Rulers and history of Great India

The aim of this script is to bear in mind the great Indian history at a glance
This writing comprises India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Afghanistan as a great India
Apologize for providing the partial information regarding this great olden times
The Asian origin born in North America should know ups and downs history of the ruler
The article is devoted to my kids for knowing about Mughal Empire and Bangladesh mostly
This writing covers from Stone Age (70,000-3300 BCE) to Modern States (1947 onwards)
But the main highlight will be on Mughal Empire and Bangladesh at the end with little detail

In Stone Age, the Homo sapiens (wise human) migrated to South Asia in 70 K-50 K years ago
They came in different places like Uttar Pradesh of present India and did nice rock painting
Mehrgarh culture was in this period and there were no real kingdoms or ruler actually
They used to use different types of rock like chert, Jasper, and quartzite for their own purposes

In Mehrgarh culture, people used to live in mud brick houses, stored their grain in granaries
Mehrgarh culture was located in Balichistan, Quetta, Kalat and Sibi of current Pakistan
Mehrgarh period was divided into seven (e.g. Mehrgarh Period I) from 7000-3300 BCE

The Indus Valley Civilization was located in Indus and Ghaggar-Hakra river valleys (3.3-1.7K)
This ancient civilization encompasses Pakistan, western India, and extending into Balochistan
The famous ancient Harappa and Mohenjo-daro cities in Pakistan were in this civilization
The streets of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa were laid out in perfect grid patterns
The houses were protected from noise, odors, and thieves, sewerage and drainage system superb
The people of the Indus Civilization achieved vast accuracy in measuring length, mass and time
A huge amount of food is produced and over 400 clear Indus symbols, sculptures were found

In the Late Harappan Culture, they used to use Cremation technique for human corpse
Rice became the main crop and continued use of mud brick for building their house
This period (1700-1300 BCE) is also called the Cemetery H Culture which located in Punjab

Vedic Period was the golden age of Hinduism and classical Sanskrit literature
It was centered in northern and northwestern part of the Indian subcontinent
Its early phase formed various kingdoms of ancient India (1500 – 500 BCE)
Rigvedic, Mantra language, Samhita prose, Brahmana prose, and Sutra language are Vedic texts
Mahabharata and Ramayana are written in Epic and Paninian Sanskrit language
The Vedanta, the Buddha and the Pali Prakrit dialect of Buddhist scripture belong to this period
The grama (village), vish and Jana were political units; later state was governed by a king
The rise of the sixteen Mahajanapadas was in the late Vedic period

In Iron Age India, this culture belong to Punjab, Rajasthan and the period was in 1200-300 BCE
This was the last phase of the Indus Valley tradition which known as Indo-Gangetic tradition
The painted gray ware culture and the northern black polished culture belong to this period
Maha Janapadas, Magadha, and great Mauryan Empire was under this period
Iron Age started at the end of Vedic period and ends by emerging Middle Kingdoms of India
Chandragupta Maurya and Ashoka the great belong to this notorious period

The Maha Janapadas means “Great kingdoms” which belongs to sixteen great kingdoms
Kasi, Kosala, Anga, Magadha, Vajji, Malla, Chedi, Vatsa, Kuru, Panchala, Machcha, Surasena,
Assaka, Avanti, Gandhara, and Kamboja were the sixteen nations of this period (700-300 BCE)
Maha Janapadas was basically more tribal than geographical due to these great ancient nations
This writing is not going details about these great ancient nations due to my time limitation
The Indo-Aryans (Rabindranath, Mohandas Gandhi, Piara Singh, Benazir, etc) started from here

