VCE HHD Chapter 9 Textbook

Chapter 9
Sustainable
Development
Goals
WHY IS THIS IMPORTANT?
In 2015, the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs) which were introduced in 2000 to
address poverty and make global progress
on education, health, hunger and the
environment expired. The MDGs provided a
global framework up until that point.
The MDGs resulted in significant
improvements in global health and
sustainable human development. According to
the United NationsMillennium Development
Goals Report 2015, more than 1 billion people
have been lifted out of extreme poverty,
inroads have been made against hunger,
more girls are able to attend school than ever
before and much has been done to protect
our planet. However, there is still much more
that needs to be achieved, especially for the
poorest, and those disadvantaged because
of their sex, age, disability, and ethnicity or
geographic location.
In response the United Nations developed a
new set of goals the Sustainable Development
Goals (SDGs), which build upon and replace
the previous MDGs. The SDGs will be used by
UN member states to frame their agendas and
political policies from 2015 until 2030.
Key knowledge
1.4 The UNs Sustainable Development Goals (1, 2, 3, 4,
5, 6, 8 and 16) and reasons why they are important
Key skills
Describe the UNs Sustainable Development Goals
(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 16) and why they are important.
The previous MDGs ensured more girls than ever before
Explain the contribution the UNs Sustainable were able to attend school. The Sustainable Development
Development Goals could make to global health and Goals will build on successes such as these and frame
sustainable human development. agendas and political policies from 2016 to 2030.
9-1UNIT 4 Global health and human development

1.1 Understanding health Key term definitions
biodiversity the variety of different plants, animals
and micro-organisms, their genes and the ecosystems
of which they are a part.
bribery money or some other benefit that is given
to a person in power, often a government official to
influence their decision.
caesarean section a surgical procedure in which a
baby is born through a cut made in the mothers
abdominal wall and the wall of the uterus rather than
through the normal birthing process.
chronic poverty where people spend most of their
lifetime in poverty and it is passed on to their children.
degradation the deterioration of the environment
through the depletion of resources such as clean air,
water and soil; the destruction of ecosystems and the
extinction of wildlife.
ecosystems the life support systems of humans and
all other forms of life.
endemic diseases or conditions that occur regularly in
a particular area.
ethical principles promote values such as trust, good
behaviour, fairness and kindness.
exploitation the action of treating someone unfairly
in order to benefit from their work.
extreme poverty people who live on less than
US$1.25 per day.
food security when all people can obtain
nutritionally adequate, culturally appropriate, safe food
regularly through non-emergency sources.
human trafficking when people are traded, usually
for the purpose of sexual slavery, forced labour, or
commercial sexual exploitation.
impoverishment when people become poor as a result
of a crisis such as illness, loss of a job or natural disaster.
institutions the rules, laws and government entities,
as well as the informal rules of social interactions that
exist within countries.
microfinance small, low-cost financial services for
poor people that involve low-interest loans to develop
small businesses.
micronutrients nutrients that are required in small
amounts, such as vitamins and minerals.
schistosomiasis an acute and chronic parasitic
disease caused by worms from infested water that
affects the liver, gastrointestinal tract and bladder.
social protection measures measures that are put in
place to prevent individuals and families from suffering from
poverty as a result of a crisis or other unexpected event.
They include healthcare, income security for children, those
who become sick or disabled and the elderly.
stakeholders people, groups and organisations who
are involved in or affected by a course of action.
sustainable agriculture the capacity of agricultural
practices over time to provide sufficient food in ways
that are economically efficient and profitable, socially
responsible and environmentally sound.
sustainable development development that meets
the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs.
trachoma a bacterial infection of the eye due to poor
hygiene that can cause blindness.
Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 3

9.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
KEY CONCEPT What are the Sustainable Development Goals?
In September 2015, world leaders came together at the United Nations headquarters
in New York to endorse and pledge support for 17 global goals that work together
to achieve three major objectives:
end extreme poverty
fight inequality and injustice
tackle climate change.
The 17 global goals, known as the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), include
169 targets to achieve by 2030. The goals were developed through a collaborative
process by all United Nations member states, non-government organisations,
and people around the world who shared a vision for a better world and how to
achieve it. No one goal is more important than any other and they complement
and interrelate with each other. The goals include ambitious targets, and plans
about how each of the goals can be achieved. They tackle global challenges and
aim to meet the needs of all people in both developed and developing countries.
The SDGs (sometimes referred to as the global goals) resolve to end poverty and
hunger; to promote health and wellbeing; to combat inequalities within and among
countries; to build peaceful, just and inclusive societies; to protect human rights
and promote gender equity and empowerment of women and girls. A significant
focus of the SDGs is reducing the inequalities that result in human poverty and
lead to inequalities in health status and human development.
The goals will lead to action over the next 15 years in five areas of importance
(see figure 9.1):
People. End poverty and hunger, in all their forms and dimensions, and ensure
that all human beings can fulfil their potential in dignity and equality and in a
healthy environment.
Planet. Protect the planet from degradation through sustainable consumption
and production, management of natural resources and taking action on climate
change to support the needs of present and future generations.
Prosperity. Ensure all human beings can enjoy prosperous and fulfilling lives and
that economic, social and technological progress occurs in harmony with nature.
Peace. Foster peaceful, just and inclusive societies that are free from fear and
violence. There can be no sustainable development without peace and no peace
without sustainable development.
Partnership. Implement the SDGs through a global partnership for sustainable
development, focused in particular on the needs of the poorest and most vulnerable
and with the participation of all countries, all stakeholders and all people.
Achieving the SDGs means ensuring prosperity and environmental protection
without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. A
sustainable world is one in which people can escape poverty and enjoy decent work
without harming the Earths essential ecosystems and resources; where people can
stay healthy and get the food and water they need; where everyone can access clean
energy that doesnt contribute to climate change; where women and girls are afforded
equal rights and equal opportunities. The three dimensions of sustainability are social,
economic and environmental. The SDGs address all three dimensions. If they are
achieved they will address many of the impacts on health status studied in chapter 8.
The SDGs build and expand upon the achievements of the Millennium Development
Goals (MDGs), which set the world agenda from 20002015. Over these 15 years, the
lives of millions of people were improved. Global poverty declined, more people had
access to safe drinking water, more children attended primary school, maternal mortality
declined and efforts to fight malaria, AIDS and tuberculosis saved millions of lives.

FIGURE 9.1 The five areas of
importance for humanity and the
planet
Source: Human Development Report 2015, United
Nations, p. 132.
However, progress was uneven across regions and countries, leaving millions
of people behind, especially the poorest and those disadvantaged due to sex, age,
disability, ethnicity or geographical location. Substantial work still needs to be
done. There are also new global challenges that need to be addressed and these
have been included in the SDGs.
The 17 Sustainable Development Goals are our shared vision environmental, as well as important aspects related to peace,
of humanity and a social contract between the worlds leaders justice and effective institutions.
and the people, said UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon. The 17 Sustainable Development Goals and 169 targets
They are a to-do list for people and planet, and a blueprint of the new agenda will be monitored and reviewed using
for success. The SDGs, unanimously adopted by the UNs a set of global indicators. These will be compiled into an
193 Member States at an historic summit in September 2015, Annual SDG Progress Report.
address the needs of people in both developed and developing Launch of the new sustainable development goals un.org
countries, emphasising that no one should be left behind. Source: United Nations Sustainable Development Blog, www.un.org/
Broad and ambitious in scope, the Agenda addresses the three sustainabledevelopment/blog/2015/12/sustainable-development-goals-
dimensions of sustainable development: social, economic and kick-off-with-start-of-new-year.
Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-4

9.1 The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals
There are 17 SDGs, but this chapter will only address goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8
and 16, as these are the focus of this course. What each goal means, along with
its targets and the reasons why it is important, will be described. The chapter ends
with an outline of the contribution the SDGs could make to global health and
sustainable human development.
TEST your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

1 When were the Sustainable Development Goals 9 Use the Global goals for sustainable
(SDGs) introduced and by whom? development links in the Resources section of your
2 What is the target year for the achievement of the eBookPLUS to find the weblink and questions for
goals? this activity.
3 What are the objectives of the SDGs? 10 Use the Sustainable development links in the
4 What are the five areas of importance? Resources section of your eBookPLUS to find the
5 What does the UN consider to be a sustainable weblink and questions for this activity.
world?
11 Why is it important to monitor and review the
6 What are the three dimensions of sustainable
development that are addressed by the goals? progress of the goals over time?
7 What were some of the successes of the Millennium
Development Goals?
8 List the SDGs that are the focus for this course.

9.2 Goal 1: No poverty
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ending poverty in all

its forms
What does Goal 1 mean?
No poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere
Goal 1 seeks to remove poverty and inequality within and ensuring equal rights and access to essential resources,
among nations. The aim is to end poverty in all its forms services, ownership and control over land and other
by 2030 and includes: forms of property, inheritance, natural resources,
eradicating extreme poverty currently measured as appropriate new technology and financial services,
people living on less than US $1.25 a day including microfinance
reducing by half the proportion of men, women and building the resilience of those in vulnerable situations
children living in poverty and reducing exposure to environmental disasters that
implementing social protection systems result in poverty.
One of Goal 1s ambitious targets is eradicating extreme poverty. As you saw in

chapter 8, poverty is often defined in terms of income and is measured in a number
of different ways. The World Bank defines extreme poverty as living on less than
US $1.25 a day. Definitions of poverty can also be country specific and might
include those living on less than 50 per cent of their countrys average income or
those living below a poverty line determined by the government. Goal 1 also aims
to reduce all forms of poverty as defined by each country.
Poverty can be caused by more than a lack of income and resources. It can arise
as a result of discrimination and social exclusion. In many developing countries,
women, youth, the elderly, migrants and those with a disability are often poor as a
result of discrimination. Women are more likely than men to live in poverty due to
less access to paid work, fewer educational opportunities, a lack of rights in relation
to property ownership and inheritance, and a lack of access to natural resources,
new technologies and finance. To eradicate poverty, men and women need equal
rights and access to essential resources, services and development opportunities
such as education, health services, sanitation and transportation.
Many people suffer from chronic poverty, meaning they are poor for many years
(even their lifetime) and poverty is passed on to their children. Other people suffer
impoverishment. They return to poverty or become poor for the first time as a result
of events or crises such as illness, drought or the loss of work. Other people slip in and
out of poverty because they lack the skills, education or assets to remain permanently
above the poverty line. Their escape from poverty can be unsustainable; therefore,
social protection measures must be in place. Social protection measures (often
referred to as floors) ensure people have access when needed to:
high quality and culturally acceptable essential healthcare, including maternity
care, at no cost
basic family income security so children have adequate nutrition, education,
care, and other necessary goods and services
income security for those of working age who are unable to earn sufficient
income, particularly in the event of sickness, unemployment, maternity, and
disability
basic income security for older persons.
Source: Social Protection Floor Initiative website.

9.2 Goal 1: No poverty
Use the Social protection measures weblink in your eBookPLUS to find out more
about the importance of the social protection measures.
Weblink Natural disasters and outbreaks of disease can affect countries and their
Social protection measures
communities at any time and plunge them into poverty. Goal 1 is also concerned
with strengthening community resilience the ability to cope with these events
by putting in place strategies that help reduce risks, minimise the overall impact of
these events and protect people from being pushed into poverty if they do occur.
Why Goal 1 is important

Poverty is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality rates in developing
countries. Poverty is about deprivation. When individuals and families are poor,
they are unable to purchase food, clothing, shelter, healthcare and education.
Those living in poverty lack opportunities to participate in making decisions that
affect their lives and that of their community.
A poor country does not have the resources to provide public health services,
such as safe water and sanitation, health programs, healthcare, education and social
security benefits. Poverty is the main factor contributing to low levels of childhood
immunisation, low levels of literacy and high death rates from infectious diseases
such as tuberculosis, measles, whooping cough (pertussis), cholera, malaria and
tetanus.
Globally, the number of people living in extreme poverty has been reduced by
more than half from 1.9 billion in 1990, to 836 million in 2015 (see figure 9.2).
Economic growth in countries such as China and India has contributed to this
reduction, but progress has not been shared evenly across the developing world.
There are still over 800 million people struggling to afford their most basic human
needs, a large proportion of whom are located in southern Asia, sub-Saharan Africa
and small conflict-affected countries (see figure 9.3). There are also millions more
whose incomes are barely more than US $1.25 per day, which puts them at high
risk of slipping back into extreme poverty.
FIGURE 9.3 Global number of

extreme poor
FIGURE 9.2 Number of people living on less than $1.25 a day worldwide, 19902015 (millions)
Source: Millennium Goals Report 2015, United
Source: Millennium Goals Report 2015, United Nations, p. 15. Nations, p. 4.

