LTE Air Interface

Prepared by: Approved by:

Samsung Training Team

PMO
RJIL
 Course Name: LTE Air Interface

Course Objective Who should attend

This module will enable participants RF and RAN engineers
to understand high-level overview of Pre-Requisite
LTE Air Interface Need to have attended Samsung
LTE Technology Overview or
equivalent program

Morning Session (10:30am to 1:30pm) Afternoon Session (2:30pm to 6pm)

Lunch break
LTE Network Architecture LTE Protocol Stack
OFDMA LTE Frame Structures
Day 1 SC-FDMA FDD & TDD
LTE Radio Concepts LTE Radio Channels
Physical Downlink Channels
Physical Downlink Channels
System Acquisition
Day 2 Mobility
MIMO
 Document History

Edition Date of Issue Author Remarks

V 14 3rd Feb 2014 Samsung Training LTE Air Interface Training Module covers all the
Team basic aspects of LTE
Added slides on:
Samsung Training Physical DL & UL Signals & channels.
V 15 8th April 2015 Team
Ajay Sharma FDD duplex scheme
MIMO
 Agenda
LTE/SAE Network Introduction
LTE Motivation
Evolution of Cellular Networks
LTE Network Architecture
UE Categories
Multiple Access Technique
OFDMA
SC-FDMA
OFDMA Operation
Cyclic Prefix
OFDMA PAPR Ratio
Comparison OFDMA V/s SC-FDMA
OFDMA Parameters
LTE Protocol & Frame Structures
Protocol Stack- User & Control Plane
LTE Duplex Schemes
FDD and TDD
FDD & TDD Comparison
 Agenda
LTE Frame Details
FDD and TDD
TDD Configuration Type
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration
LTE Radio Channels
Logical, Transport and Physical channels
Channel Mapping
System Information
Master Information Blocks (MIB)
System Information Blocks (SIB)
Downlink Physical Channel & Signals Details
Reference Signal & Synchronization signals (PSS & SSS)
Control Channels PBCH, PDCCH, PCFICH, PHICH
Physical Downlink Shared/data Channel PDSCH
 Agenda
Uplink Physical Channel & Signals Details
Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)

System Acquisition

Mobility
RRC Connection
Handover Procedure
X2 Handover
Inter MME Handover

Multiple Input Multiple Output (MIMO)

Types
Uplink MIMO
LTE\SAE Network Introduction
 LTE Motivations
Reduced delays, in terms of both connection establishment and transmission
latency

Increased user data rates

Increased cell-edge bit-rate, for uniformity of service provision

Reduced cost per bit, implying improved spectral efficiency

Greater flexibility of spectrum usage, in both new and pre-existing bands

Simplified network architecture

Seamless mobility, including between different radio-access technologies

Reasonable power consumption for the mobile terminal

 Evolution of Cellular Networks

Packet core
Packet switched
data
Peak data
rates
Circuit switched
voice support

1G

1980s 1990s Late 90s 2000 2003 2008 2010 onwards

 Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE
Features GSM / GPRS / EDGE WCDMA / HSPA LTE

Multiple Access FDMA + TDMA CDMA OFDMA

Carrier Bandwidth 200 KHz 5 MHz 1.4 - 20 MHz

GSM 9.6 Kbps WCDMA 2 Mbps

LTE 100 Mbps
Peak Data Rate GPRS 144 Kbps HSPA 14 Mbps
LTE-A 1Gbps
EDGE 384 Kbps HSPA+ 42 Mbps

Transmission Time WCDMA 10 ms

EDGE 20ms 1ms
Interval (TTI) HSPA 2ms

Latency (user plane) ~120 ms ~40 ms ~<20 ms

QPSK, 16-QAM, QPSK, 16-QAM,

Modulation schemes GMSK, 8-PSK
64-QAM 64-QAM

Access Network BTS + BSC NodeB + RNC eNodeB

CS MSC, GMSC CS MSC, GMSC PS MME, S-GW,

Core Network
PS SGSN, GGSN PS SGSN, GGSN P-GW

Voice & Video Calls CS CS PS

FDD with some TDD

Duplexing FDD Only FDD and TDD
deployments
 Comparison: 2G, 3G and LTE Architectures
PSTN IP IP

GMSC GGSN

Core
Network
MSC SGSN
Single-node access
network
Completely PS network
Separate USER and
BSC / RNC
CONTROL planes

Access
Network Controller node in access
network
Separate CS and PS cores eNodeB
BTS / NodeB
Combined user and
GSM / WCDMA control planes LTE
 LTE Network Architecture
External 3GPP Core
Evolved Packet System (EPS) Network

S3
MME
S6a S10
S4
X2
eNodeB S1-MME

Uu
Gx
S11

eNodeB
Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio S1-U S5 / S8
Access Network (E-UTRAN)

Evolved Packet Core (EPC)

eNodeB evolved NodeB SGi

MME Mobility Management Entity Interfaces
S-GW Serving Gateway Uu, X2, S1-MME, S1-
P-GW Packet Data Network (PDN) Gateway PDN
HSS Home Subscriber Server U, S5/S8, S11, S10,
PCRF Policy & Charging Rules Function S3, S4, S12, Gx, S6a
 LTE Key Parameters
Frequency Range UMTS FDD bands and UMTS TDD bands

Channel Bandwidth, 1.4MHz 3MHz 5MHz 10MHz 15MHz 20MHz

1Resource Block
(RB) = 180KHz
6 RBs 15RBs 25RBs 50RBs 75RBs 100RBs

Number of
72 180 300 600 900 1200
Subcarriers

Modulation Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

scheme Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM (optional for handset)

Downlink: OFDMA
Multiple Access
Uplink: SC-FDMA

Transmit diversity, Cyclic delay diversity (Max. 4 antenna at Base station &
MIMO handset)
Spatial multiplexing, Multiuser MIMO

Downlink: 150Mbps (UE category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz)

Peak Data rate 300Mbps (UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz)
Uplink: 75Mbps (20MHz)
LTE Sampling Frequency and FFT Points
 UE Categories
All categories support 20 MHz

2x2 MIMO mandatory in all classes except Class 1

UE Category Class 1 Class 2 Class 3 Class 4 Class 5

10 50 100 150 300

Peak Data rate DL (Mbps)

5 25 50 50 75
Peak Data rate UL (Mbps)

Modulation DL 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM 64QAM

Modulation UL 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 16QAM 64QAM

MIMO DL Optional 2x2 2x2 2x2 4x4

 Summary
LTE is a completely packet based network

The E-UTRAN consists of a single node, the eNodeB

The EPC consists of separate control and user planes

MME is responsible for all signaling functions

S-GW and P-GW form the user plane

 Quiz

What bandwidths does LTE support?

