DIRECTORATE OF DISTANCE LEARNING EDUCATION

G.C UNIVERSITY FAISALABAD

Name : Rafat Shaheer

Roll NO : 141005

Program : B.Tech(Hons) Mechanical Engineering

Course Title : Industrial Energy Management

Report Industrial Energy Management

Question No.(1)
Define Energy, its different Modes/ Units of Energy,
Explain?
Answer:
Energy:

Power derived from the utilization of physical or chemical resources, especially to

provide light and heat or to work machines.
In physics, energy is a property of objects which can be transferred to other
objects or converted into different forms. The "ability of a system to perform
work" is called energy.

Energy Fundamental Units / Modes :

Energy can be found in a number of forms such as

Solar Energy,
Chemical Energy,
Electrical Energy,
Heat or Thermal Energy,
Light Energy or Radiant Energy,
Mechanical Energy &
Nuclear Energy
1. Solar Energy:
The sun is the First, basic and the largest unit of energy source
on earth. Solar. Solar energy is a resource that is not only sustainable for energy
consumption; it is indefinitely renewable (at least until the sun runs out in billions
of years). Solar power can be used to generate electricity, it is also used in
relatively simple technology to heat water (solar water heaters).

Solar energy is a truly renewable energy source. It can be harnessed in all areas
of the world and is available every day. We cannot run out of solar energy, unlike
some of the other sources of energy. Solar energy will be accessible as long as we
have the sun, therefore sunlight will be available to us for at least 5 billion years,
when according to scientists the sun is going to die. Technology in the solar power
industry is constantly advancing and improvements will intensify in the future.
Innovations in quantum physics and nanotechnology can potentially increase the
effectiveness of solar panels and double, or even triple, the electrical input of the
solar power systems.

Chemical Energy:
The energy stored in the bonds of chemical compounds
(atoms and molecules). It is released in a chemical reaction, often producing heat
as a by-product (exothermic reaction). Batteries, biomass, petroleum, natural gas,
and coal are examples of stored chemical energy.

Chemical Energy: Storage and Release:

Chemical energy is stored in the
chemical bonds of atoms and molecules. It can only be seen when it is released in
a chemical reaction. When chemical energy is released, the substance from which
the energy came is often changed into an entirely different substance. Many
substances and objects store and release chemical energy:

1. Batteries - You can connect a battery to a circuit and a reaction between

chemicals takes place inside the battery and it produces electricity.

Petroleum - A combination of oil and natural gas, petroleum is made of hundreds

of molecules containing carbon and hydrogen. When petroleum is a vapor it is
natural gas. When petroleum is a liquid it is crude oil.

Electrical Energy:
Energy is the ability to do work, where work is done when a
force moves an object. We need and we use energy every day, and energy is
available in all different forms. Electrical energy is energy that's stored in charged
particles within an electric field. Electric fields are simply areas surrounding a
charged particle. In other words, charged particles create electric fields that exert
force on other charged particles within the field. The electric field applies the
force to the charged particle, causing it to move - in other words, do work.

Mechanical Energy:
In the physical sciences, mechanical energy is the sum of
potential energy and kinetic energy. It is the energy associated with the motion
and position of an object.

Radiant energy :
 Energy that travels by waves or particles, particularly
electromagnetic radiation such as heat or x-rays. An example of radiant energy is
the source of energy used in radiation therapy.

Thermal energy:
Is an example of kinetic energy, as it is due to the motion of
particles, with motion being the key. Thermal energy results in an object or a
system having a temperature that can be measured. Thermal energy can be
transferred from one object or system to another in the form of heat.

Question No.(2)
What is Energy Management ?
Why and How it is Managed?

Answer:

Energy Management:
"Energy management" is a term that
has a number of meanings, but we're mainly concerned with the one that relates
to saving energy in businesses, public-sector/government organizations, and
homes.

The energy-saving meaning :

When it comes to energy saving, energy
management is the process of monitoring, controlling, and conserving energy in a
building or organization. Typically this involves the following steps:

1. Metering your energy consumption and collecting the data.

 2. Finding opportunities to save energy, and estimating how much energy each
opportunity could save. You would typically analyze your meter data to find
and quantify routine energy waste, and you might also investigate the energy
savings that you could make by replacing equipment (e.g. lighting).