Test your knowledge 5 Why would Goal 1 focus on strengthening
community resilience and reducing exposure to
1 Define extreme poverty.
environmental disasters?
2 Apart from income, what are two other causes of
poverty and who is most at risk?
APPLY your knowledge
3 What is meant by chronic poverty?
4 What are social protection measures and why are 6 In your own words describe Goal 1 and the reasons
they important? why it is important.

9.3 Goal 2: Zero hunger
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ending hunger,

achieving food security and improved nutrition, and promoting
sustainable agriculture
Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and

improved nutrition, and promote sustainable agriculture
Goal 2 aims to end all forms of hunger and malnutrition, ensure sustainable food production systems and resilient
making sure all people especially children and the agricultural practices that increase productivity and
more vulnerable have access to nutritious food all year production, maintain ecosystems, and adapt to climate
round by promoting sustainable agriculture. By 2030 the change and extreme weather are implemented
aim of this goal is to: maintain the genetic diversity of seeds, plants and
end hunger and ensure access for all people, in particular animals and ensure access for all
the poor and people in vulnerable situations, such as increase investment in agriculture infrastructure,
infants, to safe, nutritious and sufficient food research and technology
end all forms of malnutrition address trade restrictions that disadvantage farmers,
double agricultural productivity and incomes of small- particularly in developing countries
scale food producers, and ensure equal access to land adopt measures to ensure the proper functioning of
and resources global food commodity markets and ensure access to
market information.
Goal 2 is about ending all forms of hunger and malnutrition by ensuring that all
people have access to nutritious food by promoting sustainable agriculture. Hunger
is defined as the continuing lack of food needed for an active and healthy life. It
includes:
undernutrition. when people do not have enough food to meet their daily energy
requirements. Continued undernutrition can lead to wasting (substantial weight
loss) and stunting, which is when childrens height is affected by a lack of
nutrients. Children who are stunted are much smaller when compared to well-
nourished and healthy children.
malnutrition. when there is a lack of specific nutrients required for the body
to function effectively. A malnourished individual may have the required
amount of food to sustain life, but they may not be consuming the required
range of nutrients, which may put their health at risk. Of particular concern is
an inadequate intake of micronutrients, including iron, Vitamin A, iodine and
zinc. Obesity is another form of malnutrition and, as you saw in chapter 8,
the incidence of obesity in both developed and developing regions is increasing
(see figure 9.4).
Ensuring people have access to nutritious food is referred to as food security.
Food security exists when all people can regularly obtain nutritionally adequate,
culturally appropriate, safe food through local non-emergency sources. At an
individual level it also includes having the energy, protein and nutrient needs
for life, activity, pregnancy, growth and long-term capabilities. Achieving food
security requires sustainable agriculture. This refers to the capacity of agriculture
over time to provide sufficient food and other goods and services in ways that
are economically efficient and profitable, socially responsible and environmentally
sound.

FIGURE 9.4 Undernourishment and obesity rates by region, most recent year available
Source: Human Development Report, United Nations, p. 70.
The causes of hunger and a lack of food security are due to a range of factors
including:
poverty. When people lack the resources to meet their basic needs, they are
unable to purchase the food they need to meet their nutritional requirements.
Poverty is one of the most significant causes of hunger.
conflict. Many people become displaced or refugees as a result of conflict. An
influx of refugees to some areas can place additional stress on food and water
supplies. Land that was previously used by families to grow food is no longer
available and food that is available in conflict-affected areas is often used to feed
government officials and people serving in the military. Twenty one per cent of
the worlds undernourished people are affected by conflict.
global economic and political systems. Control over resources, financial systems and
trade is often based on political and economic power that tends to favour developed
nations and reduces the ability of developing nations to benefit from global systems.
To achieve zero hunger developing countries must be allowed to compete fairly in
the world agricultural markets and be paid a fair price for their products.
increasing food prices. Hunger and malnutrition often result from increases in food
prices. When countries have access to global food market information, including
information about food shortages, they can take action to limit the impact of
extreme changes in food prices.
climate change. Changes in climate have resulted in an increase in extreme
weather conditions, such as drought, flooding and other natural disasters. Lack
of rainfall means reduced capacity to grow crops, which are not only important
for feeding people within the community but also are an important source of
income for farmers and their families. As a result people are at greater risk
of malnutrition. Agricultural practices need to adapt to climate changes, and
to increase productivity and production. Agricultural practices also need to
maintain ecosystems, biodiversity and improve land and soil quality.
The food and agriculture sector is important to the achievement of zero hunger
and malnutrition. 500 million small farms, most still reliant on natural rainfall,
provide up to 80 per cent of food consumed in a large part of the developing world.
Investing in small farm holders is an important way of increasing food security
and improving nutrition, as well as increasing food production for local and
global markets. Agriculture is the single largest employer in the world, providing
livelihoods for 40 per cent of the global population. It is the largest source of
income for poor rural households. Women provide much of the agricultural
labour in developing countries, yet they do not have the same access to resources

as men. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations estimates
that if women farmers had the same access to resources as men, the number of
hungry people in the world could be reduced by up to 150 million.
Since the 1900s, almost 75 per cent of crop diversity has been lost from farmers
fields. Better use of agricultural biodiversity can contribute to more nutritious diets,
enhanced livelihoods for farming communities, and more resilient and sustainable
farming systems.
Agriculture, forestry and fisheries have the capacity to provide nutritious
food for all, generate decent incomes while still protecting the environment and
promoting sustainability. Goal 2 recognises that changes are needed to global food
and agriculture systems to meet the nutritional needs of the additional 2 billion
people expected by 2050.
Why this goal is important?

Over the last 20 years, the proportion of people suffering from undernourishment
has been reduced by almost 50 per cent (see figure 9.5). The number of children
who are stunted as a result of undernourishment has also decreased, from
199 million in 2000 to 161 million in 2013.
Good nutrition is essential for health and optimal growth and while there
have been improvements in the number of people suffering from hunger and
malnutrition, it continues to be one of the worlds most serious health problems.
Those most at risk of the effects of poor nutrition are children, particularly up until
five years of age, pregnant and lactating women, and the elderly.
Hunger and malnutrition are the biggest contributors to child mortality, causing
45 per cent of the 6.3 million preventable deaths in children under five. This is
approximately 2.8 million children. Hunger weakens the immune system and
children become too weak to fight off disease. Children suffering from hunger are
more likely to suffer from an increased frequency and severity of diseases such as
pneumonia, measles, malaria and diarrhoea, and are at greater risk of dying from
these conditions. Undernutrition is an underlying cause in 61 per cent of deaths
from diarrhoea, 57 per cent from malaria, 52 per cent from pneumonia and 45 per
cent from measles. Malnutrition in infants can be prevented by mothers exclusively
breastfeeding their babies for the first six months.
FIGURE 9.5 Number and proportion of undernourished people in the developing regions, from 19901992 to 20142016
Source: UN Millennium Goals Report, 2015, p. 20.

Micronutrients, especially iron, Vitamin A, zinc and iodine are particularly
important for good health. According to the World Health Organization,
deficiencies in iron, Vitamin A, and zinc rank among the top ten leading causes
of death and disease in developing countries. A deficiency of iron during
pregnancy can lead to maternal death and impair the physical and cognitive
development of children. Iron-deficiency anaemia contributes to 20 per cent of
all maternal deaths. Serious iodine deficiency during pregnancy can result in
stillbirth, spontaneous abortion, and congenital abnormalities such as cretinism,
a form of mental impairment. Iodine deficiency, especially during pregnancy,
affects 780 million people worldwide.
By causing poor health, small body size, low levels of energy, and reductions in
mental functioning, hunger can lead to even greater poverty by reducing peoples
ability to work and learn. Extreme hunger and malnutrition is a major barrier to
development.
There is still a considerable amount of work that needs to be done to eradicate
hunger.
Globally, one in nine people (795 million) are undernourished and do not have
enough food to lead a healthy, active life.
The vast majority of the worlds hungry people live in developing countries,
where 12.9 per cent of the population is undernourished (see figure 9.6).
Southern Asia faces the greatest hunger burden, with about 281 million
undernourished people. In sub-Saharan Africa, undernourishment is estimated
to affect 23 per cent of the population.
Poor nutrition causes almost half of all deaths in children under five.
One in four children suffer stunted growth and one in seven children are
underweight.
FIGURE 9.6 World Hunger Map

Source: World Food Programme, 2015.
Over the past 20 years overweight and obesity emerged as worldwide health
problems. Almost 30 per cent of the worlds population, or 2.1 billion people, are
overweight or obese, 62 per cent of them live in developing countries. The number
of overweight children is projected to double by 2030.

Test your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

1 What is hunger? 7 What is the difference between undernourishment
2 What does food security mean? and malnutrition?
3 What is meant by sustainable agriculture? 8 Explain two changes that could be made to help
4 Briefly explain the major causes of hunger. achieve zero hunger.
5 How has the rate of undernourishment changed over 9 How are poverty and hunger interrelated?
time? 10 Use the Undernutrition links in the Resources
6 Which micronutrients are of particular concern when section of your eBookPLUS to find
people are undernourished? the weblinks and questions for
this activity.
11 Use the Global action needed
to end malnutrition link in the
Resources section of your
eBookPLUS to find the weblink
and questions for this activity.
12 In your own words, describe Goal 2 and the reasons
why it is important.

9.4 Goal 3: Good health and wellbeing
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring healthy lives

and promoting wellbeing for all at all ages
Good health and wellbeing: Ensure healthy lives and

promote wellbeing for all at all ages
Goal 3 aims to promote physical and mental health and ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive
wellbeing, and extend life expectancy by addressing the healthcare services
major causes of morbidity and mortality in both developed achieve universal health coverage, including access to
and developing countries. The aim of this goal by 2030 is affordable essential medicines and vaccines
to: reduce deaths and illnesses from hazardous chemicals
reduce global maternal mortality to less than 70 per and air, water and soil pollution and contamination
100000 live births strengthen the implementation of the WHO Framework
end preventable deaths of newborns and children under Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries, as
five, reducing neonatal mortality to 12 per 1000 live appropriate
births and under-5 mortality to 25 per 1000 live births support the research and development of vaccines and
end the epidemics of AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria and medicines for communicable and non-communicable
neglected tropical diseases, and combat hepatitis, water- diseases and provide access to affordable essential
borne diseases and other communicable diseases medicines and vaccines
reduce by one third premature mortality from increase investment in healthcare services and qualified
non-communicable diseases through prevention and healthcare staff, especially in the least developed
treatment, and promote mental health and wellbeing countries and small island developing states
strengthen the prevention and treatment of substance strengthen the capacity of all countries to manage
abuse, including drugs and alcohol national and global health risks.
halve global deaths and injuries from road traffic
accidents
The aim of this goal is to reduce maternal mortality, prevent deaths of newborns
and those under five, end epidemics of communicable diseases; reduce the
incidence of non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer,
diabetes, chronic respiratory disease, and reduce the burden of disease associated
with drug and alcohol misuse and road traffic accidents.
Maternal mortality refers to the number of mothers who die as a result of
complications during pregnancy and childbirth. Most maternal deaths occur in
developing countries and are due to five main causes: haemorrhage (excessive
bleeding); sepsis (an infection that affects the whole body); obstructed labour (i.e.
when the baby cannot pass through the birth canal, either due to the mothers
small pelvis or the position of the baby in the uterus); unsafe abortion and
hypertensive disease. When women have access to prenatal care, many of these
deaths can be prevented. Qualified health workers are able to monitor the mothers
and babys health and reduce the risk of complications. During childbirth, skilled
birth attendants can assist with obstructed labour and provide medical assistance
if a caesarean section is required or if haemorrhaging occurs. Giving birth in a
clinic greatly reduces the risk of infection during childbirth due to the hygienic
environment.
In developing countries many women and girls of reproductive age do
not have access to contraceptives or family planning services, which enable