1.4, 3, 5, 10, 15 and 20 MHz

___ is the inter-MME interface

S1
S10
S11

Multiple access scheme used on the LTE UL is____

OFDMA
SCFMA
TDD
Multiple Access Technique
 Multiple Access Techniques
FDMA (Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. AMPS

TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) e.g. GSM

CDMA (Code Division Multiple Access) e.g. WCDMA

OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. LTE-DL

SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access) e.g. LTE-UL

 OFDMA
Flexible resource allocation
Robustness against multipath

Total Bandwidth

The peak (centre

frequency) of one
subcarrier

intercepts the
nulls of the
neighbouring
subcarriers
15 kHz in LTE: fixed
 OFDM Transmission Basics
Data is sent in parallel across the set of subcarriers

The throughput is the sum of the data rates of subcarriers

OFDMA supports resource allocation in both time and frequency dimensions

Number of bits per OFDMA symbol depends on the modulation scheme used

Power
Bandwidth

01 10 11 01 01

10

11
S/P
01

OFDMA
Symbol

Serial to Frequency
Parallel
 LTE Time-Frequency Grid
Sub-carrier 12

Fast time-domain scheduling

Radio resources on a time-

Frequency

frequency grid

Sub-carrier 1

Symbol 0 Symbol 6 Resource Block 180 KHz x 0.5 ms

Each RB = 12 x 7 = 84 REs
Time
 FFT in OFDM
A signal can be represented in:
Time domain: Represents how long the symbol lasts on air
Frequency domain: Represents the spectrum needed in terms of bandwidth

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and the Inverse Fast Fourier Transform (IFFT)
Allow moving between time and frequency domain representations
Fast algorithms that compute Fourier transforms in digital hardware

Fourier
Transform

Inverse
Fourier
Transform
 OFDMA Operation
Multiple access is achieved in OFDMA by assigning subsets of subcarriers to individual
users as shown below

User 1

User 2 Transmitted Sub-Carriers

User 3

Total Channel Bandwidth

Modulation
Modulation CP mapping e.g.
mapping e.g. S/P IFFT CP Re- FFT P/S QPSK
QPSK moval symbols
symbols

Transmitter Receiver

CP - Cyclic Prefix
 Cyclic Prefix
Cyclic Prefix (CP) is transmitted in the guard time interval

OFDMA symbol duration including CP is approximate 71.4 s.

Long duration when compared with 3.69s for GSM and 0.26s for WCDMA

Symbol length without CP: 66.67s (1/15kHz)

Normal CP=4.69/5.2 sec, Extended CP= 16.67sec

2
1
3
Time Domain 4
TSYMBOL Tg
1
time
2
Inter-Symbol time
Interference (ISI)
3
time
4
time
 Cyclic Prefix Details
Copies the last part of a symbol shape for a duration of guard-time and attach it in front
of the symbol

CP Types
Normal CP: for small cells or with short multipath delay spread
Extended CP: designed for use with large cells or those with long delay profiles

Total symbol time T(s) Note: CP represents an overhead

Guard Time T(g) resulting in symbol rate reduction.

Last part of the symbol

t is used as Cyclic Prefix
CP Useful symbol time
T(g) T(b)
(CP)

CP ratio = T(g)/T(b)
 OFDMA PAPR Ratio
The transmitted power is the sum of
the powers of all the subcarriers.

The higher the peaks, the greater

the range of power levels over which
the linear amplifier has to operate.

Not best suited for use with mobile

(battery-powered) devices

Peak-to-Average Power Ratio (PAPR)

 Comparison SC-FDMA v/s OFDMA
OFDMA transmits data in parallel across multiple subcarriers

SC-FDMA transmits data in series employing multiple subcarriers

Can reduce the PAPR between 69dB compared to OFDMA

01 10 11 01 01 01 10 11 01 01 10 11 01

10

11
S/P FFT
01

OFDMA SC-FDMA
Symbol Symbol

OFDMA SC-FDMA
SC-FDMA & OFDMA Time-Frequency View
 Sub-Carrier Types

Data Used for data transmission

Reference Signals Used for channel quality and signal strength estimates

DC (centre) subcarrier: channels centre frequency

Null subcarriers (no
transmission/power) Guard subcarriers: Separate top and bottom subcarriers
from any adjacent channel

Guard (no power) Guard (no power)

DC (no
power)

data
 OFDMA Parameters
1.4MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz
Frame
Duration 10 ms

Subcarrier
15 KHz
Spacing
Sampling
Rate (MHz) 1.92 3.84 7.68 15.36 23.04 30.72

Data
Subcarriers 72 180 300 600 900 1200

OFDM
Symbols/slot Normal CP=7, Extended CP=6

CP length Normal CP=4.69/5.2 sec, Extended CP= 16.67sec

 Summary
OFDMA allows flexible resource allocation

OFDMA maps one modulation symbol on a subcarrier and transmits multiple

subcarriers in parallel

A Cyclic Prefix is added to an OFDMA symbol for protection against ISI

OFDMA is implemented using FFT

Due to high PAPR issues, LTE uplink uses SC-FDMA

SC-FDMA transmits in series, mapping each modulation symbol on all the

allocated subcarriers
 Quiz

Give two advantages of OFDMA

Flexible bandwidth allocation

Robustness against multipath

SC-FDMA sends ____ modulation (e.g. QPSK) symbol(s) on ____ subcarrier(s)

1, N
N, N
1/N, N

OFDMA cannot be implemented without FFT

True
False
LTE Radio Concepts
 Transmitter and Receiver Operations

TX RX

Coding Decoding

Scrambling Descrambling

Modulation Demodulation

OFDMA(IFFT) OFDMA(FFT)

Not shown:
Rate Matching
HARQ
Radio Channel
MIMO mapping
 Rate Matching & Scrambling

Change the data rate to one that can be

Rate matching
accommodated by the system

Cell specific bit-level

Interference randomization between cells
scrambling
 Modulation
Sub-carriers are modulated using a certain modulation scheme

16-QAM allows for twice the peak data rate compared to QPSK

64-QAM allows for three times the data rate compared to QPSK
 Quiz

CRC is used to detect bit errors

True
False

Downlink scrambling will use ________

Cell ID
CRC
Both

______ has the lowest probability of error

64-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
 Summary
Convolutional and Turbo coding are Forward Error Correction (FEC)
mechanisms

CRC is an error detection mechanism

Scrambling randomizes the interference between cells

Rate matching involves adding or removing bits to match the system data rate

LTE uses QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation

LTE Protocol Stack & Frame Structure
Protocol Stack
 LTE Protocol Stack User Plane

((( (((

S-GW P-GW
UE LTE-Uu eNB S5/S8
S1-U
Application
IP
IP
Relay Relay
GTP-U
PDCP
PDCP GTP-U GTP-U GTP-U
RLC UDP-IP
UDP-IP
RLC UDP-IP UDP-IP
MAC L2 L2 L2
L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
L1 L1
 LTE Protocol Stack Control Plane

