Objectives

To measure and plot the standing wave pattern on a lumped-element transmission line for
different loads (open, short, matched, and unmatched resistive loads).
To determine the wavelength of the transmission line from the standing wave ratio and
compare this to the theoretical value using the line parameters.
To measure the voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) for a given load and compare with
the expected theoretical value.

Discussions

Materials
Solderless breadboard (large enough to connect 50 components).
#22 gauge hookup wire for breadboard wiring
Ninteen 0.068 uF capacitors. A good capacitor to use is the Kemet C322C683K5R5HA
(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitors MLCC - Leaded 50 volts 0.068uF 10% X7R)
Two 0.033 uF capacitors. A good capacitor to use is the Kemet C322C333J1R5TA
(Multilayer Ceramic Capacitor MLCC - Leaded 100 volts 0.033uF 5% X7R)
Twenty 150 uH inductors. For best results you want low loss inductors. A good inductor
to use is the Bourns RLB00712-151KL
Oscilloscope
Function Generator
Wire Strippers/ Cutters

Schematic Diagram/ Experimental Set-up

Procedures
1. Configure the function generator to generate a sine wave with an amplitude of 5 V. Set
the frequency of the generator to the value you calculated. Connect the function generator
across the input terminals of your lumped element transmission line. Your lumped
element transmission line is now "live".
2. Leave the output of your lumped-element transmission line open (do not connect a load).
Using the oscilloscope, confirm that you have a voltage standing wave pattern on the line
by measuring the node voltage amplitudes near the load. Figures 5 and 6 illustrate the
voltage standing wave pattern near the load end. Since you set the frequency for a
nominal 15 degree phase shift per unit cell, a voltage minimum occurs at node 14. This
node (node 14) is six cells away from the load end; six cells corresponds to an electrical
length of (6 cells)*(15 degrees/cell) = 90 degrees. Because of component tolerances,
however, this may not be exactly 90 degrees. To correct this error, fine tune the
frequency of the function generator to achieve the lowest possible voltage amplitude at
node 14. This (experimentally determined) frequency should be close to that you
calculated. Present the new frequency. This will be the frequency you use for the rest of
this section.
3. Plot the standing wave pattern for the open load. To do this, measure the amplitude of the
AC voltage at each node (relative to ground) and plot your values on a graph using a
 program like Excel or Matlab; the x-axis should be the node number (0 - 20), and y-axis
should be the measured voltage amplitude. If possible, fit an exponentially decreasing
sine wave curve (damped-sine-wave trend line) to your plot. Determine the wavelength
from the standing wave pattern and compare to the ideal, theoretical value (assuming
lossless components with nominal component values). Present your measured and
theoretical in slide 11. Experimentally measure the VSWR and compare with the ideal,
theoretical value. Present your measured VSWR and theoretical VSWR .
4. Repeat step 3 in this section for a shorted load and present your results in slide 12.
5. Repeat step 3 in this section for a matched load (Rload=47 Ohms),and present your
results in slide 13. Also, for the matched load, measure the phase shift difference in
degrees between two adjacent nodes (e.g. node 13 and node 14) with the two channels of
the oscilloscope. This phase shift should be near 15 degrees. Present your results in slide
14.
6. Repeat step 3 in this section for an unmatched, real load(Rload=150 Ohms),and present
your results in slide 15.

Data and Results

Table 3.1: Open

Node Voltage
0 3.752
1 2.049
Graph 3.1(Open): Node - Voltage
2 0.205353 8

3 1.653 7
4 3.397
6
5 4.906
6 6.078 5
7 6.83
4
8 7.1111
9 6.901 3
10 6.215
2
11 5.101
12 3.635 1
13 1.918
0
14 0.068459 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
15 1.786
16 3.508
17 5.005
18 6.148
19 6.851
20 7.112
 Pic 3.1 Open Multisim Simulation

Table 3.2: Shorted

Node Voltage
0 6.02
Table 3.2(Shorted): Node - Voltage
1 6.786
2 8
7.084
3 6.893 7
4 6.226
6
5 5.13
6 3.68 5
7 1.977
4
8 0.136496
9 1.713 3
10 3.444
2
11 4.938
12 6.091 1
13 6.824 0
14 7.086 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
15 6.86
16 6.16
17 5.035
18 3.563
19 1.845
20 0
 Pic 3.2 Shorted Multisim Simulation

Table 3.3:
Matched
Node Voltage
0 3.556
1 3.561 Table 3.3(Matched): Node - Voltage
2 3.564 8
3 3.562
7
4 3.557
5 3.55 6
6 3.543
5
7 3.538
8 3.535 4
9 3.537
10 3
3.542
11 3.549 2
12 3.556
13 3.562 1

14 3.564 0
15 3.562 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
16 3.557
17 3.55
18 3.543
19 3.537
20 3.535
 Pic 3.3 Match Multisim Simulation

Table 4:
Mismatched
Node Voltage
0 1.333
1 0.940553
Table 3.4(Mismatched): Node - Voltage
2 0.713815 8
3 0.867262
7
4 1.244
5 1.636 6
6 1.959
5
7 2.171
8 2.251 4
9 2.192
3
10 1.998
11 1.689 2
12 1.303
1
13 0.91519
14 0.711436 0
15 0.890715 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
16 1.273
17 1.663
18 1.979
19 2.182
20 2.252
 Pic 3.4 Mismatched Multisim Simulation

Analysis
In this experiment, the transmission lines node voltage across nodes 14 and 20 were
scrutinized. Four circuit configurations were considered; (1) Open, (2) Shorted, (3) Matched and
lastly, (4) Mismatched and were constructed through Multisim. All other node voltages were also
gathered in order to graph their particular standing wave. The frequency used was calculated and
turned out to have a value of 13046.339 Hz, and was constant all throughout.

Considering the open transmission line. In this particular configuration, the use of a load
resistor was disregarded. And so, the measured value was at maximum at node 20, and otherwise
at node 14. With the results obtained, it was observed that there were two series of decreasing-
increasing trend of values. All the results were gathered and tabulated (Table 3.1 of this report) in
Microsoft excel and graphed (Graph 3.1 of this report) to inspect the trend.

Considering the shorted transmission line. This time, a wire was connected in parallel to
the last node and still, no load resistor was placed. And since the node 20 was shorted, the output
turned out to be 0. The maximum value obtained was at node 14 7.086V to be exact. The results
were gathered and tabulated (Table 3.2), and was graphed (Graph 3.2). With regards to the graph
and trend of the values, the voltage decreased above the minimum value at node 8 and increased
at node 14 where the maximum value was yielded, lastly decreased to the minimum value at node
20.

Considering the Matched transmission line. A 47 resistor was connected in parallel to

node 20. In this particular transmission line, the output and the load impedance were equal (with
the value stated earlier). Practically, the measured values beginning from node 0 to 20 must be
equal. It was proven with the results acquired for which the values were at 3.5 range and have
minimal differences at the hundredths value. And since, the values were relatively equal, the graph
was a constant horizontal line. The results were gathered and tabulated (Table 3.3), and was
graphed (Graph 3.3).
 Considering the Mismatched transmission line. A 150 resistor was connected in parallel
to node 20. In this particular transmission line, the load impedance was greater than the output
impedance. With the results obtained, it turned out to have a maximum value at node 20 and
minimum at node 14. With favor to the load impedance, the output values gathered were relatively
low. As per the results and graphs concerned, the condition of maximum and minimum values
were the same with an open transmission line which was conducted first. The results were gathered
and tabulated (Table 3.4), and was graphed (Graph 3.4).

Conclusion