them to plan the number of children they have and the spacing of births. By
allowing two years between births, mothers and infants are more likely to
survive and stay healthy. Pregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of
maternal mortality, as girls are often still developing and their bodies are less
able to cope with pregnancy and childbirth. Complications from pregnancy and
childbirth are the leading cause of death among girls aged 15 to 19 years in
developing countries. Stillbirths and newborn deaths are 50 per cent higher
among infants born to adolescent mothers compared to infants born to mothers
aged 20 to 29.
Goal 3 also aims to end preventable deaths of newborns and children under
five. Many infant deaths occur in the neonatal period the first 28 days of
life. Up to half of all these deaths occur within the first 24 hours of life, and
75 per cent occur in the first week. The 48 hours immediately following birth is
the most crucial period for newborn survival. Many deaths are due to preterm
birth, birth asphyxia, or lack of breathing at birth, and infections. Access to
safe childbirth practices and effective neonatal care could prevent many of these
deaths.
Children who reach their fifth birthday have a much greater chance of surviving
into adulthood. Many deaths of children under five occur in developing countries
and are due to preventable causes such as malnutrition, malaria, diarrhoea, measles
and pneumonia. Breastfeeding and access to health services such as vaccination
and antibiotics could reduce the under-five mortality rate significantly.
Goal 3 seeks to end epidemics of communicable diseases. Examples include
AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, water-borne diseases and tropical diseases
such as dengue fever and yaws.
AIDS (Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome) is caused by the Human
Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), which damages and weakens the bodys immune
system. The virus destroys and impairs the function of immune cells. The body
loses the ability to fight infections, and the person eventually develops AIDS, during
which time they may suffer from infections, cancers and other diseases, which
leads to death. Globally HIV/AIDS is a major cause of morbidity and mortality,
particularly in developing countries.
The HIV virus is transmitted via the exchange of infected bodily fluids
such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions and breast milk. It is usually spread
by sexual intercourse without a condom and by sharing needles and syringes.
It is estimated that between 7585 per cent of adults who are HIV positive
contracted the infection through unprotected sexual intercourse. HIV can also
be passed from an infected mother to a child during pregnancy, birth or via
breastfeeding.
There is currently no cure for HIV and there is no vaccine to prevent the disease.
However, antiretroviral (ARV) therapy helps delay and in some cases prevent the
progression of HIV to AIDS. ARV involves a combination of three or more drugs
that stop the virus from reproducing. However, it does not eliminate the virus from
the body and the drugs need to be taken continuously.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease caused by parasites that are transmitted to
people when bitten by infected female mosquitoes. Young children and pregnant
women are at greater risk of contracting the disease. Malaria causes fever, headache,
diarrhoea and vomiting and, if left untreated, can disrupt blood supply to internal
organs, which causes death. Malaria can be prevented through the use of anti-
malaria insecticide treated bed nets, the spraying of insecticide within homes and
anti-malarial medicines.
Another disease that has a significant impact on the health of people in developing
countries is tuberculosis (TB). TB is a disease that affects the lungs. It is highly
contagious and is caused by bacteria that can spread from person to person via the

air through coughing and sneezing. Its symptoms include night sweats, persistent
cough, tiredness, weight loss and coughing up blood. If left untreated, TB destroys
lung tissue and results in death. It mostly affects adults, although all age groups
are at risk. TB is treatable and curable with access to appropriate medicines. The
eradication of TB depends on prevention through vaccination, early detection of
new cases and access to effective treatment.
Hepatitis is an inflammation of the liver commonly caused by a viral infection.
There are five types of hepatitis that contribute to the global burden of disease, and
have the greatest potential for outbreaks and epidemic spread. These are referred
to as types A, B, C, D and E. Hepatitis types B and C lead to chronic disease
in hundreds of millions of people, and together are the most common cause
of liver cirrhosis and cancer. Hepatitis B and C is spread through contact with
infected body fluids, while hepatitis A and E are usually caused by consuming
contaminated food or water. Hepatitis can cause extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting
and abdominal pain.
Goal 3 also seeks to reduce the incidence of non-communicable diseases such as
cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and chronic respiratory disease. It also seeks
to address morbidity and mortality rates associated with drug and alcohol misuse
and road traffic accidents. Non-communicable diseases affect both developed and
developing countries. Risk factors include tobacco use, insufficient physical activity,
harmful consumption of alcohol and unhealthy diet. Implementation of the WHO
Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in all countries would substantially
reduce deaths due to smoking.
Why this goal is important

While significant improvements have been made in reducing neonatal mortality
rates, under-five mortality rates, maternal mortality rates and mortality rates from
other diseases, much more needs to be done to ensure everyone is able to live a
healthy life. As global life expectancy has increased, non-communicable diseases
have become major health issues affecting all regions of the world.
Child health
Since 1990 the global under-five mortality rate has been reduced by more than
half, from 90 to 43 deaths per 1000 live births or approximately 6 million
deaths. However, approximately 16000 children under five continue to die
every day mostly from preventable causes, such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and
malaria.
Since 1990, neonatal mortality rates have fallen from 33 deaths to 19 deaths per
1000 live births, yet 1 million infants continue to die in their first week of life,
and 2.8 million will die during their first 28 days of life.
Improvements in child health have not been shared equally. Four out of every
five deaths of children under the age of five now occurs in sub-Saharan Africa
and southern Asia. Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die
before the age of five as those from wealthier families. Children of educated
mothers even mothers with only primary schooling are more likely to
survive than children of mothers with no education.
Since 2000, measles vaccines have saved almost 15.6 million lives and reduced
the number of measles cases reported by 67 per cent. Around 84 per cent of
children worldwide received at least one dose of the measles vaccine compared
FIGURE 9.7 Global measles vaccine
to 73 per cent in 2000 (see figure 9.7). However, many children do not receive coverage
the full vaccination schedule or are not vaccinated at all, and are at risk of dying Source: Millennium Development Goals Report
from preventable diseases. 2015, United Nations, p. 5.

Maternal health
The number of mothers who survive childbirth has significantly improved. The
maternal mortality ratio has dropped by 45 per cent worldwide between 1990
and 2013, or from 380 maternal deaths per 100000 live births to 210 (see
figure 9.8).
More women are receiving antenatal care. In developing regions, antenatal
care increased from 65 per cent in 2000 to 83 per cent in 2012. However, in
developing regions only half of all pregnant women receive the recommended
minimum of four antenatal care visits.
The percentage of births assisted by skilled health personnel increased from
59 per cent in 1990 to more than 71 per cent in 2014. However in developing
countries, only 56 per cent of births in rural areas are attended by skilled health
FIGURE 9.8 Global maternal personnel, compared with 87 per cent in urban areas.
mortality ratio (deaths per 100000 live
Contraceptive prevalence among women aged 15 to 49 worldwide increased
births)
from 55 per cent in 1990 to 64 per cent in 2015. Fewer adolescents in most
Source: Millennium Development Goals Report
2015, United Nations, p. 6. developing regions are now having children.
Despite these improvements, every day hundreds of women are still dying
during pregnancy or from childbirth-related complications. Most of these deaths
occur in developing countries, where the maternal mortality ratio is about 14 times
higher than in the developed regions. In 2013 there were an estimated 289000
maternal deaths, or approximately 800 women dying each day, most of which are
preventable.
HIV/AIDS
Deaths from AIDS-related diseases fell by 35 per cent between 2005 and 2013.
New HIV infections were reduced by 40 per cent between 2000 and 2013 from
3.5 million cases to 2.1 million.
New HIV infections among children declined by 58 per cent from 2001.
In 2014, 13.6 million people living with HIV were receiving antiretroviral
therapy, which was an increase from just 800000 in 2003 (see figure 9.9).
There have been some positive trends in relation to deaths from AIDS-related
illnesses, new cases of HIV and access to antiretroviral medication for those
living with HIV. However, ending the epidemic of AIDS remains a significant
challenge.
FIGURE 9.9 Global antiretroviral
In 2013, 1.5 million people died from AIDS-related illnesses and an estimated
therapy treatment 35 million people were living with HIV.
Source: Millennium Development Goals Report At the end of 2013, there were still around 2.1 million people infected with HIV
2015, United Nations, p. 6. each year, with 240000 of these being children.
Despite improvements in access to ART only around 36 per cent of the
31.5 million people living with HIV in developing regions were receiving ART
in 2013.
AIDS is the leading cause of death among adolescents aged 10 to 19 in Africa,
and the second most common cause of death among adolescents globally. In
2013, 2.1 million adolescents were living with HIV and there were 250000
new HIV infections among this group, two thirds of which were among
girls. Adolescent girls and young women face gender-based inequalities,
exclusion, discrimination and violence, which put them at increased risk of
acquiring HIV.
There is still a lack of knowledge about HIV, its causes and how it can be
prevented, particularly among youth. In sub-Saharan Africa less than 40 per cent
of youth aged 15 to 24 have correct knowledge of HIV.
HIV is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age worldwide.

Malaria and other communicable diseases
There has been progress made in relation to the burden of disease associated with
malaria and TB but greater efforts are needed if goal 3 is to be achieved.
Between 2000 and 2015, the number of deaths from malaria declined by
6.2 million. These were mainly children under five years of age in sub-Saharan
Africa. The incidence of malaria also fell by around 37 per cent. This was partly
due to the provision of more than 900 million insecticide-treated mosquito
nets to people living in malaria-prone countries in sub-Saharan Africa between
2004 and 2014. Despite this, 214 million people suffered from malaria and it
contributed to 472000 deaths globally in 2015. The disease is still endemic in
97 countries around the world, with 3.3 billion people being at risk of infection.
Between 2000 and 2013, tuberculosis prevention, diagnosis and treatment
interventions led to mortality rates from TB falling by 45 per cent, or 37 million
lives. However, in 2014, 9.6 million people fell ill with TB and 1.5 million died
from the disease. Over 95 per cent of TB deaths occur in low- and middle-
income countries and the disease is among the top five causes of death for
women aged 1444.
Several parasitic conditions continue to cause considerable morbidity and
disability: schistosomiasis affects over 200 million people, trachoma affects
over 150 million people, and trypanosomiasis, or sleeping sickness, affects over
55 million people.
Non-communicable diseases
Globally, cardiovascular disease accounts for most non-communicable diseases
(affecting 17.5 million people), followed by cancers (8.2 million people), respiratory
diseases (4 million) and diabetes (1.5 million). Together these diseases account for
82 per cent of the 38 million deaths from non-communicable diseases each year.
Three quarters of these deaths occur in low and middle income countries.
Around 1.25 million people die each year from road traffic accidents and a
further 2050 million people suffer non-fatal injuries, with many suffering from
a disability due to the injury. Ninety per cent of these deaths occur in low- and
middle-income countries, even though these countries have only half the worlds
vehicles. Without action, road traffic accidents are predicted to become the seventh
leading cause of death by 2030. Those aged between 15 and 44 account for 48 per
cent of global road traffic accidents.

1 What does maternal mortality mean? 8 What factors have contributed to a reduction in the
2 What are the five main causes of maternal death and under-five mortality rate?
how could they be prevented? 9 What actions are recommended by the WHO
3 How could access to sexual and reproductive health Framework Convention for Tobacco Control?
services contribute to reducing maternal mortality? 10 Explain why most maternal deaths occur in
4 What are the major causes of under-five mortality developing countries.
and how could they be prevented? 11 Use the Good health and wellbeing link
5 Explain why ART is important in addressing the AIDS in the Resources section of your eBookPLUS
epidemic. to find the weblink and activities for this
6 How can malaria be prevented? question.
7 What non-communicable diseases are the focus of 12 In your own words, describe Goal 3 and the reasons
Goal 3? why it is important.