((( (((

MME
UE LTE-Uu eNB
S1-MME
NAS NAS
Relay
RRC S1 - AP
RRC S1 - AP
PDCP PDCP SCTP SCTP

RLC RLC IP IP
MAC MAC L2 L2
L1 L1 L1 L1
LTE Duplex Schemes
 Duplex Schemes
In radio communications systems ,to communicate in both directions it is
necessary to have a duplex scheme

In LTE, two schemes are in use:

FDD- Frequency Division Duplex
Uses two channels, one for transmit and the other for receiver.
TDD- Time Division Duplex
Uses one frequency, but allocates different time slots for transmission and reception.

fDL fDL/UL

fUL TDD
FDD
 FDD-Frequency Division Duplex
Needs two separate RF carriers for UL & DL Transmission
Works on frame structure type-1
Highly asymmetric
Highly appreciated where UL & DL capacity is relatively symmetric
Offer higher throughput than TDD, data transfer can be continuous in both the
direction
More spectrum is need as compare to TDD
Easy to deploy in terms of synchronization requirement, in general its not
necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to be time synchronized
LTE also support Half Duplex FDD
In Half Duplex FDD BTS is able to transmit and receive simultaneously, but UE
dont
 FDD-Frequency Division Duplex
FDD- Frequency Division Duplex
Half-duplex FDD mode (HD-FDD) is also defined, the UE does not have to transmit
at the same time as it receive

fDL

fUL

UE does not have to transmit at the same time as it receive

More effective UEs can be manufactured since a duplex filter is not needed
 FDD LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Duplex Bandwidth

Number (MHz) (MHz) Spacing(MHz) (MHz)

1 1920 - 1980 2110-2170 190 2x60

2 1850-1910 1930 - 1990 80 2x60
3 1710-1785 1805-1880 95 2x75
4 1710-1755 2110-2155 400 2x45
5 824-849 869-894 45 2x25
6 830-840 875-885 45 2x10
7 2500-2570 2620-2690 120 2x70
8 880-915 925-960 45 2x35
9 1749.9-1784.9 1844.9-1879.9 95 2x35
10 1710-1770 2110-2170 400 2x60
11 1427.9-1447.9 1475.9-1495.9 48 2x20
12 699-716 729-746 30 2x17
13 777-787 746-756 -31 2x10
 FDD LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Uplink Band Downlink Band Duplex Bandwidth

Number (MHz) (MHz) Spacing(MHz) (MHz)

14 788-798 758-768 -30 2x10

17 704-716 734-746 30 2x12
18 815-830 860-875 45 2x15
19 830-845 875-890 45 2x15
20 832-862 791-821 -41 2x30
21 1447.9-1462.9 1495.9-1510.9 48 2x15
22 3410-3490 3510-3590 100 2x90
23 2000-2020 2180-2200 180 2x20
24 1626.5-1660.5 1525-1559 -101.5 2x34
25 1850-1915 1930-1995 80 2x65
 TD LTE RF Bands

LTE Band Number Allocation (MHz) Width of Band (MHz)

33 1900 - 1920 20
34 2010 - 2025 15
35 1850 - 1910 60
36 1930 - 1990 60
37 1910 - 1930 20
38 2570 - 2620 50
39 1880 - 1920 40
40 2300 - 2400 100
41 2496 - 2690 194
42 3400 - 3600 200
43 3600 - 3800 200
 Comparison
FDD
Symmetric transmission
Uses Frame Structure Type-1
Required two separate frequencies
More efficient in the case of symmetric
traffic
Harder to deploy in area with limited
available spectrum
Higher Throughput
Easy to deploy
Not necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to
be time synchronized
TDD
Asymmetric transmission
Uses Frame Structure Type-2
Only one frequency is needed
More overhead & latency due to frequency
switching in time
Simpler to deploy in area with limited
available spectrum
Lower Throughput
Difficult to deploy
Required
 Quiz

CRC is used to detect bit errors

True
False

Downlink scrambling will use ________

Cell ID
CRC
Both

______ has the lowest probability of error

64-QAM
16-QAM
QPSK
 Summary
Convolutional and Turbo coding are Forward Error Correction (FEC)
mechanisms

CRC is an error detection mechanism

Scrambling randomizes the interference between cells

Rate matching involves adding or removing bits to match the system data rate

LTE uses QPSK, 16-QAM and 64-QAM modulation

LTE Frame Structure
 LTE Frame Structure
Frame structure
Frame structure type 1
Applicable to FDD and half duplex FDD
Each radio frame is Tf=307200xTs=10ms long and consists of 20 slots of length
Tslot=15360 x Ts=0.5ms , numbered from 0 to 19(Ts=1/(15000x2048)seconds)

One Radio Frame, Tf=307200 x Ts=10msec

One Slot, Tslot=15360 x Ts=0.5ms

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

One Sub frame

 FDD Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure Type 1: Applicable to Full & Half Duplex FDD
Frame (10ms)
10 Sub-frames (1ms) per frame
2 slots (0.5ms) per sub-frame
7 OFDM symbols per slot for Normal CP
6 OFDM symbols per slot for Extended CP

Frame (10msec)
0.5 msec 0.5 msec

.. ..

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 9

OFDM SYMBOL 0 Slot 0 OFDM SYMBOL 0 Slot 1

. .

OFDM SYMBOL 6 OFDM SYMBOL 6

CP0=5.2uSec
CP0=5.2uSec
- CP1 TO CP6 =4.7uSec - CP1 TO CP6 =4.7uSec
Single Sub Frame (1 ms)
 FDD Frame Structure
Each Radio Frame is Tf = 307200. Ts
=10 ms
Each Radio Frame consists of 10 Subframe of length 1ms each
Each Radio Frame Consist of 20 slots of length 0.5ms each
Length T-slot = 15360.Ts
= 0.5 ms
Frame (10msec)
0.5 msec 0.5 msec

.. ..