Magadha Empire advanced ancient India’s science, math, astronomy, religion and philosophy
This period is called the Indian “Golden Age” located in Patna, Gaya, Bihar, parts of Bengal
According to the Indian history, real war for kingdom started from this empire (545-320 BCE)
The king Prasenajit involved a war between Kosala and Magadha after the killing of Bimbisara
The king Ajatashatru married Prasenjit’s daughter as a peace treaty for being trapped by Army
Siddhartha Gautama (founder of Buddhism) was born in Kosala (ancient Indian Aryan kingdom)
Alexander the Great who approached the boundaries of the Magadhan Empire was in this period

The Maurya Empire was an extensive, powerful political and military empire in ancient India
Chandragupta (the first genuine emperor of India) was the founder emperor of Mauryan Empire
Ashoka the Great belong to this period, his reign was in India, Afghanistan, Persia, and Bengal
The Mauryan Empire was perhaps the largest empire to rule the Indian subcontinent until British
Chandragupta’s embrace of Jainism (one of the oldest religions in the world) reforms the society
Ashoka’s embrace of Buddhism was the foundation of reign of social and political peace in India
Ashoka spreads the Buddhist ideals into Sri Lanka, Southeast Asia, West Asia and partial Europe
Ashoka maintained religious freedom as Jainism, Buddhism, and Hinduism was main religions
The Lion Capital of Asoka at Sarnath is the emblem of India (321 – 184 BCE)
Chandragupta Maurya was the founder of the Maurya Empire (322-298 BCE)
Bindusara was the second Mauryan Emperor (297-272 BCE)
Ashoka the great was the third Mauryan one of the India’s greatest emperors (273-232 BCE)
Dasaratha was the fourth Mauryan emperor (232-224 BCE)
Samprati was the son of Ashoka’s blind son and fifth Mauryan emperor (224-215 BCE)
Salisuka was a king of the Mauryan Empire (215-202 BCE)
Devavarman was a king of the Mauryan Empire (202-195 BCE)
Satadhanvan Maurya was a king of the Mauryan Empire (195-187 BCE)
Brihadrata was the last ruler of the Mauryan dynasty who was killed and Brahmin took over

The Middle Kingdoms of India lasts for some 1,500 years (230 BC – 1279 AD)
It started since the decline of the Maurya Empire and ends with the rise of the Islamic Sultanates
The area of this period was in Persia, central Asia and Indian subcontinent
They started running coin method creating different types of silver coin
The Buddhist, the Hindu, and the Muslim rulers ruled in this period
Chola Empire, Deccan Sultanates were the first and last ruler of this timeframe

Chola Empire (250 BCE – 1070 CE) was a Tamil dynasty that ruled primarily in southern India
Karikala Chola was the most famous among the early Chola kings
Rajaraja Chola, Rajendra, Kulothunga Chola I were the notable emperors of the medieval Cholas

Satavahana dynasty ruled Junnar (Pune), Prathisthan (Paithan) in Maharashtra

They also ruled Amaravati (Dharanikota) in Andhra Pradesh and Central India for 450 years
They are credited for establishing peace in the country after the declination of Mauryan Empire
Sanskrit, Telugu were the languages of these Hindu fundamentalist (reign 230 BCE-220 CE)
Simuka (230 -207 BCE) was the founder Indian king of the Satavahana dynasty
Krishna, the Lord of Hindu religion has been ruled for 18 years

The area of Kushan Empire was from Tajikistan to Afghanistan, Pakistan and northern India
The empire was created by the Kushan tribe, an Indo-European people from the eastern China
They had diplomatic contacts with Rome, Persia and China; reign period was from 60 -240 CE
The first great Kushan emperor Wima Kadphises have embraced Shaivism (Hinduism, Shiva)
The Kushan emperor had a wide variety of faiths including Zoroastrianism, Buddhism, Saivism
Heraios, Kujula Kadphises, Kanishka, Vesudeva, Chhu, Shaka, Kipunada were the main rulers