9.5 Goal 4: Quality education
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring inclusive

and equitable quality education and promote lifelong learning
opportunities for all
Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable

quality education and promote lifelong learning
This goal addresses the need for girls and boys to have eliminate all disparities in education and vocational
equal access to high quality education at all levels, training, including people with disabilities, indigenous
from pre-primary through to tertiary and to develop the people and vulnerable children
vocational skills needed for employment. By 2030 the aim ensure all youth and adults have adequate literacy and
is to: numeracy skills
ensure all children complete free, equitable and quality ensure all learners are taught curriculum that promotes
primary and secondary education sustainable development
ensure all children have access to quality early childhood build and upgrade education facilities
development, care and pre-primary education expand the number of scholarships available to
ensure all adults have equal access to affordable and developing countries for essential skills training
quality technical, vocational and tertiary education increase the number of qualified teachers.
increase the number of youth and adults who have
relevant skills for employment
Quality education is the foundation for improving peoples lives and achieving
sustainable development. Education promotes literacy, which leads to greater
employment prospects and increased income. At an individual level an income
provides the capacity to purchase nutritious food, shelter, clean water and healthcare.
Those who are educated are more likely to ensure their own children are educated.
Economic growth is dependent upon the skills of the population. A more highly
skilled workforce increases the capacity of governments to provide necessary
services and infrastructure to support those who need it.
In many developing countries governments lack the funding or the political desire
to provide education for all children and to allocate necessary resources needed to
train high quality teachers. This goal is not just about providing access to education
but to ensuring quality education delivered by quality teachers is available. Quality
education develops creativity and knowledge, literacy and numeracy skills as well
as analytical, problem-solving and other high-level cognitive, interpersonal and
social skills. It also develops the skills, values and attitudes that enable people to
lead healthy and fulfilled lives, make informed decisions, and respond to local and
global challenges, such as sustainable development. Quality education ensures ICT
is used to facilitate these skills.
This goal focuses on more than the provision of primary, secondary and
tertiary education. It recognises the importance of early childhood education,
which is crucial to students success in later stages of schooling and beyond. The
brain develops quickly during the first five years of life 85 per cent of brain
development during this period. The environment a child is exposed to in the early
years has a huge influence on later outcomes. Quality early childhood education
provides a safe and stimulating environment that promotes cognitive skills.

At primary, secondary and tertiary levels the emphasis is on the completion
of 12 years of publicly funded, high-quality primary and secondary education,
of which at least 9 years are compulsory. The goal includes providing training
opportunities for children and adolescents who are currently not in school and
who need ongoing support to keep them in school. All youth and adults, especially
girls and women, must be given opportunities to acquire literacy and numeracy
skills by being provided with adult learning, education and training opportunities.
Girls are less likely to enrol in or complete primary and secondary education
for a variety of reasons. Factors such as drought, food shortages, armed conflict,
poverty, child labour and HIV/AIDS contribute to low school enrolment and high
drop-out rates for both boys and girls; however, they tend to have a greater impact
on girls. In particular, lack of access to water and sanitation results in females
spending significant proportions of the day fetching water. This means they are
unable to attend school. The lack of sanitation facilities also impacts on girls
enrolment at school. Families are less likely to send their female children to school
if separate and private toileting facilities are not provided for girls. For families on
limited incomes, male children are often provided with educational opportunities
before their female siblings.

Since 2000 there has been enormous progress in achieving universal primary
education. The total enrolment rate in developing regions reached 91 per cent in
2015, and the worldwide number of children out of school dropped by almost half.
There has also been a dramatic increase in literacy rates, and many more girls are
in school than ever before. The literacy rate among youth aged 15 to 24 increased
globally from 83 per cent in 1990 to 89 per cent in 2010. This improvement was
largely a result of increasing attendance at primary and secondary school among
younger generations. By the end of 2015, 91 per cent of youth were able to read
and write. Youth literacy rates are estimated to be 93 per cent for young men and
90 per cent for young women. This still leaves an estimated 103 million illiterate
youth in 2015.
Although achievements are significant, there is still a great deal of work that
needs to be done.
124 million children and youth are not enrolled in school and 757 million
adults, two thirds of whom are women, cannot read or write.
Globally, 250 million children have not learned basic skills, even though
130 million of them have spent at least four years in school.
There are 30 million displaced children around the world and 10 million of them
are refugees. Most of these children are not at school. Approximately 50 per cent
of out-of-school children of primary school age live in conflict-affected areas.
Children from the poorest households are still four times more likely to be out
of school than those from the richest households. Disparities between rural and
urban areas also remain high.
Youth, especially young women, continue to be affected by limited employment
opportunities and unemployment. In 2015, only four in ten young women and
men aged 15 to 24 were employed, and around 74 million young people were
looking for a job. The youth unemployment rate is almost three times higher
than the rate for adults.
Women are less likely to participate in the labour force than men. As of
2015, about 50 per cent of all working-age women (aged 15 and above) were
employed, compared to 77 per cent of men. Despite their progress in education,
women face a more difficult transition to paid work and receive lower earnings
than men.

9.5 Goal 4: Quality education
TEST your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

1 What is meant by quality education? 4 Use the Quality education link in
2 Why is early childhood education important? the Resources section of your
3 Why are girls less likely to attend school than boys? eBookPLUS to find the weblink and activities
for this question.

9.6 Goal 5: Gender equality
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of achieving gender

equality and empowering all women and girls
Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower

all women and girls
This goal seeks to end discrimination and violence against ensure womens full and effective participation and
women and girls by addressing the barriers that exist to equal opportunities for leadership at all levels of
gender equality. Gender equality is not only a social issue decision making in political, economic and public life
but also an economic one. By 2030 the aim is to: ensure universal access to sexual and reproductive health
end all forms of discrimination against all women and ensure women have equal rights to economic resources,
girls everywhere access to ownership and control over land and other
end all forms of violence against women and girls, forms of property, financial services, inheritance and
including human trafficking and sexual exploitation natural resources
eliminate harmful practices, such as child, early and improve the use of ICT to support equality and empower
forced marriage and female genital mutilation women
recognise and value unpaid domestic work adopt policies and legislation that support gender
equality and empowerment of all women.
As you saw in chapter 8, gender equality refers to the situation where women
and men have the same level of power and control over all aspects of their
lives. Gender equality is a basic human right, yet despite comprising half of the
worlds population, women and girls do not experience gender equality. Gender
inequality is firmly entrenched in every society. Women face discrimination in all
areas of political, economic and social life. In many developing countries they are
denied access to basic education and healthcare and are victims of violence and
discrimination. Women are underrepresented in political and economic decision-
making processes and lack access to work beyond the agricultural sector, where
they tend to undertake almost 80 per cent of the unpaid work. When women
take on leadership roles in government, policies and legislation promoting gender
equality are more likely to occur.
In some countries, the law discriminates against women. In some developing
countries women are not permitted to vote, own property, take out loans from
banks, or take ownership of possessions arising from an inheritance. In other
words, if a womans land-owning husband dies, she does not have the legal right
to take ownership of that land. In some developing countries, women and girls are
considered to be the property of their husband or father. A man has the right to
marry off his daughters at a young age or sell them into prostitution. With no legal
right to ownership of property or access to finance, women can find themselves
victims of human trafficking and sexual exploitation.
This goal also aims to end violent and harmful practices, such as female genital
mutilation, which is the practice of partially or totally removing girls external
genital organs for non-medical reasons. Genital mutilation has serious impacts
on girls psychological, sexual and reproductive health. It can increase the risk of
contracting HIV and can cause complications during pregnancy and childbirth,
which can lead to the death of the mother and baby. It is mainly carried out before
a girl turns 15. It is internationally recognised as an extreme form of violation of the

9.6 Goal 5: Gender equality
rights, health and integrity of women and girls. However, it is still practised in over
29 countries and affects around 100 to 140 million girls and women worldwide.
Government policies can remove barriers to womens advancement in the
workplace. Measures such as those related to workplace harassment and equal
pay, mandatory parental leave, equitable opportunities to expand knowledge and
expertise, and measures to eliminate the attrition of human capital and expertise can
help improve womens outcomes at work. Paid parental leave is crucial. More equal
parental leave could help ensure high rates of female labour-force participation,
wage-gap reductions and a better worklife balance for women and men. Many
countries now offer parental leave that can be split between mothers and fathers.

Providing women and girls with equal access to education, healthcare, decent
work, and representation in political and economic decision-making processes
is important if sustainable development is to occur. Educating and empowering
women and girls not only boosts their chances of getting a job, staying healthy,
and participating in society, but also has a significant impact on the health of their
children. Educating women and girls also results in falling fertility rates and stable
population growth. A mothers income has 20 times more impact on child survival
than a fathers income. Educated mothers have fewer and healthier children, they
are 50 per cent more likely to immunise their children than uneducated mothers,
and their children have a 40 per cent higher survival rate. They are also twice as
likely to send their own children to school as mothers without an education.
Educating women and girls is the single most effective measure to raise overall
economic productivity, lower infant and maternal mortality, educate the next
generation, improve nutrition, and promote health. Educated girls marry later, are
less likely to experience sexual violence, and are more likely to be able to protect
themselves from HIV/AIDS and other diseases.
Empowering women and girls is important for economic growth and ending
poverty. Small loans to women in Bangladesh increased family income twice as
much as similar loans to men. Water and sanitation systems controlled by women
have been shown to be more sustainable and effective than those controlled by
men.
Since 2000 there have been improvements made in relation to achieving gender
equality. In 2015 more girls were in school and most regions reached gender
equality in primary education. However, in developing countries there are still only
96 girls for every 100 boys in primary school and 95 girls for every 100 boys
in secondary school. At the tertiary education level the gap between males and
females is much higher. In some developing countries girls still face many barriers
to being able to attend both primary and secondary school.
In 2015 women comprised up to 41 per cent of paid workers outside of
agriculture, compared to 35 per cent in 1990. However, there are still enormous
inequalities in access to paid employment in some regions, and significant gaps
between men and women in the labour market. There is unequal division of
unpaid care and domestic work, with women still carrying the responsibility for
this work. Women worldwide undertake most of the unpaid care work, which
includes mainly housework (such as preparing meals, fetching firewood, collecting
water and cleaning) and care work (such as caring for children, the sick and older
people) in the home and community. Due to their disproportionate share of care
work, women have less time than men for other activities, including paid work
and education. Women earn 10 to 30 per cent less than men for the same work
and women and girls are 16 per cent less likely to have access to information
communication technologies, such as mobile phones and computers.

Globally, the number of females represented in parliament has increased to
30 per cent in some countries, but in others it is still as low as 19 per cent. Women
continue to be underrepresented in most national parliaments.
Violence against women is widespread. One in three women has been subject
to physical or sexual violence. Sexual violence and exploitation is present in every
society and despite efforts made to end female genital mutilation, in 2012 it was
performed on about 12 million girls aged between 15 and 19.

1 What is meant by gender equality? 6 Why is it important for women to hold leadership
2 In what areas do women face discrimination? roles in government?
3 Why are women often victims of trafficking and 7 Explain the relationship between girls education and
sexual exploitation? fertility rates.
4 What role can government policies play in ensuring 8 Use the Gender equality link in the
gender equality? Resources section of your eBookPLUS to
5 What improvements have been made in achieving find the weblink and activities for this question.
gender equality? 9 In your own words, describe Goal 5 and the reasons

