Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
2
166
Subtransient Asymmetrical R M S Current: lnstantancous tiniedclay phase overcurrent protective device within a satisfactory
(i.e.. magnetic) functions of thermal-magnetic molded or insulated time. The minimal power system configuration for the transient
case circuit breakers; plunger or hinged armature type instantaneous network may apply at night or whcn production lincs are down for
relays; fast-melting-time zone (< 0. I second) of fuses; instantaneous any reason, and it is often defined under minimum power supply.
and short-time delay functions that are set to operate faster than 0.1
second on electromagnetic or static (i.e., solid-state or The following list summarizes the short-circuit currents which
microprocessor-based) direct-acting trips of low- and should be calculated in order to perform a coordination study.
medium-voltage circuit breakers.
Maximal & Minimal Subtransient Symmetrical RMS
Transient Symmetrical RMS Current: Timedelay induction- Currents: High-speed phase overcurrent protective devices that
type relays that are set to operate slower than 0.1 second; fuse are responsive only to the ac component of the short-circuit current.
operation, under sustained fault current, in melting-time portion of
characteristic that is slower than 0.1 second; long-time and Maximal Subtransient Asymmetrical & Minimal
short-time delay functions that are set to operate slower than 0.1 Subtransient Symmetrical RMS Currents: Instantaneous
second on electromagnetic o r static (i.e., solid-state or phase overcurrent protective devices that are responsive to both the
microprocessor-based) direct-acting trips of low- and dc and ac components of the short-circuit current (cf. Sec. 111).
medium-voltage circuit breakers.
Maximal Subtransient and Maximal & Minimal Transient
IV. SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENTS TO SELECT Symmetrical RMS Curmnts: Time-delay phase overcurrcnt
SFlTlNGS OF PROTECTIVE DEVICES protective devices that are responsive only to the ac component of
the short-circuit current (cf. Sec. Ill) and are set to operate slower
Based on the previous discussion, the subtransient symmetrical rms than 6 cycles at 60 Hz.
short-circuit current under the maximal power system configuration
should be calculated at the appropriate fault location of every phase V. COMPARISON OF STUDIES
overcurrent protective device. T h e maximal power system
configuration for the subtransient network includes all possible Let us first consider the short-circuit study whose results are used to
short-circuit current sources (i.e., utility service supply, in-plant select the short-circuit withstand and interrupting capabilities of
gencration, and motors). Generally. the time-current characteristic medium-voltage and low-voltage circuit breakers and fuses from
curve of an induction-type relay is not plotted beyond the maximal manufacturers' tables. For this application, there are two types of
subtransient symmetrical rms current nor the pick-up setting of an networks to calculate symmetrical rms current: First-Cycle
instantaneous phase overcurrent relay in the same circuit, whichever (Momentary) Network and Contact-Parting (Interrupting) Network.
is smaller.
The first-cycle (momentary) network is identical to the subtransient
Knowledge of the maximal subtransient asymmetrical rms current is network, and it is used to calculate the symmetrical rms current over
necessary to determine the settings of instantaneous phase the subtransient time interval of the fault-on time period. An
overcurrent protective devices that are responsive to both the dc and appropriate asymmetry multiplying factor is then used to convert
ac components of the short-circuit current waveform. Minimum first-cycle (momentary) symmetrical rms current into first-cycle
settings are required to allow motor locked-rotor current or (momentary) asymmetrical rms current. The withstand capability of
transformer magnetic in-rush current. Higher settings are not a mcdium-voltage circuit breakcr, the interrupting capability of a
necessary but can be used. Coordination of instantaneous phase fuse, and the interrupting capability of a low-voltage circuit breaker
overcurrent devices in series at the same voltage level is not possible must exceed the first-cycle (momentary) asymmetrical rms current
unless there is significant impedance between buses, caused by long [l, Chap. 41.
