)
5. Evaluate
1 1
log16 - log 8
2 3
a) log 4
1
log 9 - log 3 + log 81
2
b) 2 log 3
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7. Given that log 2 = 0.3010, log 3 = 0.4771 and log 5 = 0.6990 . Without using calculator,
evaluate the following logarithmic functions.
75
log
log 45 4
a) b)
42 x - 5 4 x + 6 = 0
a)
3 52 x - 14 5x + 8 = 0
b)
TRANSPOSITION OF FORMULA
9. Make the symbols indicated the subject of each of the formula shown and express each in its
simplest form
a2 b2
2
+ 2 =1 ( x)
a) x y
Z = R 2 + ( 2p fL )
2
( L)
b)
x- y
a= (b )
bd - be
c)
D f +p
= ( p)
d)
d f -p
p a + 2b
= (b)
e) q a - 2b
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2
1
wL -
Z = R +2
wC
Transpose the formula L to be the subject of the formula
12. A rectangle and a square have the same area. If the rectangle is 4 cm longer and 3 cm narrower
than the square, find the lengths of the sides of the rectangle.
13. Two rectangles of equal area have widths of 10cm and 12 cm. The difference in their lengths is 3
cm. Find their areas.
14. A box contains an unknown number of screws. Five screws are removed from the box. The screws
remaining in the box are counted and it is found that there are 12. Write an equation to illustrate
this information. Solve the equation to find how many screws were originally in the box.
15. For a hydraulic lift, the ratio of the applied force F 1 to the resulting force F 2 is equal to the ratio of
the squares of the diameters of the pistons:
What applied force is necessary to lift a 1440 kg automobile if D 1 = 10cm and D2 = 80cm?
16. Three more than a certain number is 10. Find the number.
17. Four more than twice a certain number is 8. Find the number.
18. Sarah is 4 years older than Hakim and the sum of their ages is 46. How old is each?
19. The sum of one-half of a number and 6 is 14. Find the number.
20. The width of a rectangle is 3 meters less than its length. If the perimeter of the rectangle is 50
meters, find the dimensions of the rectangle.
21. One number is 20 more than another. If the greater number is increased by 4, the result is five
times the smaller. Find the two numbers.
22. A square and an equilateral triangle have the same perimeter. Each side of the triangle is 8
meters, find the length of each side of the square.
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60 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
23. Seventy-seven mathematics students are separated into two groups. The first group is 4 less than
twice the second group. How many students are in each group?
SIMULTANEOUS EQUATION
a) b)
x 2 y 49
+ =
5 3 15
1.5 x - 2.2 y = -18 3x y 5
- + =0
2.4 x + 0.6 y = 33 7 2 7
c) d)
1 4 3r + 2 2 s - 1 11
= - =
x + y 27 5 4 5
1 4 3 + 2r 5 - s 15
= + =
2 x - y 33 4 3 4
25. The equation of a straight line, a gradient m and intercept on the y-axis c is y = mx + c
If the straight line passes through the point where x = 1 and y = -2. And also through the point
1 1
x=3 y = 10
where 2 and 2 , determine the value of the gradient and y-axis intercept
26. The distance s meters from a fixed point of a vehicle travelling in a straight line with constant
1 2
2 s = ut +
at ,
acceleration. a m / s is given by 2 where u is the initial velocity in m/s and t the
time in seconds. Determine the initial velocity and the acceleration given that s = 42m when
t = 2s and s = 144m when t = 4 s . Determine also the distance travelled after 3s.
27. An airplane flying with a head wind travelled 1000 miles from one city to another in 2 hours and
12 minutes. On the return flight, flying with a tail wind, the total time was only 2 hours. Find the
air speed of the plane and the speed of the wind.
28. Solve the following equation by using completing the square method.
2 x2 + 9x + 8 = 0
a)
3x 2 - x - 5 = 0
c)
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61 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
4 x 2 - 11x + 3 = 0
d)
29. Calculate the diameter of a solid cylinder which has a height of 82.0cm and a total surface area
2.0m 2
2
30. If the total surface area of a solid cone is 486.2cm and its slant height is 15.3cm, determine the
base diameter.
l = slant height
r = base radius
31. The angle a rotating shaft turns through in t seconds is given by:
1
q = wt + a t 2
2
P = 10 I - 8I 2
Where I is the current in amperes. Determine the current necessary to produce a power of 2.5
watts in the circuit
a) 3 x - 2 - x + 3
1 x -1
<2
3 2
b)
c) x + 4 x 0
2
6 ( x 2 - 1) 5 x
d)
( x + 2 ) ( x - 3) 0
x
e)
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62 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
m 3
>
f) 2m - 1 m + 2
POLYNOMIAL
35.