9.7 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring everyone

has access to water and sanitation

Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability and
sustainable management of water and sanitation for all
This goal is about ensuring that all people are able to increase the efficient use of water and ensure sustainable
enjoy clean water and adequate sanitation. By 2030 the access to clean water
aim is to: implement integrated water resources management at
achieve universal and equitable access to safe and all levels, including across borders
affordable drinking water protect and restore water-related ecosystems
enable access to adequate and equitable sanitation and expand international cooperation and capacity to support
hygiene for all developing countries to achieve their targets
improve water quality by reducing pollution, eliminating support the participation of local communities in water
dumping and minimising release of hazardous chemicals and sanitation management.
and materials
Clean water is essential for good health and survival. Every day, each person
requires 2050 litres of water for drinking, cooking and hygiene. Sanitation refers
to the safe disposal of human urine and faeces, as well as the maintenance of
hygienic conditions through garbage collection and the disposal of wastewater.
Having access to clean water and sanitation is a basic human right, yet many
people, most of them in developing countries, are suffering and dying from diseases
that are caused by unsafe water and poor sanitation. Over 800000 people in low-
and middle-income countries die as a result of inadequate water, sanitation and
hygiene each year. Water transmits disease when it is contaminated by bacteria,
viruses, parasites or other micro-organisms. These contaminants enter drinking
water through animals and humans excreting into a catchment area, contaminated
water seeping into leaky or damaged pipes in a distribution system, and from
unhygienic handling of stored household water.
Contamination from industrial and agricultural waste, such as pesticides, arsenic
and other chemicals, causes water to become unsafe. It is estimated that every
day 2 million tons of waste including human excreta and agricultural wastes is
dumped into lakes and rivers. When safe water is not available wastewater is used
for agricultural production, which can result in disease. Without safe water people
cannot bathe, or clean their clothes or homes properly.
Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated water, but
almost 240 million people are affected by schistosomiasis, an acute and chronic
disease caused by parasitic worms contracted through exposure to infested water.
Many others are suffering and dying from diseases such as cholera, dysentery,
hepatitis A, typhoid and trachoma, all of which are the result of unsafe water and
sanitation.
Understanding water quality and how it is conserved, used and distributed in
communities is necessary to determine whether there is enough water to meet
the needs of households, farms, industry and the environment. Water scarcity
affects one in three people globally. It can be caused by drought or conflict or
the lack adequate infrastructure, which means women and children have to walk
long distances to collect water. When water is scarce people use unsafe sources of

drinking water and may decide hand washing is not a priority, which adds to the
likelihood of diarrhoea and other diseases.
Demands on water are expected to increase with population growth and rising
incomes, both of which will lead to an increase in consumption and waste. Many
people are moving to urban areas, especially in developing countries. This places
greater stress on water and sanitation infrastructure and services.
Water used for agricultural purposes, particularly in developing countries,
accounts for 70 per cent of total water use. Unsustainable agricultural practices and
growing industrial production will increase water pollution as well as water use.
Along with climate change and the corresponding variability in weather patterns,
water scarcity is expected to reach crisis levels in many parts of the world. By 2025
almost two-thirds of the worlds population is expected to live in countries affected
by chronic and recurring shortages of water. Water scarcity has the potential to
become a more frequent cause of conflict.
Ensuring everyone has access to safe water and sanitation by 2030 means
countries need to invest in adequate infrastructure, provide sanitation facilities and
encourage hygiene practices. However, infrastructure on its own will not solve the
problem. People need to be educated so they understand the links between clean
water, sanitation and health. This is more likely to be successful with participation
from local communities to ensure culturally appropriate communication tools are
used and school based programs are implemented.
There is enough fresh water on the planet to meet everyones needs, but it
requires careful management and good infrastructure. Water is a scarce and
precious resource with multiple and connected uses: drinking, washing, agriculture,
industry, transport, recreation, and the maintenance of human and ecosystem
health. It affects food security, livelihood choices and educational opportunities for
poor families across the world. Achieving clean water and sanitation for everyone
requires coordinating policy and action in the development of water, land and
related resources to maximise economic and social welfare without threatening the
long-term sustainability of environmental systems. Water-related ecosystems such
as forests, mountains, wetlands and rivers should be protected and restored.
International cooperation is also needed to encourage water efficiency and support
treatment technologies in developing countries.

Over the last 20 to 25 years there have been
significant improvements in global access to clean
water and sanitation. Ninety one per cent of the
worlds population now have access to improved
drinking water sources, compared with 76 per
cent in 1990. This represents more than 2.6 billion
people. 4.2 billion people can now access water
through a piped connection and 2.4 billion people
have access to water through other improved
sources, including public taps, protected wells and
boreholes (see figure 9.10).
In 2015, 68 per cent of the worlds population had
access to improved sanitation facilities, including
flush toilets and covered latrines, an increase of
2.1 billion people and the proportion of people
practising open defecation (going to the toilet in
open spaces such as street gutters, behind bushes FIGURE 9.10 1.9 billion people have gained access to piped drinking
or into open bodies of water where it ends up in water since 1990.
waterways) has been halved. Source: Millennium Development Goals Report, United Nations, p. 7.

9.7 Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation
Despite these improvements there is still a long way to go to achieve the goal
of clean water and sanitation for all. Every day almost 1000 children are dying
from diarrhoea cause by contaminated water and poor sanitation. Many others
suffer from diseases such as intestinal worms, schistosomiasis, trachoma, cholera,
hepatitis A and typhoid. Lack of access to clean water and sanitation is also a major
contributor to malnutrition and poverty.
Globally, 663 million people do not have access to safe water.
Access to an improved water source is higher in urban areas where 96 per cent
have access compared to 84 per cent in rural areas. Only one in five people can
access their water through a piped system in rural areas compared to four out of
five people in urban areas.
In low- and middle-income countries, 38 per cent of healthcare facilities lack
any water source, 19 per cent do not have improved sanitation and 35 per cent
lack water and soap for hand washing.
2.4 billion people worldwide lack access to sanitation facilities such as toilets or
latrines, and 946 million people are still practising open defecation.
Almost half the people living in rural areas do not have improved sanitation
facilities, with one in four still practising open defecation. In urban areas 18 per
cent of people lack access to improved sanitation.
Water scarcity affects more than 40 per cent of the global population and this
is expected to rise. Over 1.7 billion people live in areas where the demand for
water is greater than the supply available.
More than 80 per cent of wastewater due to human activities is discharged into
rivers or the ocean without any pollution removal and almost 70 per cent of the
water taken from rivers, lakes and aquifers is used for irrigation.
At least 10 per cent of the worlds population is thought to consume food
irrigated by wastewater.
Improved water and sanitation along with better management of water resources
can boost economic growth and can contribute greatly to poverty reduction. Every
US$1 spent on sanitation brings a $5.50 return by keeping people healthy and
productive. The potential global economic gains from investing in sanitation and
water are estimated to be $260 billion per year. Poor sanitation, on the other hand,
costs countries between 0.5 and 7.2 per cent of their GDP.

1 How much water does a person need each day? 9 Why is access to safe water and sanitation a basic
What is this water used for? human right?
2 What is meant by sanitation? 10 Use the SDG 6 link in the
3 What are the ways in which water can become Resources section of your
contaminated? eBookPLUS to find the weblinks
4 What diseases are associated with a lack of access to and questions for this activity.
safe water and sanitation? 11 Discuss the relationship between safe water and
5 What factors influence whether there is enough environmental sustainability.
water available to meet peoples needs? 12 Explain how safe water and sanitation contributes
6 Why is water scarcity a problem? to the elimination of malnutrition and poverty.
7 What is needed to ensure everyone has access to 13 In your own words, describe Goal 6 and the reasons
safe water and sanitation by 2030? why it is important.
8 What improvements have been made in relation to
global access to safe water and sanitation?

9.8 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
KEY CONCEPT The importance of promoting sustained, inclusive and

sustainable economic growth, full productive employment and decent
work for all
Decent work and economic growth: Promote sustained,

inclusive and sustainable economic growth, full and
productive employment and decent work for all
The aim of Goal 8 is to achieve full and productive reduce the proportion of youth not in employment,
employment and decent work for all women and men. By education or training and implement a global strategy
2030 the aim is to: for youth employment
enable sustained per capita economic growth end forced labour, slavery and human trafficking and
increase economic productivity end all forms of child labour, including the recruitment
promote development-oriented policies that support and use of child soldiers
productive activities, job creation, entrepreneurship, protect workers rights and promote safe and secure
creativity and innovation, and encourage the growth working environments for all workers, including
of small business by providing access to financial migrant workers
services implement policies to promote sustainable tourism that
improve global resource efficiency in consumption and creates jobs and promotes local culture and products
production and prevent environmental degradation strengthen the capacity of domestic financial institutions
achieve full and productive employment and decent to encourage and expand access to banking, insurance
work for all, including young people and persons with and financial services for all
disabilities, ensuring equal pay for work of equal value increase Aid for Trade support for developing countries.
Economic growth refers to an increase in the amount of goods and services

produced per head of the population over time. This goal is about achieving
sustained economic growth by implementing policies and practices that encourage
high levels of productivity, technological innovation and entrepreneurship, and
which promote job creation without harming the environment. The achievement
of this goal would see an end to forced labour, slavery and human trafficking, all
of which are barriers to the achievement of full and productive employment and
decent work.
To stimulate the economy and sustain economic growth, countries must create
opportunities for everyone of working age to have full and productive employment.
Economic growth is more likely when individuals and small business owners have
easy access to finance to help them either start up or expand their business. More
businesses means more jobs created.
Although having a job is important, the quality of work, working conditions and
the value society places on that work is also important. Policies must be in place so
workers are able to work in conditions that are safe and free of workplace bullying
and violence, receive fair pay, have opportunities for advancement and are free
from discrimination on the basis of gender, race and sexual orientation. Workplaces
must allow for worklife balance, promote social interaction and participation, and
provide dignity and a sense of pride.
The work done by women and children is often undervalued. From an early age,
women are expected to be the caregivers within families and perform all domestic
duties, including growing food or carrying water long distances. They often work

9.8 Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth
other jobs, some involving hard physical labour. Women are usually paid less than
men even though they might be required to perform the same duties.
Unfortunately, many people around the world, especially those living in
developing countries, work in conditions that violate their basic human rights and
destroy their dignity. Included are 168 million children worldwide (almost 11 per
cent of all children) who work as child labourers, forced labourers and trafficked
workers (see figure 9.11). Forced labour is thought to generate around $150 billion
a year in illegal profits. After arms and drug trafficking, human trafficking is the
most lucrative illegal business worldwide. It will therefore take international
cooperation and political commitment to eradicate.
FIGURE 9.11 Corrosive and

exploitative work shatters human
development.
Source: Human Development Report 2015, United
Nations, p. 6.

Decent work and full and productive employment means people are able to earn
an income, which allows them to improve their standard of living.
In most developing countries, women, young people and those with a disability
are more likely to live in poverty and are less likely to be fully employed. In
2015 only four in ten people aged 15 to 24 were employed. This is a growth in

unemployment of 10 per cent from 1991. Youth unemployment rates are three
times higher than the rate for adults and 75 million of unemployed people are
young women and men. World unemployment is at a very high level and the
situation has been getting worse rather than improving.
Nearly 2.2 billion people live below the US$2 poverty line and poverty
eradication is only possible through stable and well-paid jobs.
Global unemployment has increased from 170 million in 2007 to almost
204 million in 2015.
In many places, having a job doesnt guarantee an escape from poverty.
830 million people are considered as being working poor. These workers live
on less than US$2.00 per day.
A further 1.5 billion people are in vulnerable or unstable employment, usually
without decent working conditions, opportunities for their voices to be heard
or social security benefits. This means that in the event of an illness, injury or
workplace accident, these workers have no protection and therefore no income.
The number of jobs available is not increasing fast enough to meet the needs
of the growing number of people who need to find work. 470 million jobs are
needed globally to meet the needs of the labour market by 2030.
1 million people, many of them children, are in forced to labour long hours
in environments that are not regulated to ensure their safety. Many children
die or suffer permanent disability, which affects their ability to work and earn
an income in the future, thereby continuing the cycle of poverty into the next
generation.
14 million women and girls are trafficked for their labour and 4.5 million are
subjected to sexual exploitation, which exposes them to considerable risk and
violates their human rights and dignity. If this goal is achieved it would improve
the lives of 168 million child labourers and 21 million forced labourers.

1 What is meant by decent work? 4 Use the Decent work links in the Resources
2 Which groups are most at risk of not having an section of your eBookPLUS to find the
opportunity for full employment and decent work? weblinks and questions for this activity.
3 What has been the trend in world unemployment? 5 In your own words, describe Goal 8 and
the reasons why it is important.

9.9 Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions
KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of just, peaceful and

inclusive societies
Peace, justice and strong institutions: Promote peaceful

and inclusive societies for sustainable development,
provide access to justice for all and build effective,
accountable and inclusive institutions at all levels
This goal is about building peaceful and inclusive societies develop effective, accountable and transparent
that respect human rights. It is about reducing all forms institutions at all levels
of violence, strengthening laws, promoting human rights ensure responsive, inclusive, participatory and
and working with governments and communities to find representative decision-making at all levels
sustainable solutions to conflict. By 2030 the aim is to: broaden and strengthen the participation of developing
reduce all forms of violence and related deaths countries in global governance
end abuse, exploitation, trafficking and all forms of provide legal identity for all, including birth registration
violence against children ensure public access to information and protect
promote the rule of law at national and international fundamental freedoms
levels and ensure equal access to justice for all strengthen relevant national institutions, particularly
reduce illicit financial and arms flows, strengthen the in developing countries, to prevent violence and stop
recovery and return of stolen assets and stop all forms terrorism and crime
of organised crime promote and enforce non-discriminatory laws and
reduce corruption policies for sustainable development.
Peaceful societies allow people to live free from violence, fear and intimidation.
Everyone is protected under the law regardless of race, gender, age, ethnicity or
social standing. Peaceful societies are also just societies that respect human rights
and freedoms, such as the right to vote, to access education and healthcare, to have
a legal identity and to be treated fairly by the justice system. Many children and
adults in developing countries do not have their birth registered and therefore do
not have a legal identity.
Peaceful societies have strong institutions that are based on ethical principles
and operate with integrity, free from corruption and bribery. Governments are
accountable and transparent. There is broad representation from groups who are
often marginalised and disadvantaged, such as women, those with a disability and
those from different ethnic and cultural groups. Everyones voice is important. Fair
voting systems enable people to be involved in the voting process and have their
needs met without fear of punishment.
Where there is conflict or inadequate laws in place, sexual violence, crime, torture
and exploitation are common. Women and children are particularly vulnerable and
can become victims of human trafficking a form of organised crime. Conflict
leads to large numbers of people being displaced from their homes. People need to
feel safe and protected from violent crime and ongoing war and conflict to achieve
International cooperation is needed to achieve this goal, as many of these issues
cross global boundaries. Strengthening all countries participation, especially
developing countries, in the organisations that make decisions about how global
issues are managed is essential if this goal is to be achieved.