Gupta Empire was covered in most Northern and Western India, Pakistan and Bangladesh
It was the golden age of India in Science, math, astronomy, religion, and Indian philosophy
The most accepted theory about origins of the Guptas is that the Guptas originated from Bengal
Chandragupta, Samudragupta, Ramagupta, Kumaragupta, Skandagupta were the main rulers
The universities of Nalanda and Vikramasila established in their period (reign 280 – 550 CE)

The area of Pala Empire was in northern and eastern Indian subcontinent (Bengal and Bihar)
Gopala (ruled 750–770 CE) was the founder of the Pala Dynasty of Bengal (reign 750-1174 CE)
The greatest Buddhist Paharpur Vihara in the sub-continent built by Dharmapala (2nd ruler)
The Palas were the followers of the Mahayana and Tantric schools of Buddhism
They expanded Mahayana Buddhism in Tibet, Nepal, Bhutan, Myanmar, Indonesia, and Bengal
Gopala, Dharmapala, Devapala, Nayapala, and Govindapala were the main Pala rulers

Rashtrakuta (753 – 982 CE) Dynasty ruled in Southern, central and northern India
Dantidurga was the founder of the Rashtrakuta Empire based in Gulbarga region of Karnataka
Kannada and Sanskrit was their languages, Hindu and Jain was their main religions

In the middle age, several Islamic Sultanates (1206 – 1596) established in southern India
The initial entry of Islam into South Asia came during the life time of Prophet Muhammad (sm)
The world's second oldest Masjid to offer Jumma Prayer is in Kerala, India, built in AD 629
Muhammad bin Qasim, the Syrian general conquered the Sindh and Punjab regions
Mahmud of Ghazni led a series of raids against Rajput kingdoms and rich Hindu temples
He (997-1030) was the ruler of the Ghaznavid Empire (Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, & India)

Delhi Sultanate refers to the many Muslim dynasties (from Turkic and Pashtun) ruled in India
Mamluk, Khilji, Tughlaq, Sayyid, Lodhi, and Sur dynasty ruled in great India from 1206 -1526
In 1526 the Delhi Sultanate was absorbed by the emerging Mughal Empire

Deccan Sultanates ruled in Bijapur, Golkonda, Ahmadnagar, Bidar, Berar of south-central India
They were the Muslim rulers and ruled from 1490-1596 in the above areas
Malik Ahmad Shah I and Murtaza Shah III was the first and last rulers of Ahmadnagar Sultanate
Fath-ullah Imad-ul-Mulk and Tufal Kahn was the first and last rulers of Berar Sultanate
Qasim Barid I and Amir Barid Shah III was the first and last rulers of Bidar Sultanate
Yusuf Adil Shah and Sikandar Adil Shah was the first and last rulers of Bijapur Sultanate
Sultan Quli Qutb-ul-Mulk and Abul Hasan Qutb Shah was the first and last rulers of Golkonda

Hoysala Empire (1040 – 1346) was a Hindu religious and Kannada language speaking kingdom
They ruled in the state of modern Karnataka, capital was in Belur first then moved to Halebidu
Nirpa Kama II, Hoysala Vinayaditya, Ereyanga, and Veera Ballala III were the prominent kings

Kakatiya Empire (1083 – 1323) was a south Indian dynasty that ruled parts of Andhra Pradesh
It was one o the great golden ages of Telugu kingdoms by Hindu ruler that lasted for centuries
Gundaya (950CE) was the first known historical figure among the kakatiyas
Rudradeva, Ganapatideva, Rudramadevi, and Prataparudra was the prominent ruler of the empire

Ahom Kingdom (1228 – 1826) was a medieval kingdom in the Brahmaputra valley in Assam
It maintained its sovereignty for 600 years and resisted Mughal expansion in North-East India
The kingdom became weaker with the rise of the Moamoria rebellion, control went to Burmese
With the defeat of First Anglo-Burmese War, control passed to Burmese, and finally into British
Sukaphaa (reign 1228-1268), a Tai prince from Mong Mao, was the founder of Ahom kingdom
Charaideo was the first capital of the Ahom Kingdom established by the first Ahom king in 1253
The Assamese and Tai language were the main languages of Ahom Kingdom
The kingdom came under attack from Turkic and Afghan rulers of Bengal, but it withstood them
Mir Jumla, the governor of Bengal under Mughal emperor Aurangzeb, taken capital Garhgaon
The kingdom came under repeated Mughal attacks in the 17th century, but unable to keep it