cable runs or by current-limiting reactors. In this case, the pickup
setting of the upstream device has to be about twice the pickup The contact-parting (interruptin.) network is used to calculate the
setting of the downstream device. A more accurate criterion is that symmetrical rms current for circ$t breaker minimum contact-parting
the subtransient asymmetrical rins current for a fault at the times of 1.5 to 4 cycles after the inception of the short-circuit. For
downstream device is less than the instantaneous setting of the this network, direct-axis subtransient reactances are used for the
upstream protective device. in-plant synchronous turbine-generators, synchronous motor
reactance is calculated by multiplying its direct-axis subtransient
If the subtransient asymmetrical rms current under the minimal rcactance by a rotating machine reactance multiplicr of 1.5, and
power system Configuration is less than the pickup setting of an induction motor contributions are included in accordance with
instantaneous overcurrent relay, the relay will not operate and Tables 4-1 and 4-2 of the IEEE Red Book 11I. An appropriate
protection will depend upon time-delay phase overcurrent relays. asymmetry multiplying factor is then used to convert contact-parting
This situation requires calculation of minimal subtransient (interrupting) symmetrical rms current into contact-parting
Symmetrical rms current in order to determine if the time-delay (interrupting) asymmetrical rms current. The interrupting capability
overcurrent relays will provide adequate protection. The minimal of a medium-voltage circuit breaker must exceed the contact-parting
power system configuration for the subtransient network may apply (interrupting) asymmetrical rms current.
at night or when production lines are down for any reason. Note
that this network still uses direct-axis subtransient reactances for all Let us now compare the two types of short-circuit studies. The
of the rotating machines in use. basis for the comparison is the complex impedance network
representation of the power system.
The transient symmetrical rms short-circuit current under the
maximal power system configuration is calculated at the appropriate Although the first-cycle (momeatary) network is identical to the
fault location of cvcry timedelay phase overcurrent protective device subtransient network. fault location is the principle reason why the
that is set to operate slower than 0.1 second (i.e., 6 cycles). The first-cycle (monientary) symmetrical rms current is nor the same
maximal power system configuration for the transient network value as the subtransient symmetrical rms current.
neglects motor contributions but includes all other short-circuit
current sources (i.c., utility scrvicc supply and in-plant generation). In order to select the short-circuit withstand and interrupting
Knowledge of the maximal transient symmetrical rms current is capabilities of circuit breakers and fuses at a switchgear bus. a
necessary to establish the coordination time intervals for conservative practice is to assume the maximal power system
electromagnetic (i.e., induction-disc) or static (i.e., solid-state or configuration and to locate the three-phase short-circuit at the
microprocessor-bascd) time-delay phase overcurrent relays with switchgear bus so as to receive all possible short-circurt current
other phase overcurrent protective devices. contributions. The maximal power system configuration for the
first-cycle network includes all possiblc short-circuit current sources
Finally, it may be important to calculate the transient symmetrical (i.e., utility service supply, in-plant generation and motors).
r m s current under the minimal power system configuration (i.e..
miniimal transient symmetrical rms current) in order to investigate On the other hand, to select the time-current characteristics and
whether sufficient fault current is available IOcause operation of a settings of a phase overcurrent protective device. the three-phase
167
SUM OF CONTRIBUTIONS SUM OF CONTRIBUTIONS
FROM REMAINING FROM REMAINING
SHORT-CIRCUTT CURRENT SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT
SOURCES OF SYSTEM. SOURCES OF SYSTEM.
+
SI IORT-CIRCUIT
11 1-
I
M5 MOTOR BACKFEED.
F3
MAIN FAULT LOCATION
RECEIVES SUM OF
- CONTRIBUTIONS FROM
ALL POSSIBLE
Jf I
SHORT-CIRCUIT CURRENT
SOURCES IN POWER SYSTEM.
f
1M5 IM3
CONIWBUTIONS -
FROM INDUCTION
MOTORS
Now. the firstxycle network is predominantly reactive. because the VI. RECOMMENDATIONS
short-circuit X / R ratios of its apparatus are relatively large. Thus, In this section we present recommendations on how to apply the
as an approximation, the magnitudes of the phasor currents can be
added and subtracted without regard to their phase angles (which are results of a computer-aided short-circuit study that selects withstand
and interrupting capabilities of switchgear lo dcterniine the
all in the neighborhood of %lo). Therefore, referring to Fig. 3 . the short-circuit currents (i.e., maximal and minimal subtransient and
subtransient symmetrical rms current at fault location J can be transient symmetrical rms currents) to properly select the
4
168
time-current characteristics and settings of phasc overcurrent three-phase bolted fault at that bus.'ln addition, an iniportant table is
protcctivc dcviccs. I t is vcry important to note that thcsc provided that lists all of the branch flows of first-cycle symmetrical
recommendations arc based on the complex impedance network rms currcnt for a thrcc-phax bolted fault at cvcry bus.
representation of the power system.