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 9

Ts= 1/ Sampling Frequency
Tf 307200 Ts 10 ms Ts= 1/30.72MHz,
Therefore
Tslot 15360 Ts 0.5 ms Ts 1 / 30720ms
Approx. =32 Nanosecond
 Normal and Extended Cyclic Prefix
Size of FFT= 66.67 micro sec* 30.72 MHz
=2048 (20MHz Carrier BW) 7 2048 Ts Cyclic Prefix
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 144 Ts
+ 1 160 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms

Normal Cyclic Prefix

160 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts 144 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

Cyclic Prefix
6 2048 Ts
Ts = 1/30720 ms + 6 512 Ts Main Body
15360 Ts = 0.5 ms

Extended Cyclic Prefix

512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts 512 Ts

2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts 2048 Ts

 TDD Frame Structure
LTE Frame Structure Type 1: Applicable to FDD

LTE Frame Structure Type 2: Applicable to TDD

Every subframe will have two slots of 0.5ms as in FDD Frame

TDD Frame 10ms , 10 subframes 1ms each

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

Special Subframes 1 & 6

0 2 3 4 5 7 8 9

DwPTS UpPTS DwPTS UpPTS

Gp Gp
 TDD Special Subframes
LTE TDD- Special Subframe

DwPTS: used for downlink data transmission. (varied from three up to twelve
OFDM symbols)

UpPTS: used for uplink data transmission(varied from one to two OFDM symbols)

GP: guard period for the downlink-to-uplink

Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within the cell
selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account

The time duration of DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp may also vary as per configuration.
 TDD Configuration Types
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (Time Format-No. of OFDM Symbols)

Details about the time of the DwPTS , UpPTS & Gp with variable formats

Normal CP Extended CP
Format
DwPTS Gp UpPTS DwPTS Gp UpPTS
0 3 10 3 8
1
1 9 4 8 3
2 10 3 1 9 2
3 11 2 10 1
4 12 1 3 7
2
5 3 9 8 2
6 9 3 9 1
2
7 10 2 - - -
8 11 1 - - -
 LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration
LTE TDD Special Subframe Configuration (UL & DL capacity)

Asymmetric UL/DL Capacity Allocation

Single sub-frame for UL and 8times sub-frame for DL per 10ms frame

UE is informed about UL/DL configuration via SIB-1, which is broadcast via Broadcast
Channel (BCH)

UL/DL Downlink-To-Uplink Subframe Number

Configuration Switch-Point Periodicity 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
0 5 ms D S U U U D S U U U
1 5 ms D S U U D D S U U D
2 5 ms D S U D D D S U D D
3 10 ms D S U U U D D D D D
4 10 ms D S U U D D D D D D
5 10 ms D S U D D D D D D D
6 5 ms D S U U U D S U U D
 Quiz
ROHC is done by perform by

MAC
RLC
PDCP

Size of One LTE Radio Frame

10 ms
20 ms
0.5 ms

In TD LTE ______ subframe are special subframe

0 &5
1&6
0&6
 Summary
RRC layer operates between the UE and the eNB and is responsible for radio
signaling for setup, handover, etc

PDCP does header compression, security and ciphering of data.

In Half Duplex FDD BTS is able to transmit and receive simultaneously, but UE
dont

In FDD scheme it is not necessary for neighboring FDD BTS to be time

synchronized

Guard period must cover the maximum roundtrip propagation delay within the
cell selected by taking eNB-to-eNB interference into account
LTE Radio Channels
 Types of Channels

RLC
What?
Logical L2
Channels

MAC

How?
Transport
Channels
Physical L1
 3GPP LTE Physical Channels

Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH) QPSK, 16QAM,

64QAM
Physical Multicast Channel (PMCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH) QPSK
DL Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH) QPSK
Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH) QPSK
Physical Hybrid ARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH) BPSK
Reference Signal (RS), Synchronization Signal

Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH) BPSK, QPSK

Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
UL Physical Random Access Channel (PRACH)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
 Channel Mapping - Downlink

Common
Control Info
System Info. Paging at no RRC Dedicated Dedicated
Connection Control Traffic

BCCH MTCH PCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH

Logical Channels

BCH MCH PCH DL-SCH Transport Channels

DCI

PBCH
PBCH PMCH
PMCH PDSCH PDCCH Physical Channels
 Channel Mapping - Uplink

CCCH DCCH DTCH Logical Channels

ULSCH RACH Transport Channels

UCI

PUCCH PUSCH PRACH Physical Channels

 Life of Packet in LTE Protocol Stack (DL)
IP Packets Data Data Data

eNB/UE
PDCP SDUs
PDCP
Packet Data
Convergence Protocol PDCP
PDCP Hdr PDCP Hdr PDCP Hdr
PDUs

RLC
n n+ 1 n+2
SDUs
RLC
Radio Link Control
RLC
RLC Hdr RLC Hdr
PDUs

MAC
SDUs
MAC
Media Access Control
MAC Hdr Padding

Transport Block
PHY
Physical Layer
#1 #2 #3 #4 .. #18 #19
Slot
Sub-frame (14 OFDM Symbols)
One Radio Frame (10 ms)
Downlink Physical Channels & Signals
 Reference Signals: OFDMA Channel Estimation
Channel estimation for cell Selection / Reselection, Hand-Over and Channel
Quality Index (like CPICH functionality in WCDMA)
Frequency & Phase Reference for Coherent demodulation
Position
Time domain- 0 and 4 for Type 1 Frame
Frequency domain -it depends on the Cell ID (PCI Mod 6=0)

In case more than one antenna is used (e.g. MIMO) the Resource elements
allocated to reference signals on one antenna are DTX on the other antennas
symbols 6 0 symbols 6
0

subcarriers
subcarriers

Antenna 1 Antenna 2
 Reference Signal (RS) Location LTE
1 RB

0 0 For Antenna 0 all other Antenna Ports RS are DTX

(Discontinuous Transmission)
0 0
It is True for all other Antenna Ports 1, 2 & 3
0 0

0 0
1 RB 1 RB
RS of Antenna 0
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 RS of Antenna 1

0 0 1
RS of Antenna 2
1 0 1 0 1
RS of Antenna 3
1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 DTX of Antenna 0/1/2/3

0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1
1 RB 1 RB 1 RB 1 RB

1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0

0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1

1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0 1 3 0 1 2 0

0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1 0 2 1 0 3 1
Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 0 Slot 1
Antenna Port 0 Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2 Antenna Port 3
 Synchronization Signals (PSS & SSS)
PSS and SSS Functions
Frequency and Time synchronization
Carrier frequency determination
OFDM symbol/subframe/frame timing determination

Physical Layer Cell ID determination

Determine 1 out of 504possibilities

PSS and SSS resource allocation

Time: subframe0 and 5 of every Frame or Slot
number 0 and 10 within a radio frame
Frequency: middle of bandwidth (6 RBs = 1.08 MHz)
PSS and SSS
 PSS and SSS-Frame Type-1
PCI( Physical Cell ID)= PSS + 3* SSS
PSS = 0,1,2
SSS = 0-167
Used for scrambling the information from the cell

Physical layer cell identity

Physical layer identity
group Synchronization
0 1 Signal(PSS & SSS)
2 One of 168
One of three possibilities
possibilities

PSS SSS
Symbol 0 Symbol 5 Symbol 6
. . SSS PSS

1st slot (0.5 ms)

 PSS - TD LTE
PSS is in Symbol # 2 of Sub-frames 1 and 6
3rd OFDMA of Slot 2 and slot 12

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

...

Slot 2 Slot 3 Slot 12 Slot 13 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 1 Sub frame 6 Sub frame 9

0 1 2 PSS 6 7 8 9 10 13

. . . .