Vijayanagara Empire is named after its capital city of Vijayanagara, modern Karnataka, India
Harihara Raya I (1336-1356) and Sriranga III (1642-1646) was their first and last king
Kannada and Telugu languages were the main languages of this Hindu religious dynasty Empire
Before 14th century, the Hindu kingdoms (e.g. Kampili) were repeatedly invaded by Muslims
Alla-ud-din-Khilji and Muhammad bin Tughluq, the sultans of Delhi was defeated by Hindu
The Hoysala Empire was the sole remaining Hindu kingdom in the path of Muslim invasion
Sangama Dynasty existed for 149 years from 1336 to 1485; Praudha Raya was their last king
Saluva Dynasty was for only 20 years from 1485 to 1505; Narasimha Raya I was the last king
Tuluva Dynasty lasted in power for 51 years from 1491 to 1570; Sadashiva was last puppy king
Aravidu Dynasty was for 104 years from 1542 to 1646; Sriranga III was the last king
Sangama, Saluva, Tuluva, and Aravidu Dynasty were in the Vijayanagara Empire
This great Hindu kingdom ruled for 310 years, again Muslim Mughal Empire came for 331 years

The Mughal Empire was an imperial power which ruled Indian subcontinent and Afghanistan
The population has been estimated as between 110 and 130 million and land was 4 million km2
The Mughal government was Monarchy, and capital was Lahore, Delhi, and Agra in unlike times
Initially Mughal language was Chagatai (Persian), later Urdu, and Rupee was their currency
The last Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah II reign was restricted to the city of Delhi
The classic period of Mughal Empire starts from Akbar the Great and ends with Aurangzeb
Though the classic period was 1556-1707 but the Empire continued for another 150 years
Six out of twenty Mughal emperors were the powerful and real emperors of great India
Babur and Bahadur Shah II was the first and last Mughal emperor (1526 – 1857)
Babur, Humayun, Akbar, Jahangir, Shah Jahan, and Aurangzeb was the six (6) potent Emperors

Babur was the Timurid prince, warriors of Genghis Khan, and founder of Mughal dynasty
His full name is Zahiruddin Mohammed Babur, born on 14 Feb 1483, died in 26 Dec 1530
He was driven from Samarkand by the Uzbeks and established his rule initially in Kabul in 1504
He was the eldest son of Omar Sey Mirza, ruler of the Fergana (Uzbekistan) Valley
In 1526, Babur defeated the last of the Delhi Sultans, Ibrahim Lodi, at the battle of Panipat
In 1527, Babur defeated Rana Sanga of Mewar, at the battle of Khanwa and established his rule
In 1529, Babur occupied Gwalior, Dholpur, Mewat, and Chanderi, at the battle of Ghaghra
The victories of the above series of three major battles raised warlord Babur the leadership
The ancient Babri Mosque have been commissioned by Emperor Babur
Babur was the first Mughal emperor from 1526 to 1530, died at 48 years old and had ten wives
In the last days, Babur became seriously ill, Humayun rushed to Agra to visit him and fell ill
Babur is said to have circled the sick-bed, crying to God to take his life and not his son’s
He wished to be buried in his favorite garden in Kabul but first buried in a mausoleum of Agra
Nine years later, Sher Shah Suri buried him in Bagh-e-Babur which resides Kabul, Afghanistan