3. Taking action to target the opportunities to save energy (i.e. tackling the
routine waste and replacing or upgrading the inefficient equipment). Typically
you'd start with the best opportunities first.

4. Tracking your progress by analyzing your meter data to see how well your
energy-saving efforts have worked.

Many people use "energy management" to those energy-saving efforts that focus
on making better use of existing buildings and equipment. Strictly speaking, this
limits things to the behavioral aspects of energy saving (i.e. encouraging people to
use less energy by raising energy awareness), although the use of cheap control

equipment such as timer switches is often included in the definition as well.

The above four-step process applies either way - it's entirely up to you whether
you consider energy-saving measures that involve buying new equipment or
upgrading building fabric.

It's not just about saving energy in buildings - the term "energy management" is
also used in other fields:

It's something that energy suppliers (or utility companies) do to ensure that
their power stations and renewable energy sources generate enough energy
to meet demand of customers.

It's used to techniques for managing and controlling one's own levels of
personal energy.
 It also has relevance in aviation it's a skill that aircraft pilots learn in some
shape or form.

Home energy management:

Energy management has been popular in

larger buildings & Industries for a long time, it has only recently started catching
on in homes. Most homeowners aren't even aware of the term, and take more of
a haphazard, flying-blind approach to reducing their energy consumption.
But the monitoring- and results-driven approach used by professional energy
managers is just as effective in the home as it is in larger buildings.

Why is it important?
We live in an age where energy is an absolute
necessity to maintain our lifestyle and it goes beyond the basics of providing
comfort and convenience. We only need to think back to the last power cut to
understand the reality of life without energy, when nothing that you've come to
be dependent on works.

Saving energy means wasting less money

Saving energy means wasting less primary fuel (coal, gas, oil, uranium)

Saving energy means producing less pollution

Energy management is the key to saving energy in your organization. Much of the
importance of energy saving stems from the global need to save energy - this
global need affects energy prices, emissions targets, and legislation, all of which
lead to several compelling reasons why you should save energy at your
organization specifically.

Question No.( 3)
Write a Note on:
 (a)HVAC Control System?

(b) Method of Effective Energy Management?

Answer:

(a) HV AC Control System:

HVAC (stands for Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning)

Heating, ventilation and air conditioning (HVAC) is the technology of indoor
and vehicular environmental comfort. Its goal is to provide thermal comfort and
acceptable indoor air quality.

HVAC :

system design is a subdiscipline of mechanical engineering, based on

the principles of thermodynamics, fluid mechanics, and heat
transfer. Refrigeration is sometimes added to the fields.

HVAC :

Is an important part of residential structures such as single family

homes, apartment Buildings, hotels and senior living facilities, medium to large
industrial and office buildings such as skyscrapers and hospitals, onboard vessels,
and in marine environments, where safe and healthy building conditions are
regulated with respect to temperature and humidity, using fresh air from
outdoors.

Ventilating or ventilation (the V in HVAC) is the process of

exchanging or replacing air in any space to provide high indoor air
quality which involves temperature control, oxygen replenishment, and removal
of moisture, odors, smoke, heat, dust, airborne bacteria, carbon dioxide, and
other gases. Ventilation removes unpleasant smells and excessive moisture,
introduces outside air, keeps interior building air circulating, and prevents
stagnation of the interior air.

Ventilation includes both the exchange of air to the outside as well as circulation
of air within the building. It is one of the most important factors for maintaining
acceptable indoor air quality in buildings.

The equipment needs a control system to regulate the operation of a heating

and/or air conditioning system. Usually a sensing device is used to compare the
actual state (e.g. temperature) with a target state. Then the control system draws
a conclusion what action has to be taken (e.g. start the blower).

The three main functions of a HVAC are that :

a complete system can control air temperature,
humidity and fresh air intake and
Maintain the quality of the air in your home.

The system is used to provide heating and cooling services to buildings. HVAC
systems have become the required industry standard for construction of new
buildings. Before the creation of this system, the three elements were usually split
between three or more devices.

The simplest form of energy management system for HVAC system

are:

The thermostat, which minimizes energy consumption on a time temperature

basis.