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

 SSS TD LTE
SSS is in Symbol # 13 of Sub-frames 0 and 5
Last OFDMA symbol of Slot 1 and Slot 11

Frame duration =10msec

0.5 msec 0.5 msec

Slot 0 Slot 1 Slot 10 Slot 11 Slot 18 Slot 19

Sub frame 0 Sub frame 5 Sub frame 9

0 1 2 6 7 8 9 10 13 SSS

. ... . .

Single Sub Frame ( Duration=1 msec )

Downlink Physical Channels
 Physical Broadcast Channel (PBCH)
PBCH Function
Carries the primary Broadcast Transport Channel
Carries the Master Information Block (MIB)
The periodicity of MIB is 40 ms. A new MIB is sent every
40 ms when SFN mod 4 = 0 and within the 40 ms
period, the same MIB is repeated every 10ms
MIB is always sent in subframe 0
SFN varies form 0 to 1023 (10bits)

Transmitted in
Time: subframe 0 in every frame
4 OFDM symbols in the second slot of corresponding
subframe
Frequency: middle 1.08 MHz (6 RBs) , 72 Subcarriers

QPSK Modulation
 What is RE, REG, CCE?
1 REG = 4 REs
RS Ant 0
9 REGs = 1 CCE
RS Ant 1
1 CCE = 36 REs
1 RE = QPSK = 2 Bits PCFICH

1 CCE = 36 x 2 = 72 Bits PHICH

PDCCH
Unused

1 REG = 4 REs
Legend:
excluding Reference Signals
RE = Resource Element

20 Mhz
REGs = Resource Element Guy
CCE = Control Channel Element

PCFICH = 3
REGs/CCEs

No of Control Symbols in Sub-

CFI frame
Valu
e 1.4 Mhz (=CFI 3 to 20 Mhz
+ 1) (=CFI)
1 2 Symbols 1 Symbols
2 3 Symbols 2 Symbols
3 4 Symbols 3 Symbols
1 REG = 4 REs
excluding Reference Signals CFI = 3
20 Mhz BW is > 10 RBs
Physical Control Format Indicator Channel (PCFICH)
Carries the Control Format Indicator (CFI)

Transmitted in:
Time: 1st OFDM symbol of all subframes
Frequency: spanning the entire system band
carried by 4 REGs and these four REGs are evenly
distributed across the whole band regardless of
the bandwidth
4 REGs -> 16 REs (1REG=4RE)
Mapping depends on Cell ID
QPSK Modulation
 PCFICH Resource Mapping
The CFI takes values CFI = 1, 2 or 3.
For system bandwidths with "Max Number of RBs for the System Bandwidth > 10", the span of the
DCI in units of OFDM symbols, 1, 2 or 3, is given by the CFI.
For system bandwidths with "Max Number of RBs for the System Bandwidth <= 10", the span of
the DCI in units of OFDM symbols, 2, 3 or 4, is given by CFI+1

The Math of PCFICH has

4REGs = 4 time 4 useful REs or 16 modulation symbols
With QPSK modulation PCFICH always carry 32 bit of
information which are mapped to CFI values 1 to 4
 Physical HARQ Indicator Channel (PHICH)
Used for ACK(111)/NAK(000) of UL-SCH transmissions
Time
Normal duration: 1st OFDM symbol
Extended duration: Over 2 or 3 or 4 OFDM symbols
Frequency
Spanning all system bandwidth
Mapping depending on Cell ID
Modulation: BPSK; Spreading Factor (SF)=4

Ex. PHICH Group=7

Each PHICH Group contain 8 PHICH Resources and in a
Group all PHICH share same REGs
Each PHICH corresponds 3 REGs (1REG=4 REs)
Total RE= 7*1*3*4=84/subframe
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
Used for (Scheduling)
DL resource scheduling
SIB Information
UL Resource Grant
Paging indicators
UL Power Control
CCEs are the building blocks for transmitting PDCCH
1 CCE = 9 REGs (36 REs) = 72 bits
The control region consists of a set of CCEs, numbered
from 0 to N_CCE for each subframe
(CFI or CFI + 1) x 12 x NDLRB PHICH Resource
PCFICH Resource = Total REs for PDCCH
Floor(Total REs for PDCCH)/ 4 = Total REGs for
PDCCH
Floor (Total REGs fpr PDCCH)/9 = No of CCEs
PDCCH is an aggregation of contiguous CCEs
(1,2,4,8)
Carries DCI Information
DCI carries control information of UE or Group of UEs
QPSK Modulation
Downlink Control Information (DCI) and
Resource Allocation Types
 Physical Downlink Control Channel (PDCCH)
DCI
Format Usage Major Contents
Format 0 UL Grant. Resource Allocation for UL Data RB Assignment,TPC,PUSCH Hopping Flag
Format 1 DL Assignment for SISO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1A DL Assignment for SISO (compact) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ
Format 1B DL Assignment for MIMO with Rank 1 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI, PMI
Format 1C DL Assignment for SISO (minimum size) RB Assignment
Format 1D DL Assignment for Multi User MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ,TPMI,DL Power Offset
Format 2 DL Assignment for Closed Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2A DL Assignment for Open Loop MIMO RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
DL Assignment for TM8 (Dual Layer
Format 2B Beamforming) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
Format 2C DL Assignment for TM9 RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 2 bit
Format 3 power adjustment Power Control Only
TPC Commands for PUCCH and PUSCH with 1 bit
Format 3A power adjustment Power Control Only
Format 4 UL Assignment for UL MIMO (up to 4 layers) RB Assignment,TPC, HARQ, Precoding Information
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Transmits DL packet data
One Transport Block transmission per UEs code
word per subframe
Also carries Broadcast system Information
which is not carried on PBCH

Mapping to Resource Blocks (RBs)

Mapping for a particular transmit antenna port
shall be in increasing order of:
First the frequency index
Then the time index, starting with the first slot in
a subframe
Modulation: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
 Physical Downlink Shared Channel (PDSCH)
Transmission resources are assigned
dynamically by PDCCH
Localized (suitable for frequency domain
scheduling) or
distributed (suitable for maximizing frequency
diversity)
 System Information

Block Information
MIB Physical Layer Info
SIB 1 PLMN ID, Tracking Area ID, Access restrictions, SIB scheduling info
Common and shared channel info: PUSCH, PUCCH, Paging & RACH
SIB 2
configuration, UL frequency information
SIB 3 Intra-frequency cell reselection parameters and information
SIB 4 Information on Intra-frequency neighbors
SIB 5 Information on Inter-frequency neighbors
SIB 6 Information for reselection on UTRAN (UMTS) cells
SIB 7 Information for reselection on GERAN (GSM) cells
SIB 8 Information for reselection on CDMA 2000 system
SIB 9 Home eNB information for future femtocells
SIB 10 Primary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS) information
SIB 11 Secondary Earthquake and Tsunami Warning (ETWS) information
Uplink Physical Channels & Signals
 Uplink Physical Channels & Signals