Humayun was the son of Babur and second Mughal emperor in Indian subcontinent
His full name is Nasiruddin Mohammed Humayun, born on 6 Mar 1508, died in Jan 1556
He had three more brothers, they betrayed him but he forgave, all brothers died before him
His reign period was 1530-1539 and 1555-1556, Suri dynasty was in the interval 1540-1554
Sultan Bahadur of Gujrat, Sher Shah Suri in Bihar were the two major rivals in acquiring lands
Sher Shah Suri deposed Humayun at the battle of Chausa, Suri dynasty continued until his son
Humayun restored his rule in 1555, but died shortly from a fall down the steps of his library
He had eight wives, unified empire for Akbar, buried in Humayun’s Tomb located in New Delhi

Akbar was the son of Humayun and third powerful Mughal emperor and called Akbar the great
His full name is Jalaluddin Mohammed Akbar, born on Nov 1542, died in 27 Oct 1605
He was only 13 years old when became emperor, Bairam Khan managed the throne on his behalf
Bairam Khan was the Army Chief of Humayun and Akbar, later he was dismissed by Akbar
After dismissing for the cause of Maham Anga, Akbar’s aunt, he wished to go for Hajj to Mecca
Akbar approved for Hajj and escorts him from the Mughal territories but he killed in Khambhat
He involved a war against Sikandar Shah Suri at the age of 13 or 14 and defeated him
He added the most territory to the Empire; married Muslim and Hindu women, left four wives
He established Din-i-Ilahi (Faith of God) and proclaimed the state religion until his death
The religion Din-i-Ilahi was an eclectic mix of Islam, Zoroastrianism, Jainism, and Christianity
He was a wise ruler, set fair but steep taxes, and ruled the great India from 1556 to 1605
He built the capital city at Fatehpur Sikri in 1571, moved to Lahore in 1585, then shifted to Agra
He constructed a huge fort at Agra, and sandstone ramparts of the Red Fort in Delhi
The last few years of Akbar’s reign were troubled by the misconduct of his sons
Two of them died in their youth, the third son Salim (Emperor Jahangir) rebels his father
He was buried in Akbar’s Tomb located in Sikandra of Uttar Pradesh, India

Jahangir was the son of great Akbar and the fourth Mughal emperor
His full name is Nuruddin Mohammed Jahangir, born on Oct 1569, died in 1627
He was a good writer and loved nature, recorded all sorts of wild tales in his autobiography
He liked paintings and collected many of them in his palace; some are in the museums now
Jodha-bai was his mother, Shah Murad, and Danyal was his brothers
Manbhawati Bai, Princess Manmati, and Nur Jahan were his wives according to the history
The total number of wives in his harem was more than eight hundreds
He ruled 22 years from 1605 to 1627; Nur Jahan was the twentieth and favorite one wife
She was the true “power behind the throne” as Jahangir was battling serious addictions to alcohol
Jahangir wished to visit Kashmir and Kabul for restoring his health
He went from Kabul to Kashmir but returned to Lahore due to severe cold and died on the way
He died at 58 years old and was buried in the Tomb of Jahangir at Lahore, Pakistan