Another simple energy management system is achieved with load-cycling

controllers, which make use of (on-off operations) to reduce consumption.
 A higher level of control is achieved with demand controller (which
effectively monitors the electrical demand and on a predictive basis
disconnects and reconnects major loads.
The most sophisticated control, which is practical even in moderate-size
building with the HVAC energy management system, usually incorporated
into the building control system.

(b)Method of Effective Energy Management ?

Managing your
energy consumption effectively is an ongoing process.
At the very least you should keep analyzing your energy data regularly to check
that things aren't getting worse. It's pretty normal for unwatched buildings to
become less efficient with time: it's to be expected that equipment will break
down or lose efficiency, and that people will forget the good habits you worked
hard to encourage in the past...

So at a minimum you should take a quick look at your energy data once a week, or
even just once a month, to ensure that nothing has gone horribly wrong... It's a
real shame when easy-to-fix faults such as misconfigured timers remain unnoticed
for months on end, leaving a huge energy bill that could have easily been avoided.

But ideally your energy-management drive will be an ongoing effort

To find new opportunities

To target them, and
To track your progress at making ongoing energy savings

Managing your energy consumption doesn't have to be a full-time job, but you'll
achieve much better results if you make it part of your regular routine.

Following are the few energy management methods:

1. Efficient utilization of available energy resources.

2. Conservation of energy.

3. Technology development for recovery of waste energy.

4. Use of renewable energy systems.

5. Energy Auditing & Prevention, leakage of energy.

Question No.(4)
Explain Energy Audit & Energy Conservation Methods?
Answer:

Energy Audit:
Energy Audit is the key to a systematic approach for decision-making in the area
of energy management. It attempts to balance the total energy inputs with its
use, and serves to identify all the energy streams in a facility. It quantifies energy
usage accordingto its discrete functions.

Industrial energy audit is an effective tool in defining and pursuing comprehensive

energy management programme.As per the Energy Conservation Act, 2001,
Energy Audit is defined as

The verification, monitoring and analysis of use of energy including submission

of technical report containing recommendations for improving energy efficiency
with cost benefit analysis and an action plan to reduce energy consumption.

Need for Energy Audit:

In any industry, the three top operating expenses are
often found to be energy (both electrical and thermal), labour and materials. If
one were to relate to the manageability of the cost or potential cost savings in
each of the above components, energy would invariably emerge as a top ranker,
and thus energy management function constitutes astrategic area for cost
reduction.

Energy Audit will help to understand more about the ways energy and fuel are
used in any industry, and help in identifying the areas where waste can occur and
where scope for improvement exists.

The Energy Audit would give a positive orientation to the energy cost
reduction, preventive maintenance and quality control programmes which are vit
al for

Production and utility activities. Such an audit Programe will help to keep focus on
variations which occur in the energy costs, availability and reliability of supply of
energy, decide on appropriate energy mix, identify energy conservation
technologies, retrofit for energy conservation equipment etc. In general, Energy
Audit is the translation of conservation ideas into realities, by lending technically
feasible solutions with economic and other organizational considerations within a
specified time frame. The primary objective of Energy Audit is to determine ways
to reduce energy consumption per unit of product output or to lower operating
costs. Energy Audit provides a bench-mark (Reference point) for managing
energy in the organization and also provides the basis for planning a more
effective use of energy throughout the organization.

Type of Energy Audit:

The type of Energy Audit to be performed depends on:-

Function and type of industry-

Depth to which final audit is needed, and -
Potential and magnitude of cost reduction desired

Each industry / major company should have an energy cell for control &
management of energy. The Unit study the existing system parameters and
should identify areas, where energy can be saved. Line up implementations for
energy conservation and create awareness among end users.
Methodology:
to document various proposals for energy saving compiled along
with technical details for their implementation, expected annual saving against
estimated costs of implementation, simple pay back period etc.

Energy :
A udit shall involve collection of detailed information on the process,
equipment used, illumination systems, heating, ventilation and air-conditioning
systems, boilers, pumps etc. Based on the information, the energy costs of
specific areas/processes can be worked out, which enables formulation of an
energy consumption chart. The energy consumption chart can be verified for
finding surplus use of energy compared to similar systems, leakage of energy in
the system, and help us in suggesting energy efficient schemes/equipments for
specific areas.