Across the world there are 4 billion people living outside the protection of the
law. When people are not protected by the law they can be forced to leave their
land, and denied access to healthcare and education. They are also excluded from
participating in society and live permanently in fear of violence and exploitation.
Many people have no legal identity because their birth was never registered. Lack
of legal power and protection is a major reason why people fall into and remain in
poverty.
Terrorism and violence is becoming increasingly common, with many people
dying as a result. This occurs in both developed and developing countries. In
developed countries thousands of people lose their lives to intentional homicide
each year.
The number of people affected by conflict continues to increase. It is one of the
major barriers to development.
1. In 2014, an average of 42000 people every day were forcibly displaced and had
to seek protection due to conflict.
2. As well as causing death, injury and displacement, armed conflict destroys
communities and infrastructure, disrupts markets and diverts resources away
from development. Money is used to buy arms at the expense of education,
health and social welfare.
3. Women and children are particularly vulnerable during conflict. Children
are often unable to attend school. Women often become victims of sexual
exploitation and are more likely to suffer from disease and malnutrition.
There are estimated to be 36 million victims of trafficking from 127 countries
facing exploitation in 137 different countries. Trafficking generates $150 billion in
illegal profits each year, and trillions of dollars are generated through the buying
and selling of illegal arms.
Corruption is common in many developing countries, particularly within the
police and judicial systems. Corruption, theft and tax evasion costs developing
countries approximately US $1.26 trillion per year money which could be used
to lift people out of poverty.

1 What are the characteristics of a peaceful society? 4 What reasons might account for children and
2 Provide four examples of human rights and adults not having their birth registered and why is it
freedoms. important to have a legal identity?
3 Why is international cooperation necessary to achieve 5 Use the Peace and justice links in the
this goal? Resources section of your eBookPLUS to
find the weblinks and questions for this activity.

9.10 ontribution to global health and sustainable human
C
development
KEY CONCEPT Understanding how the Sustainable Development Goals

could contribute to global health and sustainable human development
As we saw at the beginning of the chapter, the Sustainable Development Goals

(SDGs) were introduced to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice, and
tackle climate change. Each goal is interrelated and achieving them by 2030 would
significantly improve global health and sustainable human development.
At a global level, poverty is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality rates,
especially in developing countries. Ending poverty would mean an end to hunger
and malnutrition, which would reduce the global burden associated with diseases
such as pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and measles. Having access to clean water
and sanitation would reduce global mortality rates from water-borne diseases such
as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and malaria.
With universal access to healthcare children would be vaccinated, reducing
deaths and disability from vaccine-preventable diseases. Mothers would be able
to deliver their babies safely, which would decrease maternal mortality rates.
Increasing access to sexual and reproductive healthcare services would result in
women having greater control over their fertility and the timing and spacing of
births. This would also contribute to a reduction in maternal mortality rates.
Zero hunger and improved nutrition would see a reduction in the burden of
disease associated with micronutrient deficiencies such as iron-deficiency anaemia,
congenital abnormalities and cretinism from iodine deficiency and blindness due to
deficiencies of Vitamin A. Given the impact of iron-deficiency anaemia on pregnant
women, this would help reduce maternal mortality rates.
Well-nourished mothers are more likely to give birth to healthy babies. Babies
who are well fed and adequately nourished have strong immune systems. They
are less likely to suffer from diseases such as pneumonia, measles, malaria and
diarrhoea. If they do contract these diseases, well-nourished children are more
likely to recover. Childrens growth would no longer be stunted due to malnutrition
and hunger. Zero hunger would therefore reduce global neonatal mortality rates,
infant mortality rates and therefore under-five mortality rates.
If the AIDS, TB, malaria and other tropical disease epidemics could be ended,
life expectancy and healthy life expectancy could be increased. HIV and AIDS often
affect young adults who are no longer well enough to work and earn an income.
Partners often have to give up work to care for them and the family is plunged
into poverty. High mortality rates from AIDS leave many children orphaned.
These children are denied an education and a decent standard of living. Ending
the epidemic from AIDS would also reduce the economic burden placed on
healthcare systems. Preventing and reducing the spread of HIV and the provision
of ART requires significant funds to be allocated at the expense of other areas such
education, safe water and sanitation systems and investment in economic growth.
A reduction in mortality from non-communicable diseases would also bring about
improvements in life expectancy and healthy life expectancy. A reduction in deaths
and injuries from road traffic accidents would reduce the level of disability. A reduction
in tobacco smoking would lead to improvements in health and fewer deaths from
diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer and respiratory diseases. Ending
malnutrition would also reduce the burden of disease associated with obesity, which is
a risk factor for cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and cancers.
Achievement of the SDGs would also promote sustainable human development.
All people would be able to live a long and healthy life, develop to their full
potential and enjoy a decent standard of living. When people are healthy and
educated they feel more empowered, have greater control over the decisions that
affect their lives and are more likely to participate in political and community life.

Healthy children are able to attend school. They have the energy to concentrate
and learn the essential skills needed to be successful. These skills include literacy
and numeracy skills, analytical skills, problem solving skills and other high level
intellectual, interpersonal and social skills. These skills are important if we are to
solve many of the environmental challenges that face the world today and into the
future.
Education contributes to environmental, social and economic sustainability.
A healthy and educated population is more likely to be employed. When adults
are healthy they are able to work. Decent work promotes sustainable human
development as it provides an income and economic security, which promotes
economic sustainability. Economic security expands opportunities and choices and
the capacity to enjoy a better standard of living.
Decent work allows workers to participate fully in society and gives them
dignity and self-worth. Work that involves caring for others builds social cohesion
and strengthens bonds within families and communities. This helps promote
social sustainability, helps eliminate corruption and builds peaceful communities.
Peaceful communities and freedom from the threat of violence are essential for
sustainable human development. When children are exposed to or are victims of
violence their physical, psychological and emotional wellbeing may be damaged.
Decent work and full employment promotes wealth and when it exists within a
just and inclusive society, a stronger economy is developed. Governments can invest
taxation revenue in infrastructure such as water and sanitation systems, schools,
social protection benefits, medical facilities, and communication and transportation
networks such as telephones, the internet and television. This expands opportunities
for global markets to be established and competitive trading to occur, which builds
economies and helps countries become self-reliant. Increased economic wealth can
also promote environmental sustainability by reducing the need to deplete existing
resources such as rainforests and marine life.
Achieving the SDGs and ending poverty would mean ending discrimination and
exclusion and achieving gender equality. This creates the conditions for human
development. With equal rights, women have access to education, finance, control
over land and other forms of property and greater security, contributing to social
and economic sustainability.

1 Outline four ways that global health could be 5 According to the World Malaria Report 2015, more
promoted by: than half (57) of the 106 countries with malaria in
eliminating poverty 2000 had achieved reductions in new malaria cases
achieving zero hunger. of at least 75 per cent by 2015. In that same time
2 How might the achievement of the SDGs reduce frame, 18 countries reduced their malaria cases by
mortality from non-communicable diseases? 5075 per cent.
3 Explain two ways in which decent work and full (a) Name the SDG addressed by this example.
employment could contribute to sustainable human (b) Explain how reductions in the number of
development. malaria cases could promote sustainable human
4 How does gender equality contribute to social and development.
economic sustainability?

Key skills Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
KEY SKILL Describe the UNs Sustainable

Development Goals (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8, and 16) and
why they are important.
To address this skill it is important that you understand and remember:
each of these SDGs has a specific name and a number. For example SDG Goal 2
is Zero Hunger. It is important to remember the exact wording of the name for
each goal.
each SDG has targets. Although you do not have to remember the specific
targets, or all the targets, they help provide information to explain what each
goal means.
reasons why each goal has been included. Although you dont have to remember
statistics, the goals were selected because they represent significant challenges to
global health and sustainable development.
If a question requires a description of SDG 1 and the reasons why it is important
you could include the following.
SDG 1: No poverty
The name and number of the goal is This goal is about taking action to reduce the level of poverty and inequality
clearly stated. within and among countries. Poverty is a major cause of morbidity and
mortality in developing countries. When people are poor they cannot afford
Reasons are given as to why the goal food, clothing and shelter. A lack of food leads to a weakened immune system,
is important.
which reduces the ability of the body to fight infectious diseases. With high
It is not necessary to remember the levels of poverty, countries lack the resources needed to provide public health
data but this gives an understanding services such as water and sanitation, health care and social security benefits.
of the extent of the problem. This means that people are more likely to die from communicable diseases such
as diarrhoea, cholera, malaria, pneumonia and vaccine-preventable diseases such
This goal is quite specific about as measles, tuberculosis, tetanus and pertussis. While the level of poverty has
wanting to eradicate extreme
poverty, and includes an explanation. been reduced, there are still millions of people living in extreme poverty and
many more who are struggling to meet basic needs. The aim of this goal is
The goal aims to reduce rather than to eradicate extreme poverty, which is measured using the number of people
eradicate other forms of poverty that living on less than US $1.25 a day However, there are different definitions of
might be measured according to
specific countrys needs. poverty that are developed by individual countries and this goal recognises the
need to reduce the proportion of men, women and children of all ages living
This goal recognises that inequality in poverty Poverty often results from discrimination and exclusion. In many
needs to be addressed as many developing countries women, those with a disability and migrants are often poor
people are poor as a result of
discrimination and social exclusion.
due to the inequalities that exist. Women in particular are often denied the right
Examples of these groups are to access resources and services, such as ownership of land, financial services
provided as well as examples of and technology. SDG 1 aims to ensure people have equal rights and access
resources and services that are
needed.
to the resources that will enable them to escape from poverty. To eradicate
poverty, countries need to implement social protection measures. These ensure
This is included in the goal as a that people can access healthcare without being forced into poverty, and social
means of protecting people from security benefits are available when an unexpected event or crisis, such as illness
poverty. or the loss of a job, threatens to push people into poverty. Natural disasters
and disease outbreaks can also leave many people in poverty. This goal aims
Explains another action specifically to reduce exposure to environmental disasters where possible and build the
included to protect people from
poverty. resilience of those who are most vulnerable.

