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Recently RTU also added in the above picture for controlling and monitoring
from NTAMC.
High-speed data rates (currently 100 Mbit/s, rather than 10s of kbit/s or less
used by most serial protocols)
Multiple client/server connections
Ethernet is an open standard and widely used
Fiber Ethernet is suited to the substation environment as it is not susceptible
to EMI
IEC 61850 offers a full automation and communication solution for the
substation. it enables integration of all protection, control, measurement and
monitoring functions within a substation. In order to allow a free allocation of
functions to IEDs, interoperability is provided between functions to be performed in a
substation but residing in equipment (physical devices) from different suppliers. The
functions may be split physically into parts performed in different IEDs but
communicating with each other (distributed function). Therefore, the communication
behavior of such parts called logical nodes (LN) supports the requested
interoperability of the IEDs. The functions (application functions) of a SAS are control
and supervision, as well as protection and monitoring of the primary equipment and
of the grid. Other functions (system functions) are related to the system itself, for
example supervision of the communication. The IEC 61850 standard defines the
information and information exchange in a way that it is independent of a concrete
implementation (i.e., it uses abstract models). The standard also uses the concept of
virtualization. Virtualization provides a view of those aspects of a real device that are
of interest for the information exchange with other devices. Only those details that
are required to provide interoperability of devices are defined in the IEC 61850
series.
Interoperability
A major benefit of IEC 61850 is interoperability. IEC 61850 standardizes
the data model and services required to interface with substation IEDs. This
responds to the utilities desire of having easier integration for different vendors
products, i.e. interoperability. It means that data is accessed in the same manner in
different IEDs from either the same or different IED vendors, even though, for
example, the protection algorithms of different vendors relay types remain different.
One of the main objectives of IEC 61850 is to allow IEDs to be directly configured
from a configuration file generated at system configuration time. At the system
configuration level, the capabilities of the IED are determined from an IED capability
description file (ICD) which is provided with the product. Using a collection of these
ICD files from varying products, the entire protection and automation of a substation
can be designed, configured and tested (using simulation tools) before the system is
even installed into the substation.
Chapter 7
The data model of any IEC 61850 IED can be viewed as a hierarchy of
information. The categories and naming of this information are standardized in the
IEC61850 specification. Data Model Layers in IEC 61850
Physical Device
It identifies the actual IED within a system.
Logical Device
It identifies groups of related Logical Nodes within the Physical Device. The
allocation of Logical Nodes to specific Logical Devices is not defined in the standard.
Logical Node
It identifies the major functional areas within the IEC 61850 data model. Logical
Nodes are instantiated in an IED or computer using prefix characters and/or an
instance number.
Chapter 7
Data Attribute
This is the actual data (measurement value, status, description, etc.). For
example, stVal (status value) indicating actual position of circuit breaker for Data
Object type Pos of Logical Node type XCBR. The data model for a server is
described in the Model Implementation Conformance Statement (MICS) document.
Data set
It permits the grouping of data and data attributes. Used for direct access,
GOOSE and for reporting and logging.
Substitution
It supports replacement of a process value by another value.
Time Synchronization
It provides the time base for the device and system, using SNTP.
Chapter 7
File Transfer
It defines the exchange of large data blocks such as disturbance record files.
The IEDs interface with the process bus via the Ethernet network and
make decisions regarding fault detection, faulted phase selection and
protection elements operation etc., and can take action based on their
functionality. This is typically to operate their relay outputs in order to trip a
breaker or to initiate some other protection or control function (e.g. BF
Breaker Failure or AR Auto-Reclose functions).
Interaction between different IEDs and the clients in the IEC 61850
based protection systems is achieved based on the exchange of
communication messages over the Station Bus
The IEC 61850 Standard does not prohibit the station bus and process
bus from being combined in one physical Ethernet network. Today,
however, concerns about sufficient bandwidth for sampled analogue
values mean that in practice they are often separate physical Ethernet
networks. When 1 Gbit/s or 10 Gbit/s Ethernet networks are deployed for
IEC 61850 applications, it is more likely that station bus and process bus
will be combined.