Each of the energy saving measures and systems are further studied in detail for
savings in energy return of investment, system performance, integration with
existing system etc.

The energy saving measures to be followed by an industry shall include periodic

measurement of all energy resources i.e. electrical energy, coal, gas, boiler,
mechanical systems etc.

The energy costs shall be done area wise and should be related to production
costs. Energy indices are to be prepared for analysis of data. Energy indices can be
developed for various industries - textile, cement, chemical, hotel, transportation
etc. The indices can be expressed as unit of energy consumed for a specific output
of end product. This specific energy costs are found to remain within a certain
range for industries working under similar conditions.

In the prevailing situation of severe competition in the market, cost reduction has
become very important for improving profit margin as well as for survival and
specific energy consumption has to be made optimum to achieve better
performance.

The requirement to achieve energy efficiency is increasing, as now the energy

agenda has shifted from strictly economic concerns to more global environmental
ones. A ban is imposed on the use of chlorofluorocarbons which depletes the
ozone layer is going to be enforced by 2010. Now environmental parameters do
also necessitates conservation of energy and utilization of renewable energy
systems.

Method for Energy Conservation:

1- Energy efficient lighting systems:

Use of compact fluorescent lighting systems for energy efficient lighting
design.
Use of electronic ballasts for efficient operation and energy saving.

Use of high pressure sodium vapor Lamps for yard lighting applications
instead of mercury vapor lamps

2- Energy saving systems :

Use of trajectory meters.
Providing maximum demand controllers.
Digital indication systems for overload.
Microprocessor based control systems and advanced type screw chillers
for HVAC.

3- Building automation systems :

Control of lighting system according to seasonal day light variations &
no. of users.
Control of chiller plant in accordance with outside temp. & no. of users.
Automatic control of water pumping systems.

Question No.( 5 )
What is Energy Management System (EMS), Elaborate.
Answer:
Energy Management System EMS:
An energy management system (EMS)
is a system of computer-aided tools used by operators of electric utility grids to
monitor, control, and optimize the performance of the generation and/or
transmission system. .
An Energy Management System (EMS) is a system of computer-aided tools used
by operators of electric utility grids to monitor, control, and optimize the
performance of the generation and/or transmission system.

In these respects, the terminology EMS sometimes excludes the monitoring and
control functions, but more specifically refers to the collective suite of power
network applications and to the generation control and scheduling applications.

Energy management systems are also often commonly used by individual

commercial entities to monitor, measure, and control their electrical building
loads. Energy management systems can be used to centrally control devices like
HVAC units and lighting systems across multiple locations, such as retail, grocery
and restaurant sites. Energy management systems can also provide metering, sub
metering, and monitoring functions that allow facility and building managers to
gather data and insight that allows them to make more informed decisions about
energy activities across their sites.

Operating systems:
Up to the early 1990 it was common to find EMS systems being delivered based
on proprietary hardware and operating systems.

EMS systems now rely on a model based approach. Traditional planning models
and EMS models were always independently maintained.

Using EMS software allows planners and operators to share a common model
reducing the mismatch between the two and cutting model maintenance by half.
Having a common user interface also allows for easier transition of information
from planning to operations.

Energy efficiency:
In a slightly different context, EMS can also refer to a
system designed to achieve energy efficiency through process optimization by
reporting on granular energy use by individual pieces of equipment. Newer,
cloud-based energy management systems provide the ability to remotely control
HVAC and other energy-consuming equipment; gather detailed, real-time data for
each piece of equipment; and generate intelligent, specific, real-time guidance on
finding and capturing the most compelling savings opportunities.

Automated control of buildings energy :

The term Energy
Management System can also refer to a computer system which is designed
specifically for the automated control and monitoring of those electromechanical
facilities in a building which yield significant energy consumption such as heating,
ventilation and lighting installations. The scope may span from a single building to
a group of buildings such as university campuses, office buildings, retail stores
networks or factories.

Most of these energy management systems also provide facilities for the reading
of electricity, gas and water meters. The data obtained from these can then be
used to perform self-diagnostic and optimization routines on a frequent basis and
to produce trend analysis and annual consumption forecasts.