1.1 Understanding health
PRACTISE the key skills

1 The following table includes a range of headline quotes that could appear on
social media or in the newspapers.
Copy the table into your book and for each one of the headlines write the name of
an SDG it is related to and two reasons why this SDG is important. Make sure you
use accurate names.
Headline quote Relevant SDG Why it is important
25000 children need immediate

treatment for malnutrition due to a
severe drought.
Road traffic accidents are set to

become the 7th leading cause of
death globally.
Violence and neglect leave

permanent scars on childrens brains.
Pilau no longer has to walk four

hours a day to collect water from
the river.
2 Select one of the SDGs from the table and describe what it means.
Key skill exams practice

Read the following information.
Union Aid Abroad-APHEDA has trained over 80000 women and men in vocational
and technical education and livelihoods programs. They provide training for women
and men in mechanics, carpentry, sewing and tailoring, blacksmithing, sustainable
agriculture, community radio, life skills, literacy, aquaculture, numeracy and health. They
provide vital skills and training to some of the worlds most marginalised people including
women, indigenous peoples, migrant workers, long-term refugees and stateless peoples
who are excluded from formal healthcare, education systems, and formal employment.
Source: Union Aid Abroad website, http://apheda.org.au/our-work/.
3 Accurately name and describe the SDG that this program is addressing.
4 Explain three reasons why this goal is important.
KEY SKILL Explain the contribution the UNs

Sustainable Development Goals could make to global
health and sustainable human development.
To address this skill it is important that you understand and remember:
the meaning of global health and sustainable human development
the SDGs interrelate to achieve global health and sustainable human development,
with each individual goal playing an important role.
If a question requires a description of how SDG 2 could promote global health
and sustainable human development you could include the following:
With hunger and malnutrition being one of the greatest contributors to child
mortality and causing 6.3 million deaths each year, the achievement of Goal 2:

KEY SKILLS Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
zero hunger has the potential to significantly improve global health and
The goal is clearly stated. sustainable human development. Well-nourished mothers are more likely to
give birth to healthy babies. Babies who are well fed and adequately nourished
have strong immune systems and are less likely to suffer from diseases such as
pneumonia, measles, malaria and diarrhoea. If they do contract these diseases
well-nourished children are more likely to recover. Childrens growth would no
longer be stunted due to malnutrition and hunger. Zero hunger would therefore
reduce global neonatal mortality rates, infant mortality rates and under-five
mortality rates. Zero hunger and improved nutrition would also see a reduction
in the burden of disease associated with micronutrient deficiencies, such as
iron deficiency anaemia, congenital abnormalities and cretinism from iodine
deficiency and blindness due to deficiencies in Vitamin A. Given the impact
of iron deficiency anaemia on pregnant women, this would also help reduce
maternal mortality rates.
The goal of zero hunger is linked to The goal of zero hunger and improved nutrition aims to address the
specific diseases and reductions in increasing global burden of obesity. The achievement of this goal would help
morbidity and mortality rates not only
in individual countries but also at a reduce death rates associated with cardiovascular disease, type 2 diabetes and
global level. cancers.
Achieving the goal of zero hunger and improved nutrition would therefore
There is recognition that the goal increase life expectancy and healthy life expectancy worldwide.
includes the increasing incidence of
overweight and obesity and links this
Sustainable human development is dependent on people having access to the
to the corresponding global burden quantity and quality of food they need. Healthy children and adults are able
of disease. to attend school or work. Children have the energy to concentrate at school
and learn the essential skills needed to be successful. These include literacy
Links are made to life expectancy and and numeracy skills, analytical skills, problem solving skills and other high
healthy life expectancy, which are
measurements of health status. level intellectual, interpersonal and social skills. This would contribute to social
sustainability. When people are educated they are more likely to send their
own children to school, which contributes to social sustainability. Educated
people have more choice and are more empowered. This enables people to
achieve to their full potential, contribute to decisions affecting their lives and
their communities. This also helps reduce corruption and builds cohesive and
peaceful communities.
Food security and improved nutrition contributes to economic growth. A healthy
This links improvements in health
to human development to social and educated population is usually associated with higher rates of employment and
sustainability. higher incomes. This allows governments to receive taxation revenue and invest it
in infrastructure and industry, which provide more employment opportunities and
There are clear links made between social protection. This promotes economic sustainability.
health, human development and
economic sustainability.
Education is associated with environmental sustainability. Education develops an
understanding of the importance of conserving natural resources and the capacity
This links human development to to solve problems in a way that meets the needs of the present while taking into
environmental sustainability. consideration the needs of future generations.
PRACTISE the key skills

1 Identify SDG 6.
2 Explain why SDG 6 is important.
3 Describe how the achievement of SDG 6 will contribute to global health and

1.1 Understanding health
Key skills exam practice

Figure 9.12 shows the gap in the completion of primary education between girls
and boys for high-income, middle-income and low-income countries.
Figure 9.12
Source: World Bank, http://blogs.worldbank.org/opendata/four-charts-gender-gaps-we-still-need-close?CID=ECR_TT_worldbank_EN_EXT.
1 Which type of country has the highest gender gap in primary school completion?
2 Explain two reasons for this.
3 Name the SDG that this information relates most to.
4 Explain how reducing the gender gap in primary school completion could promote
global health and sustainable human development.

Chapter 9 review
Chapter summary
The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), sometimes referred to as the global goals,
aim to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice and tackle climate change.
There are 17 SDGs, but this course focuses on goals 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 8 and 16.
The goals and targets will lead to action from 20162030 in five broad areas of
importance, which include people, planet, prosperity, peace and partnership.
A sustainable world is one in which people can escape poverty and enjoy decent work
without harming the environment, where people can stay healthy, get the food and
water they need, where they can access clean energy and where women and girls have
equal rights and opportunities.
The SDGs expand and build on the achievements of the Millennium Development Goals
(MDGs).
Goal 1: No poverty: end poverty in all its forms

everywhere
Description:
This goal is about eradicating extreme poverty, which is described as living on less than
US$1.25 per day, and reducing all forms of poverty as defined by each country.
Poverty can occur as a result of discrimination and social exclusion. People most at risk
are women, youth, the elderly, migrants and those with a disability.
Women are more likely to experience poverty than men due to less access to paid
work, education, property ownership, inheritance rights and finance.
Many people suffer from chronic poverty, which means they are poor for many years
and usually pass this poverty on to their children.
Many people are living on incomes barely more than US$1.25 per day and can slip into
poverty if they are faced with an event or crisis such as illness, drought or the loss of their job.
To end poverty in all its forms, people must have access to social protection measures,
resilient communities must be built and the risks due to environmental crises should be
minimised.
Why it is important:
Poverty is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality rates.
When people are poor they are unable to afford food, clothing, shelter, safe water,
healthcare and education, and lack opportunities to participate in decisions that affect
their lives and the community.
When a country is poor there is not enough money to provide public health services
such as safe water and sanitation, healthcare, education and social security benefits.
Poverty contributes to low levels of childhood vaccination, low levels of literacy and
high death rates from infectious diseases such as tuberculosis, measles, whooping
cough, cholera, malaria and tetanus.
While the number of people living in poverty has been reduced, there are still over
800million people living in extreme poverty. Many more people are living just above
this level and are at risk of being plunged into poverty if a crisis occurs.
Goal 2: Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food security

and improved nutrition and promote sustainable
agriculture
Description:
This goal is about ending all forms of hunger and malnutrition and ensuring that all
people have access to nutritious food by promoting sustainable agriculture.
Hunger includes both undernutrition when people do not have enough food to
meet their daily needs and malnutrition when there is a lack of specific nutrients
needed for good health.

Food security is defined as having access to nutritious food.
Sustainable agriculture provides enough food in ways that are economically efficient
but do not harm the environment, and ensures agricultural resources are available for
future generations.
Causes of hunger include poverty, conflict, economic and political systems, increasing
food prices and climate change.
Women carry out most of the agricultural work and need access to the same resources
as men.
Improved agricultural diversity and more resilient farming systems are needed for
everyone to have access to enough nutritious food.
Although the level of undernourishment has been reduced, hunger and malnutrition
are the biggest contributors to child mortality, causing 45 per cent of preventable
deaths in children under five around 2.8 million children.
Hunger weakens the immune system and hungry children are more likely to suffer from
diseases such as pneumonia, measles, malaria and diarrhoea.
One in four children are stunted and one in seven children are underweight.
Deficiencies of micronutrients, especially iron, Vitamin A, zinc and iodine are responsible
for many deaths and disability, particularly in women and children.
1 in 9 people (around 795 million) are undernourished.
Most of the worlds hungry people live in developing countries, particularly southern
Asia and sub-Saharan Africa.
Overweight and obesity are emerging as a global health problem, affecting almost
30 per cent of the worlds population (around 2.1 billion) with 62 per cent living in
developing countries.
The number of overweight children is expected to double by 2030.
Goal 3: Good health and wellbeing: Ensure healthy lives

and promote wellbeing for all at all ages
Description:
This goal is about promoting physical and mental health and wellbeing, and extending
life expectancy by addressing the major causes of morbidity and mortality in developed
and developing countries.
The aim is to reduce maternal mortality; prevent deaths of newborns and those
under five; end epidemics of communicable diseases; reduce the incidence of non-
communicable diseases such as cardiovascular diseases, cancer, diabetes, chronic
respiratory disease; and reduce the burden of disease associated with drug and alcohol
misuse and road traffic accidents.
Maternal mortality refers to the number of mothers who die during pregnancy and
childbirth usually as a result of haemorrhage, sepsis, obstructed labour, unsafe abortion
and hypertensive disease.
Maternal deaths could be prevented if women had access to prenatal care to monitor
the health of the mother and baby and if skilled birth attendants were present during
delivery.
In developing countries women need greater access to reproductive health services so
they can control the number of children they have and the timing and spacing of their
pregnancies.
Pregnancy during adolescence increases the risk of maternal mortality and is the leading
cause of death for girls aged 15 to 19 years in developing countries.
This goal aims to prevent deaths in newborns and those under five. Half of all newborn
deaths occur in the first 24 hours of being born and 75 per cent occur in the first
week.

CHAPTER 9 review
Breastfeeding and access to healthcare can reduce deaths in children under five.
Communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, hepatitis, water-borne
diseases and other tropical diseases contribute significantly to the global burden of
disease.
AIDS damages and weakens the bodys immune system, leaving it unable to fight
infections.
HIV is transmitted through infected body fluids such as blood, semen, vaginal secretions
and breastmilk.
HIV/AIDS is much more common in developing countries and there is currently no cure
and no vaccine. The use of antiretroviral medication (ART) is successful in delaying and,
in some cases, preventing the HIV virus from progressing to AIDS.
Malaria is a life-threatening disease transmitted through the bite of an infected
mosquito and can be prevented by using insecticide-treated bed nets, spraying
insecticides in homes and using anti-malarial medicines.
Tuberculosis is a disease affecting the lungs and can be spread through coughing and
sneezing. It can be treated with medication and prevented through vaccination.
Hepatitis is a disease that affects the liver. Hepatitis B and C are spread through contact
with infected body fluids. Hepatitis A and E are contracted by consuming contaminated
water and food.
Non-communicable diseases such as cardiovascular disease, cancer, diabetes and
chronic respiratory disease affect people in both developed and developing countries.
Risk factors include tobacco use, insufficient physical activity, harmful consumption of
alcohol and poor diet.
This goal aims to reduce morbidity and mortality rates due to road traffic accidents.
Despite improvements in child health, 16000 children under five still die every day from
preventable causes such as pneumonia, diarrhoea and malaria. 1 million infants die in
their first week of life and 2.8 million die in their first 28 days of life.
Four out of five deaths in children under five occur in sub-Saharan Africa and southern Asia.
Children born into poverty are almost twice as likely to die before the age of five,
compared to those born into wealthier families.
Many children have not been vaccinated, which puts them at risk of dying from
preventable diseases.
In developing countries only half of all pregnant women receive sufficient antenatal
care and only 56 per cent of births are attended by skilled birth attendants, resulting in
800 women dying each day from complications due to pregnancy and childbirth.
AIDS remains a significant health issue, with 2.1 million people newly infected with HIV
each year, many of them children.
Only 36 per cent of people living with HIV in developing regions are receiving ART.
AIDS is the second most common cause of death of adolescents globally, with
2.1million living with the disease. Less than 40 per cent of youth have correct
knowledge about HIV.
HIV/AIDS is the leading cause of death for women of reproductive age worldwide.
214 million people suffer from malaria and it contributes to 472000 deaths globally in
2015.
9.6 million people suffered from TB and 1.5 million died from the disease in 2014. It is
one of the top five causes of death for women aged 1444.
Non-communicable diseases, such cardiovascular disease, cancer, respiratory disease
and diabetes account for 82 per cent of the 38 million deaths from non-communicable
diseases each year. Many occur in low- and middle-income countries.
1.2 million people die each year from road traffic accidents and a further 2050 million
people are disabled. Road traffic accidents are projected to become the seventh leading
cause of death by 2030.