The first run of the' program was performed under the niaximal
First and foremost, it is important to use the appropriate fault power system configuration. The information from the print-out
location and account for motor backfeed. Imposing the appropriate was used to dcterminc thc maximal subtransient symmetrical rnis
fault location and accounting for motor backfeed on thc subtransient currents at the fault locations (i.e., locations A through K) of the
and fint-cycle networks, the subtransient symmetrical rms current is phase overcurrent protective devices.
equal to the first-cycle (momentary) symmetrical r m s current, which
can be calculated by the procedure in Chap. 4 of the IEEE Red Book As a n example, consider fault location D i n fig. 4. Note that the
I11. In turn, the subtransient asymmetrical r m s current is calculated current transformers for the Motor M2 overcurrent relays will not
by multiplying the first-cycle (momentary) symmetrical rms current sense the M2 niotor backfeed for a thrcc-phase fault at location D.
by an appropriate asymmetry multiplying factor, in accordance with Consequently, the maximal stibtransicnt symmetrical rms current at
the rules in Sec. 11. fault location D. used to select the settings of the Motor M2
overcurrent relays, is the following:
As mentioned previously, the transient symmetrical nns current is
different (i.e., smaller by motor contributions) than the
(I"J$X *fmax Ifinax
contact-parting (interrupting) symmetrical rms current. However, E 2BI - 2BS12-2B1
the principal use of the maximal transient symmetrical rms current is
to establish the coordination time interval for a time-delay phase = 13.537 - 1.506 = 12.031 kA Q 13.8 kV
overcurrent relay (i.e., set beyond 6 cycles) with another phase fmax
overcurrcnt protcctive device. T o establish this timc interval at a where 12, i s the total first-cycle symmetrical r m s current for a
larger value of short-circuit current is a conservative practice insofar three-phase bolted fault at the 13.8 kV main bus 2B 1 and
as coordination is conccmcd. Howcvcr, a coordination time interval lfniax
which is too conservative may not be desirable from the standpoint 2Bs 12-2B I is the branch flow of first-cycle symmetrical rms current
of limiting equipment damage; because, in the event that the from Motor M2 bus 2BS12 to bus 2B1 under a three-phase bolted
downstream protective device fails to operate, the upstream fault at bus 2Bl.
(back-up) protective device may take too long to operate. I n
summary, with regards to coordination, it is permissible 12, Sec. The same rationale is used to derive the following equations to
14.2.21 to use the maximal contact-parting (interrupting) calculate the maximal subtransient symmetrical rms currents at the
symmetrical rms current (instead of the maximal transient other fault locations. The results are tabulated at the end of this
symmetrical rms current) to establish the coordination time interval. section (cf. Table 1).
Finally, it is permissible [ I , Secs. 4.5.4.3 and 4.6.51 to use the
approximate 30-cycle network (instead of the minimal power system
configuration for the transient network) in order to investigate rfmax Ifmax
whether the minimum symmetrical rms current is sufficient to cause (I;):AX = 1B1 - 281-181
satisfactory operation of a time-delay current-actuated relay. The
=
-
Ifmax finax fmax
approximate 30-cycle network is a minimum source representation 2 81 2BS 11-2BI - '2,s 12-2B 1
that may apply at night or whcn production lines arc down for any
reason. Some of the source circuit breakers may be open. and all Ifmax fmax
motors are omitted. In-plant generators use direct-axis transient - 2BS13-2Bl-I2BS14-2Bl
lfmax - {max
reactance or a larger reactance related to the magnitude of decaying
generator short-circuit current at the specified calculation time. The
(1i)C"""= 2B1 2BSll-2B1
dc component will have decayed to near zero and is not considered.