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63 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
x, ( x + 1) , ( x - 1)
40. Three factors of x + ax + bx + x + c are
4 3 2
. Determine a, b and c.
12
a) x - 9
2
3 ( 2 x 2 - 8 x - 1)
b)
( x + 4 ) ( x + 1) ( 2 x - 1)
x 2 - x - 14
c) x - 2 x - 3
2
3 x3 - 2 x 2 - 16 x + 20
d)
( x + 2) ( x - 2)
4x - 3
( x + 1)
2
e)
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64 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
x2 + 7 x + 3
x 2 ( x + 3)
f)
5 x 2 - 30 x + 44
( x - 2)
3
g)
18 + 21x - x 2
( x - 5) ( x + 2 )
2
h)
x 2 - x - 13
i)
( x2 + 7 ) ( x - 2)
6x - 5
j)
( x - 4 ) ( x 2 + 3)
15 + 5 x + 5 x 2 - 4 x 3
x 2 ( x 2 + 5)
k)
x 3 + 4 x 2 + 20 x - 7
( x - 1) ( x 2 + 8)
2
l)
ANSWER
1 1
1. a) 9 b) 5 c) 9
1
2 4 2
d) 8 e) 4 b c ad f) 18 xy
1
4 log 2 + log 5 - 3log 3
4
b)
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65 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
5. a) 1/2 b) 3/2
5
x=
2 t =8 b=2
6. a) b) c)
7. a) 1.6532 b) 1.2731
1
x = 0.792 @
2
8. a)
b) x = -0.252 @ 0.861
ay
x=
y 2 - b2
9. a)
Z 2 - R2
L=
b) 2p f
( x - y)
2
b= 2
a ( d - e)
c)
f ( D2 - d 2 )
p=
d)
(d 2
+ D2 )
a ( p2 - q2 )
b=
2 ( p2 + q2 )
e)
wC Z 2 - R 2 + 1
L=
10. w 2C
8S 2
l= + d ; 2.725
11. 3d
12. L = 16 cm, W = 9 cm
15. F1 = 22.5 kg
16. 7
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66 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
17. 2
19. 16
20. L = 14 m, W = 11 m
21. S = 6, G = 26
22. 6m
23. G1 = 50, G2 = 27
a) x = 10, y = 15
24.
x = 3, y = 4
b)
3
x = 5, y = 1
4
c)
1
r = 3, s =
d) 2
25. m = 5, c = -7
u = 6m / s, a = 15m / s 2 , s = 85.5m
26.
. a) -1.22, -3.28
28
0.344, -1.105
b)
1.468, -1.135
c)
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67 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
2.443, 0.307
d)
57.5cm
29.
13.82cm
30.
1.191s
31.
0.345 A or 0.905 A
32.
5
5
, ,5
4
a) 3
b)
33.
2
3
-, - ,
c)
[ -4, 0]
3
2
d)
e)
[ -2, 0 ) [ 3, )
1
( -, -
2) ,1 ( 3, )
2
f)
34.
35.
36.
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68 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
37.
38.
39.
. a = -1, b = -1, c = 0
40
a = 3, b = 2
41.
k = -34
42.
a = 3, b = -1, c = -2
43.
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69 Engineering Mathematics 1 (AQB10102)
2 2
-
a)
( x - 3) ( x + 3)
44.
7 3 2
- -
b)
( x + 4 ) ( x + 1) ( 2 x - 1)
2 3
1- +
c)
( x - 3) ( x + 1)
1 5
3x - 2 + -
d)
( x - 2) ( x + 2)
4 7
-
( x + 1) ( x + 1) 2
e)
1 2 1
+ -
x 2
x ( x + 3)
f)
5 10 4
- 2 +
x - 2 ( x - 2) ( x - 2)
3
g)
2 3 4
- +
( x - 5) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 2) 2
h)
2x + 3 1
-
i)
( x + 7 ) ( x - 2)
2
1 2- x
+ 2
( x - 4 ) ( x + 3)
j)
1 3 2 - 5x
+ 2+ 2
x x ( x + 5)
k)
3 2 -2 x + 1
+ + 2
( x - 1) ( x - 1) ( x + 8 )
2
l)
SES