Goal 4: Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable
quality education and promote lifelong learning
Description:
This goal is about ensuring that females and males have equal access to high quality
pre-primary, primary, secondary and tertiary education and develop the vocational skills
needed for employment.
Economic growth is dependent on the skills of the population, but in many developing
countries governments lack the funding and/or desire to invest in education and the
resources needed to train high quality teachers.
Ensuring quality education is delivered by trained and high quality teachers is necessary
to develop the skills young people need.
Early childhood education is important for success in later stages of school and beyond.
Girls and women must have opportunities to develop literacy and numeracy skills.
Factors affecting girls getting an education include drought, food shortages, conflict,
poverty, child labour and HIV/AIDS.
Lack of access to safe water and sanitation also impacts on girls enrolment at school.
Why this goal is important:

124 million children and youth are not in school and 750 million adults, two thirds of
whom are women, cannot read or write.
250 million children have not learnt basic skills despite being at school for four years.
There are 30 million displaced children, most of whom arent at school, and 50 per cent
of children who are not in school live in conflict-affected areas.
Four in ten young women and men aged 1524 do not have a job and 74 million
young people are looking for work.
Goal 5: Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and

empower all women and girls
Description:
This goal is about ending discrimination and violence against women and girls by
addressing the barriers that exist to gender equality.
Gender equality is when women and men have the same level of power and control over all
aspects of their lives. However, many women face discrimination in all aspects of life.
Women are underrepresented in political and economic decision-making processes and
often discriminated against by the laws that exist.
Women are often denied the right to vote, own property, borrow money or inherit, and
are more vulnerable to becoming victims of trafficking and sexual exploitation.
This goal aims to end female genital mutilation, which has mental and physical impacts
on the health of girls and women.
Policies must be implemented to remove discrimination, such as harassment and
bullying, provide parental leave, ensure equal pay for women and men, and ensure
worklife balance.

Educating and empowering women increases their chances of getting a job,
staying healthy and participating in society. Womens empowerment brings about
improvements in childrens health and contributes to lower fertility rates.
Educating women and girls is important for economic growth and ending poverty.
In developing countries only 96 girls for every 100 boys are in primary school and
95girls for every 100 boys are in secondary school, while at the tertiary level the gap is
much higher.

CHAPTER 9 review
Access to paid employment is unequal, and women earn 10 to 30 per cent less than men for
the same work. Women continue to be responsible for most of the unpaid work in the home
and have less access to information technologies such as mobile phones and computers.
Violence against women is widespread and one in three women have been subjected
to sexual or physical violence. 12 million girls were victims of female genital mutilation
in 2012.
Goal 6: Clean water and sanitation: Ensure availability

and sustainable management of water and sanitation
for all
Description:
The aim of this goal is ensuring all people are able to enjoy clean water and sanitation.
Everyone needs between 20 and 50 litres of water each day for drinking, cooking and
hygiene.
Sanitation is the safe disposal of human waste and the maintenance of hygienic
conditions through garbage and wastewater disposal.
Water transmits disease when it is contaminated by bacteria, viruses, parasites or other
micro-organisms or through contamination from industrial and agricultural waste.
Diarrhoea is the most widely known disease linked to contaminated water, but other
diseases caused by contaminated water include parasitic worm infestations, cholera,
dysentery, hepatitis A, typhoid and trachoma.
Water scarcity affects one in three people globally and can result from drought or poor
water infrastructure. When water is scarce people have to drink unclean water, do not have
enough water for basic hygiene and women have to walk long distances to collect it.
Water scarcity is expected to increase as a result of climate change and the movement
by many people from rural areas to cities.
Water used for agriculture accounts for 70 per cent of water use. Water must be used
efficiently and sustainable agriculture practices developed.
Ensuring everyone has access to safe water and sanitation requires careful
management, good infrastructure and coordinated policy so that the long-term
sustainability of the Earths environmental systems is not threatened.

663 million people worldwide do not have access to clean water.
People living in urban areas have greater access to safe water than those living in rural
areas.
2.4 billion people lack access to sanitation facilities, such as toilets or latrines, and
946million people are going to the toilet in open spaces where it can end up in waterways.
Water scarcity affects 30 per cent of the population and over 1.7 billion people live in
areas where the demand for water is greater than the supply available.
More than 80 per cent of wastewater due to human activities is discharged into rivers
or oceans with any pollution removal.
10 per cent of the population is thought to consume food that is irrigated by
wastewater.
Goal 8: Decent work and economic growth: Promote

sustained, inclusive and sustainable economic growth,
full and productive employment and decent work for all
Description:
The aim of this goal to achieve full and productive employment and decent work for all
women and men.
Economic growth is an increase in the amount of goods and services produced per
head of the population over time.

The aim is to achieve sustained economic growth by implementing policies and
practices that encourage high levels of productivity, technological innovation and
entrepreneurship without harming the environment.
The quality of work, working conditions and the value that society places on work is
also important. Decent work means workers are safe and free from discrimination of all
kinds. Achieving this goal would see an end to forced labour, child labour, slavery and
human trafficking.
The work of women and girls, often unpaid, needs to be valued by society.

Decent work and full and productive employment allows people to earn an income and
improve their standard of living. Decent work promotes dignity and a sense of pride.
Women, young people and those with a disability continue to be discriminated against
and are less likely to enjoy full employment.
Four in ten young people aged 1524 are unemployed and this rate is rising. Youth
unemployment is three times higher than the rate for adults.
Almost 2.2 billion people are living below US$2 per day. Economic growth is the only
way to eradicate poverty.
204 million people globally are unemployed and a further 1.5 billion are in vulnerable
or unstable employment without decent working conditions or social security benefits.
The number of jobs available is not increasing fast enough to meet the number of
people who need work.
1 million people, many of them children, are forced to work long hours in unsafe
working environments. Many suffer permanent disability with no income protection.
1.4 million women and girls are victims of trafficking, with 4.5 million subjected to
sexual exploitation.
Goal 16: Peace, justice and strong institutions: Promote

peaceful and inclusive societies for sustainable
development, provide access to justice for all and build
effective, accountable and inclusive institutions at all
levels
Description:
This goal is about building peaceful and inclusive societies that respect human rights,
reducing all forms of violence, strengthening laws, promoting human rights and
working with governments and communities to find sustainable solutions to conflict.
Peaceful societies exist when everyone is protected under the law regardless of their
race, gender, age, ethnicity or social standing.
Human rights and freedoms such as the right to vote, to access education and
healthcare, to have a legal identity and be treated fairly by the justice system need to
be protected.
Strong, ethical institutions are transparent and accountable, and operate free from
corruption.
Where conflict exists and inadequate laws are in place, sexual violence, crime, torture
and exploitation are common, with women and children at greater risk.
Conflict results in large numbers of people being displaced.

4 billion people are currently living outside the protection of the law. When not
protected by law, they can be forced to leave their land and be denied access to
healthcare and education.
Many people have no legal identity, as their birth was never registered, meaning they
have no legal power.

CHAPTER 9 review
Terrorism and violence are becoming more common. Terrorism and violence cause
death, injury and displacement. Conflict destroys communities and infrastructure,
disrupts markets, and sees available money being allocated towards buying arms rather
than being used to provide education, health and social welfare.
Women and children are most vulnerable. Children are not able to attend school and
women are vulnerable to becoming victims of sexual exploitation. In these situations
women and children are more likely to suffer from disease and malnutrition.
Corruption is common in many developing countries, particularly within the police and
judiciary.
How the SDGs contribute to global health and

sustainable human development
The SDGs were introduced to end extreme poverty, fight inequality and injustice and
tackle climate change. To achieve them international cooperation is essential.
Poverty is a major contributor to morbidity and mortality. Ending poverty would mean
an end to hunger and malnutrition, which would reduce the global burden of disease
associated with pneumonia, diarrhoea, malaria and measles.
Having access to safe water and sanitation will reduce global mortality rates from
water-borne diseases such as diarrhoea, cholera, typhoid and malaria.
With access to healthcare children would be vaccinated, reducing vaccine-preventable
diseases and mothers would be able to deliver their babies safely, which would reduce
maternal mortality rates.
Access to sexual and reproductive health services would allow women to have greater
control over their fertility and the timing and spacing of births, which would reduce
maternal and under-five mortality rates.
Zero hunger would reduce the burden of disease associated with micronutrient
deficiencies. Well-nourished mothers and children would be healthy and childrens
growth would no longer be stunted.
Ending epidemics of communicable diseases and a reduction in non-communicable
diseases would increase life expectancy and healthy life expectancy.
The achievement of the SDGs would promote sustainable human development. Good
health, gender equality, peaceful and just communities, education and decent work
would create the conditions needed for people to develop to their full potential and
enjoy a decent standard of living.
When people are healthy and educated and living in a fair and just society, they feel
empowered and have greater control over the decisions that affect their lives. They are
more likely to participate in political and community life.
When children receive quality education they have a greater chance of securing
work that provides an opportunity for them to earn an income that promotes social
sustainability.
Decent work promotes economic sustainability and gives people a sense of dignity and
worth, strengthens communities and reduces violence and corruption.
Decent work and full employment promotes economic growth and economic
sustainability. Resources are available for governments to invest in infrastructure
and provide social security benefits, which are important for economic and social
sustainability.
An educated society is more likely to ensure environmental sustainability, as there is
greater understanding of the impact of human behaviour on the environment and less
need to exploit existing resources to survive.
Gender equality creates the conditions for sustainable human development as women
have access to education, finance, control over land and other forms of property, and
greater security.

Test your knowledge By selling her surplus crops at the local market in
1 Use your summaries from each section to complete a Nanka, she is able to earn extra cash to provide
table that includes: other basic needs for her family. Mama Nsedu
the name of each SDG improved her crop yield by learning new farming
a description of each one techniques through a practical training programme
reasons why each goal is important. delivered by the United Nations Development
2 What is meant by global health? Programme (UNDP) and its partners. The training
3 Select two of the SDGs and explain how they will includes practical demonstrations and teachings
promote global health. on improved farming methods, covering mixed
4 Provide one example of how the SDGs will achieve cropping planting two or more of plants
social, economic and environmental sustainability. simultaneously in the same field and how to
make compost heaps and green manure.
APPLY your knowledge
Source: United Nations Development Programme
5 Read the information below.
website,http://www.africa.undp.org/content/rba/en/
home/ourwork/womenempowerment/successstories/
For Mama Nsedu, a young widow in Northern nigeria-women-farm.html.
Nigeria, feeding her family was becoming harder
every day. Like thousands of women in the rural
(a) Identify the SDG being applied in this program.
communities Mama Nsedu faced poor crop yields
(b) What are the characteristics of this program that
due to harsh, dry weather, low rainfall, poor
are included in the aim of the SDG selected above?
soil nutrients and overdependence on expensive
(c) Explain how this program would contribute to
chemical fertilisers. Today, though, Mama
Nsedus farm produces more than enough yams,
(d) Name two other SDGs that this program would
cassava, fruits and vegetables to feed her family.
help achieve.

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Chapter 9

9-1UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 3

KEY CONCEPT What are the Sustainable Development Goals?

9-3UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-4

TEST your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

9-5UNIT 4 Global health and human development

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ending poverty in all

What does Goal 1 mean?

No poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

One of Goal 1s ambitious targets is eradicating extreme poverty. As you saw in

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-6

Why Goal 1 is important

FIGURE 9.3 Global number of

9-7UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-8

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ending hunger,

What does Goal 2 mean?

Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and

9-9UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-10

Why this goal is important?

9-11UNIT 4 Global health and human development

FIGURE 9.6 World Hunger Map

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-12

Test your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

9-13UNIT 4 Global health and human development

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring healthy lives

What does Goal 3 mean?

Good health and wellbeing: Ensure healthy lives and

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-14

9-15UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Why this goal is important

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-16

9-17UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Test your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-18

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring inclusive

What does Goal 4 mean?

Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable

9-19UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Why this goal is important

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-20

TEST your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

9-21UNIT 4 Global health and human development

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of achieving gender

What does Goal 5 mean?

Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-22

Why this goal is important

9-23UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Test your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-24

KEY CONCEPT Understanding the importance of ensuring everyone

What does Goal 6 mean?

9-25UNIT 4 Global health and human development

Why this goal is important

Sustainable Development Goals CHAPTER 9 9-26

Test your knowledge APPLY your knowledge

9-27UNIT 4 Global health and human development

KEY CONCEPT The importance of promoting sustained, inclusive and

What does Goal 8 mean?

Decent work and economic growth: Promote sustained,

No poverty: End poverty in all its forms everywhere

Zero hunger: End hunger, achieve food security and

Good health and wellbeing: Ensure healthy lives and

Quality education: Ensure inclusive and equitable

Gender equality: Achieve gender equality and empower

Decent work and economic growth: Promote sustained,

Peace, justice and strong institutions: Promote peaceful