(IJyX =
fmax Ifmax
'2B1 - 2BS13-2B1
VII. EXAMPLE
(I;):AX =
fmax fmax
l2BS 1 11 - '4B 1-2BS 1 11
The preceeding recommendations are applied to the sample industrial lfmax - lfmax Ifma
power system of Fig. 4. Fig. 4 shows the appropriate fault =
locations (i.e., labeled A through K) of the phasc overcurrent 4B 1 4BS 13-4B1- 4BS 1 4 4 B 1
protective devices and provides the input data and the labeling of fmax ,fmax
(I,);"" = '3B1 - 3BSll-3B1
buses for the computer-aided short-circuit study. The commercial
software is designed to compute the first-cycle (momentary) and fmax fmax
contact-parting (interrupting) short-circuit current duties (i.e., -'3BS12-3Bl - '3BS13-3Bl
asymmetrical r m s currents) at the buses of the power system, which
arc used to select the short-circuit withstand and intcrrupting (I;)yAX= fmax fniax
'4BS14- '4BS1414BS14
capabilities of switchgear. The algorithm of the software employs
complex impedance network reduction. lfmax fmax
= 3B1 - '3BSI 1-3BI
The program was run under three different power system
configurations: maximal power system configuration, minimal
(lipx =
fmax Ifmax
'4B1 - 4BS W 4 B 1
power system configuration. and approximate 30-cycle
configuration. The maximal power system configuration includes In addition, another column of the print-out lists for each bus the
all possible short-circuit current sources. The minimal power total contact-parting (interrupting) symmetrical r m s current for a
system configuration is defined for this example to exclude (i.e., three-phase bolted fault at that bus. However, this particular
out-of-scrvicc) the 1500 hp M4 induction motor load and the loads software package does not provide a table of the branch flows of
of low-voltage Substation #2. Finally, the only sources of contact-parting (interrupting) symmetrical rms current for a
short-circuit current under the approximate 30-cycle network three-phase bolted fault at every bus. (It only provides a table of the
branch flows of first-cycle symnictrical r m s currcnt.) Without this
configuration are the utility tie and in-plant generator; and the information. it is not uossible to use similar eauations to those
in-plant gencrator is represented by its direct-axis transient reactance
instead of the subtransient reactancc.
Appendix A provides a summary of the essential results from the maximal transient symmetrical mis cuirents at the fault locations of
print-outs. The program was run for each power system the phase overcurrent protective devices. Of course. if the motor
configuration. For each run, one column of the print-out lists for
each bus the total first-cycle symmetrical rms current for a backfeed Gy12-2B1
is a negligiblc fraction of 1% then
5
169
34.5 kV Utility Line
1520125 MVA
9375 kVA 63 0.8 PF OA/FA/K)A Class
SYNCH.MOTOR
5OOO HP @ 0.8 PF
INDUCTION
EACH 1
4.0 kV, X I R = 30. 4.0 kV, X I R = 32,
INDUCIlON = 350 HP ?::0.16PU 2;=0.16PU
LARGEST INDUCTION:
150 HP
170
t MAX
lmax
12B1 would not tx an ovcrly conservativeapproximation of(1d)D .
A second run of the software was performed under the minimal
power system configuration. The print-out of the run provided the
same types of results as before, and similar equations to those above
were used to calculate the minimal subtransient symmetrical rms
currents at the fault locations of the phase overcurrcnt protective
devices. The results are tabulated at the end of this section.
A third run of the software was performed under the approximate
30-cycle network configuration. Recall that the only sources of
short-circuit current under the approximate 30-cycle network
configuration are thc utility tie and in-plant generation, and the
in-plant generators are represented by direct-axis transient reactances
instead of their subtransient reactances. Since this version of the
software only provides a tablc of tlic branch flows of first-cyclc
symmetrical rms current, a simple trick was employed to produce a
table of the branch flows of approximate 30-cycle symmetrical rms
current for a three-phase bolted fault at every bus. The trick was
simply to replace the previous input data of the generator's ' Faulted Prefault Maximal Minimal Maximal Approx.
subtransient reactance with the value of its transient reactance (i.e.,
13.5 9%) and rcrun the program under the approximate 30-cycle Bus Voltage Erst-Cycle Erst-Cycle Interrupt 30-Cycle
network configuration. The output of the run provided the same 1BI 34.5 kV 34.821 34.775 34.787 34.233
types of results as before, and similar equations to those above were 2B1 13.8kV 13.537 13.091 13.204 9.338
used to approximate the minimal transient symmetrical rms currents 2BSlll 13.8kV 13.493 13.049 13.163 9316
at tlic fault locations or tlic pliasc ovcrcurrciit protcctivc dcviccs. 3t31 4.16kV 14.258 12.749 12.357 8.683
The remaining results are tabulated below. 481 4 8 o V 36.871 36.796 36.871 28.099
TABLE 1 4BS14 48OV 12.692 12.687 12.692 9.399
Computer-Aided Short-circuit Study Results
ymmetrical RMS Currents at Fault Locations of Protective Devices
protective maximal, minimal, maximal, minimal, Branch Flows of Symmetrical RMS Kiloamperes
subtransient subtransient transient transient for Bolted Three-phase Faults
device
fault symmetrical symmetrical symnietrical symmetrical I From-To Faulted Maximal Minimal Amrox.
rmsM rmskA rmskA rmskA Busses Bus First-Cycle First-Cycle 3cii3ycle
location
A 33.414
(GyN
33.413
(Id)MAX
N.A.