Physical Uplink Control Channel

(PUCCH) BPSK, QPSK
Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH) QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
Uplink Physical Random Access Channel
(PRACH)
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Demodulation reference signal
(DMRS)
 Uplink Physical Reference Signals
Uplink physical reference signals are used within the PHY layer and do not
convey information from higher layers
Types
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
facilitate frequency dependent scheduling and not associated with transmission of
PUSCH or PUCCH
Transmitted on last SC-FDMA symbol of each subframe or once after 2 slots
Based on Zadhoff Chu sequences.
Channel estimation , Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) selection, initial power
control for data transmission, timing advance and frequency scheduling
Demodulation reference signal
Facilitates coherent demodulation and associated with transmission of PUSCH or PUCCH
Transmitted in the fourth SC-FDMA symbol of the slot and is the same size as the
assigned resource
Based on Zadhoff Chu sequences.
Channel estimation

 Uplink Physical Reference Signals

SC-FDMA symbols 1 and 5 for normal CP ,while for Extended CP its, SC-FDMA symbol 3
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Data transmissions on Physical Uplink Shared Channel
(PUSCH) PUCCH
Located in centre of uplink bandwidth , PUCCH is usually
mapped at the edges
1 transport block per TTI of 1ms
Same channel coding (Convolutional & turbo coding) / rate
matching (1/2,2/3,5/6 etc) as PDSCH
Modulation QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM
To maintain single carrier structure, control signaling is
multiplexed along with data (PUSCH)
When no PUSCH, control signaling is on Physical Uplink
Control Channel (PUCCH)
Usually at edges of system bandwidth
PUCCH
PUCCH hops from one side of the carrier to the other to
maximize frequency diversity
Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
 Physical Uplink Shared Channel (PUSCH)
Uplink physical data channel processing.
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Types of Control Signalling Information
Uplink Control Information (UCI) consist of
Scheduling Requests (SRs)
HARQ ACK/NACK in response to downlink data packets on the Physical Downlink
Shared Channel (PDS
One ACK/NACK bit is transmitted in the case of single codeword downlink transmission
Two ACK/NACK bits are used in the case of two-codeword downlink transmission.CH)
Channel State Information (CSI) includes
Channel Quality Indicators (CQIs)
MIMO-related feedback consisting of RIs and PMI.
20 bits per subframe are used for the CSI.
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Uplink control information (UCI) formats on PUCCH

PUCCH Format Uplink Control Information (UCI)

Format 1 Scheduling request (SR)

Format 1A 1-bit HARQ ACK/NACK with/without SR
Format 1B 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK with/without SR
Format 2 CSI (20 coded bits)
Format 2 CSI and 1- or 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK for extended CP
only
Format 2A CSI and 1-bit HARQ ACK/NACK (20 + 1 coded bits)
Format 2B CSI and 2-bit HARQ ACK/NACK (20 + 2 coded bits)
Format 3 Multiple ACK/NACKs for carrier aggregation: up to 20
ACK/NACK bits plus optional SR, in 48 coded bits;
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)

DeModulation Reference Signal : Channel estimation and Coherent demodulation

 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Typical numbers of PUCCH regions

example. 6
even number

Bandwidth Number of RBs Number of PUCCH

(MHz) per subframe regions
1.4 2 1
3 4 2
5 8 4
10 16 8
20 32 16
 Physical Uplink Control Channel (PUCCH)
Physical mapping of PUCCH formats to PUCCH RBs or regions
 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
Used to achieve uplink time synchronization for a UE which either has not yet
acquired, or has lost, its uplink synchronization
After uplink synchronization eNodeB can schedule orthogonal uplink
transmission resources for UE
Other reasons why we need PRACH
A UE in RRC_CONNECTED state, but not uplink-synchronized
wants to send new uplink data or control information,
Wants to receive new downlink data,
Hand Over from its current serving cell to a target cell
For positioning purposes in RRC_CONNECTED state, when timing advance is needed for
UE positioning
A transition from RRC_IDLE state to RRC_CONNECTED, for example for initial access
or tracking area updates
Recovering from radio link failure
PRACH can also be used to Send a Scheduling Request (SR) to eNB in the
absence of other resources
 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
The preamble format determines the length of the
Cyclic Prefix and Sequence.

4 preamble formats (for different cell sizes)

64 PRACH configurations (preamble signatures)

Each configuration defines slot positions within a

6-110 RBs
frame.

PRACH

6RBs
Generated with Zadoff-Chu sequence

Random Access Preamble Format

CP Sequence

Tcp Tseq FDD Specific RACH format

 Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH
Contention-Based Random Access Procedure
Step 1: Preamble transmission;
UE --> NW : RACH Preamble (RA-RNTI, indication for L2/L3 message size)
Step 2: Random access response; (PDSCH )
UE <-- NW : Random Access Response (Timing Advance, T_C-RNTI, UL
grant for L2/L3 message)
Step 3: Layer 2 / Layer 3 (L2/L3) message;
UE --> NW : L2/L3 message (PUSCH)
RRC Connection Request, TAU, SR
Step 4: Contention resolution message.
Message for early contention resolution
Follow HARQ process
ACK/DTX

TAU: Tracking Area Update

SR: Scheduling Request
 Preamble Formats
Four Random Access preamble formats are defined for Frequency Division Duplex
(FDD) Operation
Each format is defined by the durations of the sequence and its CP

Preamble format Number of CP duration GT duration Sequence time in

subframes in us in us us
0 1 103.13 96.88 800
1 2 684.38 515.63 800
2 2 203.13 196.88 1600
3 3 684.38 715.63 1600

Preamble Length in Frequency Domain is amount to 6 RBs of UL Subframe, which is

1.08 Mhz
Preamble Length in Time Domain including Guard Time (= CP Length + SEQUENCY
Length + GT Length) can be 1 or 2 or 3 depending on Preamble Format
One sub carrier of PRACH Preamble is 1.25 Khz whereas 1 sub carrier of UL subframe is
15 Khz. It means that 12 preamble sub carrier is amount to 1 UL Subframe subcarrier.
Physical Random Access Channel- PRACH

PRACH Signal Structure

 PRACH Configurations

PRACH System frame Subframe PRACH System Subframe

configuration number number configuration frame number
Index number

0 Even 1 8 Any 3,8

1 Even 4 9 Any 1,4,7
2 Even 7 10 Any 2,5,8

3 Any 1 11 Any 3,6,9

4 Any 4 12 Any 0,2,4,6,8

5 Any 7 13 Any 1,3,5,7,9

6 Any 1,6 14 Any 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7

,8,9
7 Any 2,7
15 Even 9
PRACH Configurations
 Cell Radius from Preamble Time
Maximum Cell Size calculations
By using Round Trip Delay Time (RTD) ,Cell Radius is calculated .
Distance = V x t
Cell Radius = C x RTD/2 in m
Cell Radius= 3 x 10^8 x Guard Time/2 in m
For an Example
Let say for Guard period = 96 us
Cell Radius= 3 x 10^8 x (96 x 10^-6 )/2 in m= 14,400 = 14.4 Km

Preamble format Number of CP duration GT duration Sequence time in

subframes in us in us us
0 1 103.13 96.88 800
1 2 684.38 515.63 800
2 2 203.13 196.88 1600
3 3 684.38 715.63 1600
 Cell Radius Values

Preamble Number of CP duration GT duration Maximum Cell

format sub frames in us in us radius
0 1 103.13 96.88 14.53
1 2 684.38 515.63 77.34
2 2 203.13 196.88 29.53
3 3 684.38 715.63 100.16
 Downlink frame Structure
f

CH BW
(3~20MHz)

DC
6RB
(BW 1.4M)

1RB
(180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms)
1 Radio frame (10ms)
t
1sub frame (1ms)
 Uplink frame Structure
f

System BW

1RB (180KHz)

1slot (0.5ms) t
1sub frame (1ms) 1 Radio frame (10ms)

PUCCH PRACH
 Summary
PSS and SSS help the UE synchronize and obtain cell ID

PBCH carries the MIB which informs the UE about system bandwidth

PCFICH gives the control channel configuration

SIBs 1 and 2 carry important own cell information. SIB 3 onwards carry other
cell information

PUCCH carries uplink signaling when there is no grant available for PUSCH

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL allocation

Demodulation and Sounding Reference Signals are transmitted on the uplink

 Quiz

The PSS and SSS help the UE identify

TD or FDD LTE
Cell ID
Both

Sub-frames _____ are special sub-frames in a TDD frame

0 and 5
1 and 6

____ is used by eNB for scheduling

DRS
SRS
CsRS
System Acquisition
 System Acquisition

Get Synchronized
UE Power Up in both Time and
Frequency, PCI

Identified PSS & SSS,

System Determined Physical Cell ID
Information
Obtained
through MIB At this stage
Identify PBCH UE knows :
(4 OFDM symbol x 6 RBS) Channel Bandwidth,
SFN , PHICH
Configuration,
No of Antennas
System Acquisition (Continued)

PBCH

Presence of
PCFICH CFI field
(Physical Control Frame Indicator Channel)

Identify the OFDMA Symbols used for PDCCH

Contains DCI
PDCCH
field
(Physical Downlink Control Channel)

Identify the PDSCH Resources Allocation for SIBs

PDSCH
(Physical Downlink Shared Channel)

Identify the Location of SIBs

 DL Synchronization and Reading Control & SIB 1/2
DL Synchronization Reading PBCH (MIB) Reading Control Symbols
PSS, SSS Detection Read 480 bits (432 bits in ext CP) of PCFICH Reading (No. of Control
TDD/FDD Identification PBCH Symbols)
Frame and Slot Synchronization Extract 40 bits MIB Locate PHICH Resources
CP Length Determination Identify System Bandwidth & SFN Identify PDCCH and CCEs
Antenna Info PHICH Resources Locate SIB-1 & SIB-2 using SI-RNTI

SF # 0 SF # 1 SF # 2 SF # 3 SF # 4 SF # 5 SF # 6 SF # 7 SF # 8 SF # 9

RB # 5

RS Ant 0
RB # 4
RS Ant 1
PSS
RB # 3 SSS
PBCH
PCFICH
RB # 2
PHICH
PDCCH
RB # 1
Unused

RB # 0

Slots #0 #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 #12 #13 #14 #15 #16 #17 #18 #19
 RACH Procedure in a Nutshell
PSS/SSS, PBCH
eNodeB
PCFICH, PHICH, PDCCH
SIB-1 & SIB-2
UE1
RACH Preamble &
SIB-2
RA-RNTI

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Process inside UE
Process inside UE 14

SIB-2 (For Generating

13
SIB-2 (Locating

Resource Blocks
Preamble Signatures)
12
RACH Resource)
11

highSpeedFlag 10
prach-ConfigIndex
zeroCorrelationZoneConfig 9
prach-FreqOffset 3

RACH Resource
rootSequenceIndex 8

6 Preamble Time
SIB-2: 5 Domain Signal
No. Preamble
Classifying Sequences 4

RACH 0 839 bit 3

Preambles 1 2
2
Total 3
1

Preambles; 4 0

Group-A, --- Subframes

N-L SIB-2: RACH Preamble Time
Group-B and --- Choosing a Preamble Group
Domain Signal Generation based
Non --- based on Message 3 Size
--- on RACH Configuration Index &
Contention N and Path Loss &
Preamble Format 0, 1, 2, 3 & 4
Based --- Selecting RACH Preamble
---
Preambles 63
Randomly within the Group
Summary View of Channel Functions
MIMO
 MIMO Types

MIMO
MIMO

Data
DataTransmission
Transmission Number Of Antennas Number Of Users
1. Beam-Forming
1. SISO (Single input single
(Pre Coding)
output)
2. Spatial 1. SU-MIMO (Single
2. SIMO (Single input multiple
Multiplexing (Open or C User MIMO)
output)
lose Loop)
3. MISO (Multiple input single
3. Diversity 2. MU-MIMO (Multi
output)
Coding User MIMO)
4. MIMO (Multiple input
4. SDMA (Spatial Division
Multiple output)
multiple access)
 MIMO Types(Data Transmission)

Multiple, parallel
Spatial data streams to
Multiplexing single user (Open as
well as Close Loop)
UE1 eNodeB

Spatial Multiplexing

Multiple copies of
same stream to
Transmit single user
Diversity

UE2
eNodeB

Transmit Diversity
 Quiz

SIMO : Single Input Multiple Output is

RX Diversity
TX Diversity

PMI (Precoding Matrix Indicator) is mapped on_______ channel

PDCCH
PDSCH

In Spatial Multiplexing, Multiple parallel data streams tramsmit to single user

False
True
 Summary
LTE uses single node RAN and logically single node EPC

OFDMA is used on the Downlink and SC-FDMA on the Uplink

Physical layer processing includes CRC, scrambling, rate matching, modulation

and OFDMA

LTE UE reads synchronization, broadcast and system information

TD-LTE supports different configurations for flexible DL:UL allocation

LTE uses X2 based handovers reducing latency and core signaling load

MIMO can vary data transmission, number of antennas or number of users

Additional Slides
RSRP
What is Reference Signal Received Power (RSRP)?
Symbols Symbols
RSRP is the average power 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
of Resource Elements (RE)
that carry cell specific
Reference Signals (RS) over
the entire bandwidth
RSRP is the average received
power of a single RS
resource element.

Sub-Carriers
Reporting range -44 dBm
to -140 dBm
RSRP levels for usable signal
typically range from about -
75 dBm close in to an LTE
cell site to -120 dBm at the
edge of LTE coverage.