(I;)"
33.413
2B1-1B1
2BSll-2Bl
2BS12-2B1
1B1
2B1
2BI
1,407
0.419
1.506
1.362
0.220
1.505
0.820
0
0
B* 6.434 6.434 (6.436) 6.436 2BS13-2B1 2B1 1.053 0.807 0
C* 13.I18 12.871 (12.263) 9.338 2BS14-2B1 281 4.125 4.125 2.902
D* 12.03 1 I I .S86 ( 1 1.324) 9.338 4 B 1 - 2 B S l l l 2 B S l l l 0.219 0.219 0
E* 12.484 12.284 ( 11S 2 7 ) 9.338 3BSll-3Bl 3B1 1.967 1.966 0
F* 13.274 12.830 ( 12.263) 9.3 16 3BS12-3B1 3B1 1.476 0 0
G 28.989 28.9 14 N.A. 28.099 3BS13 -3B1 381 1.475 1.475 0
H 9.340 9.307 N.A. 8.683 4BS13-4B1 4B1 5.408 5.408 0
I I I .662 1 I .657 N.A. 9.399 4BS14-4B1 4B1 2.474 2.474 0
J 12.29 1 10.783 N.A. 8.683 4BS141 -4BS14 4BS14 1.030 1.030 0
K 34.397 34.322 N.A. 28.099
111 IEEE Std 141-1993, IEEE Recoiiiinended Prucrice for Electric
Power Dislribufionfor Industriul Plaius (IEEE Red Book), first
N.A. -
not available from computer-aided short-circuit study.
printing. IEEE, Piscataway, NJ, Chapter4, 1994
* - computer results validated with hand calculations.
( ) - result of hand calculations.
121 IEEE Std 242-1986, IEEE Recoinmentled Pructice f o r
Protection and Coordinution of Industrial and Coininerciul
Power Sysfems (IEEE Buff Book), sixth printing. IEEE,
Hand calculations were performed to validate the results of the Piscataway, NJ, Chapter 14, June 1994
computer-aided short-circuit study at fault locations B, C, D, E and
13I IEEE Std 241- 1990, IEEE Recoininended Practice for Elecwic
F. Unfortunately, space restriction disallowed the inclusion of these Power Svstems in Co/mrerciul Bitifdings ( I EEE Gray Book),
hand calculations in the paper. first printing, IEEE, Piscataway. NJ, Chapter 9, Sept. 1991
141 Frank J. Mercede, Fault Culculurionc oflndusrriul/Coiiuiierciul
VIII. CONCLUSIONS Power Systcnis. IEEE Self-Study Course. IEEE Order No.
HL0459-8, IEEE Educational Activities Board, Piscataway,
There are two types of short-circuit studies of interest to the power NJ, 1994
engineer. The results of thc first type are used to select the Donald Beeman, InduLlstriui Power Sy.tfeni.tHandbook, first
withstand and interrupting capabilities of switchgear: whereas, the edition, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1955
results of the second type arc used to properly select the settings of A.E. Fitzgerald, C. Kingsley, Jr. and S.D. Umans. Electric
overcurrent protective devices. This paper presents a comparison of Muchinery, fifth edition, McGraw-Hill. New York, 1990
these short-circuit studies. The results of the comparison are then Craig N. Hartnian, "Understanding asymmetry." IEEE
used to formulate recommendations on how the results of a Transactions on Industry Applicationss, vol. IA-21, no. 4. pp.
computer-aided short-circuit study of the first type can be applied to 842-8, July I Aug. 1985
determine the short-circuit currents of the second type. I81 General Electric Co.; Indu.wiul Power S ~ S I C I IDurcr
I S Book;
Schenectady, N Y ;p. 2, S e c . .54 and Table 2 , Sec. . 5 4 1 ; 1955
I t is imperative that the engineer clearly understand the solution 191 A.A. Regotti, "Calculating short-circuit currents for systems
algorithm of the software. T o perform the computations, many of without ac decav." 1982 IEEE Industrial and Coniniercial
the algorithms employ either reduction of the complex impedance Power Systems '(I&CPS) Conference. 82CH 1740-0. May
network representation of the power system or else reductions of 1982, Philadelphia, PA, pp. 1 IS-9
7
17 I