Reference Signal Location

Slot 0.5 ms Slot 0.5 ms
DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) Antenna Port 1 Antenna Port 2
 Reporting Range of RSRP in 3GPP
RSRP is the linear average of the downlink reference signals across the channel
bandwidth
RSRP provides information about signal strength and gives no indication of
signal quality
RSRP measurements are used in handover, cell selection and cell re-selections
The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to -44 dBm with 1 dB
resolution as shown in table below

Reported Value Measured Quantity Value (dBm)

RSRP_00 RSRP < - 140 dBm
RSRP_01 - 140 dBm RSRP < - 139 dBm
RSRP_02 - 139 dBm RSRP < - 138 dBm
------- ------
RSRP_95 - 46 dBm RSRP < - 45 dBm
RSRP_96 - 45 dBm RSRP < - 44 dBm
RSRP_97 - 44 dBm RSRP
RSSI
What is Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI)?
RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) is a parameter which provides information
about total received wide-band power (measure in all symbols) including all
interference and thermal noise.
RSSI is not reported to eNodeB by UE. It can simply be computed from RSRQ and RSRP
that are, instead, reported by UE.

RSSI = Wideband Power = Noise + Serving Cell Power + Interference Power

RSSI = 12 * N * RSRP

RSRP is the received power of 1 RE (3GPP definition) average of power levels

received across all Reference Signal symbols within the considered
measurement frequency bandwidth
N is number of Resource Blocks across the RSSI is measured and depends on
the BW
RSRQ
What is Reference Signal Received Quality (RSRQ)?
RSRQ indicates quality of received reference signal.
RSRQ measurement and calculation is based on RSRP and RSSI
The Formula to Calculate RSRQ is as follows..
RSRQ = N x RSRP / RSSI
RSRQ = (N x RSRP) / (RSRP x 12 x N)
represented in dB
N Represents Number of Resource Blocks
The reporting range of RSRQ is defined from -19.5 dB to -3 with 0.5 dB resolution

Reported Value Measured Quantity Value (dB)

RSRQ_00 RSRP < - 19.5 dB
RSRQ_01 - 19.5 dB RSRP < - 19 dB
RSRQ_02 - 19 dB RSRP < - 18.5 dB
------- ------
RSRQ_32 - 4 dB RSRP < - 3.5 dB
RSRQ_33 - 3.5 dB RSRP < - 3 dB
RSRQ_34 - 3 dB RSRP
 RSRQ for Zero % Data Load
Lets calculate RSRP, RSSI and RSRQ for one very 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
simple case of one resource block with 12 sub
carriers and 0.5 ms in time domain.
1 RB
Since RSRP is linear average of downlink
reference signal for given channel bandwidth
therefore (Avg power of one RE= 20000 mW /
1200 = 16.7 mW)

Sub-Carriers
RSRP = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000) = 12.21 dBm
While RSSI is total received wide-band power.
Data Load is Zero %
Therefore we have to add power of all 2 carriers
x N RBs (0 % Load)
RSSI = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000)+10 * log(2) = 15.23
dBm
RSRQ is now simple ratio of RSRP to RSSI with N=
0 to N
RSRQ = RSRP/RSSI = (RSRP * N) / (2 * N * RSRP)
10 * log(0.0167 * N)/(2 * N * 0.0167)) = - 3.01 dB
Data Load 0 %
 RSRQ for 30 % Data Load
Since RSRP is linear average of downlink 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
reference signal for given channel bandwidth
therefore (Avg power of one RE= 20000 mW /
1200 = 16.7 mW) 1 RB
RSRP = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000) = 12.21 dBm
While RSSI is total received wide-band power.
Data Load is 30 %

Sub-Carriers
Therefore we have to add power of all 2 (RS) +
3 (Data) carriers x N RBs (30 % Load)
RSSI = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000)+10 * log(5) =
19.21 dBm
RSRQ is now simple ratio of RSRP to RSSI with
N= 0 to N
RSRQ = RSRP/RSSI = (RSRP * N) / (3 REs Data + 2
REs RS ) * N * RSRP)
10 * log(0.0167 * N)/(5 * N * 0.0167)) = - 6.99 dB

Data Load 30 %
Across all RBs
 RSRQ for 100 % Data Load
Since RSRP is linear average of downlink 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
reference signal for given channel bandwidth
therefore (Avg power of one RE= 20000 mW /
1200 = 16.7 mW) 1 RB
RSRP = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000) = 12.21 dBm
While RSSI is total received wide-band power.
Data Load is 100 %

Sub-Carriers
Therefore we have to add power of all 10 Data
carriers + 2 REs for RS x N RBs (100 % Load)
RSSI = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000)+10 * log(12) =
23.01 dBm
RSRQ is now simple ratio of RSRP to RSSI with
N= 0 to N
RSRQ = RSRP/RSSI = (RSRP * N) / (10 REs Data +
2 REs RS ) * N * RSRP)
10 * log(0.0167 * N)/(12 * N * 0.0167)) = - 10.79
dB

Data Load 100 %

Across all RBs
RSRQ for 100 % Data Load + 20 % Interference/Noise
Since RSRP is linear average of downlink reference
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
signal for given channel bandwidth therefore (Avg
power of one RE= 20000 mW / 1200 = 16.7 mW)
RSRP = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000) = 12.21 dBm 1 RB
While RSSI is total received wide-band power. Data
Load is 100 % + 20 % Interference and Noise
Therefore we have to add power of all 10 Data carriers
+ 2 REs for RS x N RBs (100 % Load + 20 %
Interference/Noise)

Sub-Carriers
RSSI = 10 * log (0.0167 * 1000)+10 * log(12 x 1.2) = 23.01
dBm x 1.2 times
RSRQ is now simple ratio of RSRP to RSSI with N= 0 to N
RSRQ = RSRP/RSSI = (RSRP * N) / (10 REs Data + 2 REs RS
) *1.2* N * RSRP)
10 * log(0.0167 * N)/(12 * 1.2 * N * 0.0167)) = -11.58 dB

For 740 % Interference/Noise:

RSRQ = RSRP/RSSI = (RSRP * N) / (10 REs Data + 2 REs RS
) * 7.4 * N * RSRP)
10 * log(0.0167 * N)/(12 * 7.4 * N * 0.0167)) = -19.5 dB
Data Load 100 % + 20 %
Interferenc/Noise Across all RBs
SINR
 SNR and SINR
SINR (Signal to Interference & Noise Ratio) Definition:
SINR is the reference value used in the system
simulation and can be defined:
Wide band SINR
SINR for a specific subcarriers (or for a specific
resource elements)
SINR = S/(I+N), all measured over the same bandwidth
SNR is always higher than SINR since there is no
Interference Component
RSRP is measured for a single subcarrier,
Noise power Pn_RE = for 15KHz= -125.2dBm