Shah Jahan the son of Emperor Jahangir and princess Manmati was the fifth Mughal emperor
His full name is Shahabuddin Mohammed Shah Jahan, born on 5 Jan 1592, died in 1666
In his reign at mid-century, this was perhaps the greatest empire in the world
He married ten women; Mumtaj Mahal was his third and the most beloved wife
He married Mumtaj Mahal at her 19 years age in 1612 and she passed away at 38 in 1631
She died during the birth of their fourteen children, Gauhara Begum who lived for 75 years
He built Taj Mahal in the memory of Mumtaj which is the famous monument in the world
Taj Mahal that combines elements from Persian, Turkish, Indian, and Islamic architectural styles
The Taj Mahal is also one of the Seven Wonders of the World that was completed in 1648
Ustad Ahmad Lahauri is generally considered as the principal designer of Taj Mahal
He made Peacock Throne which is finished of Gold, rubies, emeralds, diamonds, and pearls
The peacock throne was taken from Delhi by Nadir Shah to Persia during his invasion in 1739
According to the history channel, this throne would be worth $1 billion today
This valuable throne was destroyed in the civil war following Nadir’s assassination in 1747
His most important architectural change was the use of marble instead of sandstone
He demolished the sandstone structures of Akbar in the Red Fort and replaced them with marble
He built the Jama Masjid, outside the Red Fort, the largest mosque in India
He built the Pearl Mosque at Agra, the palace and great mosque at Delhi
He also built Shalimar gardens, sections of the Lahore Fort and Jahangir’s mausoleum in Lahore
Shah Jahan’s reign is remembered more for monumental architectural achievements
He was the great Mughal emperor from 1627 to 1658; inherited a vast and rich empire in India
His son Aurangzeb led a rebellion when he became ill in 1957 although he recovered fully
Aurangzeb declared Shah Jahan incompetent to rule and put him under house arrest for 8 years
He had ten wives, died in Agra and was buried in Taj Mahal besides his beloved wife Mumtaj

Aurangzeb was the third son of Shah Jahan and sixth great powerful Mughal emperor
His full name is Moinuddin Mohammed Aurangzeb Alamgir, born on 21 Oct 1618, died in 1707
Dara Shikoh, Shah Suja, Aurangzeb, Murad Baksh were the four sons of Emperor Shah Jahan
He was the last great Mughal kings from 1658 to 1707, ruled India for 48 years, left four wives
He was the first ruler to attempt to impose Sharia law on a non-Muslim country
His ultimate aim was conversion of non-Muslims to Islam, gave out robes of honor to converts
He has been characterized as being anti-Hindu and banning the celebration of Diwali
He built Moti Masjid in Red Fort, Badshahi Masjid, Lahore Fort and named Alamgir in Lahore
He left few buildings, save for a modest mausoleum for his first wife, Bibi Ka Maqbara
His son Azam Shah, built the Bibi ka Maqbara (mini-Taj) in Maharastra for his mother
He alienated many of his children and wives, driving some into exile and imprisoning others
At the end of his life, he expressed his loneliness and led an extremely simple and pious life
He memorized the entire holy Quran, knitted haj caps and copied the Quran throughout his life
Later in life, he always portrayed himself as a humble person with head bowed in all paintings
The rise of Marathas, the Pashtun rebellion, and Sikh rebellion started from and after his reign
He died in Ahmednagar and was buried in the Valley of Saints located in Maharashtra, India

The below 14 Mughal were the lesser Mughal emperor and weaker ruler in some area of India
The lesser Mughal emperor Bahadur Shah I (Shah Alam I) was the second son of Aurangzeb
He was the governor of Sikh faith Punjab region of his father Aurangzeb’s reign
He maintained a friendly relationship with the last Sikh spiritual leader Guru Gobind Singh
He (was a learned man, mild temper) ruled 1707-1712 and succeeded by his son Jahandar Shah

Jahandar Shah ruled Hindustan for a brief period in 1712-1713 CE

He sailed around Indian sea before being a ruler, defeated in the battle at Agra by Furrukhsiyar
He was murdered and head presented to Furruksiyar and body was taken to Humayun’s Tomb

Furrukhsiyar was the handsome but weak ruler of Mughal Empire between 1713 and 1719
He was the second son of Azim ush Shan, a son of former emperor Bahadur Shah I
In his reign, Saiyid brothers became the effective powers of the land, behind the Mughal rule
Saiyid Huseyn Ali and his brother Abdullah was the Chief Minister, and Chief of Army
The British East India Company got duty-free trading rights in Bengal for 3,000 rupees a year
The Mughal governors of Bengal, Murshid Quli Khan ignored the order, collected customs duty
This may be the reason to happen the battle of Plassey where Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daulah defeated

Rafi Ul-Darjat was the first-cousin of Furrukhsiyar and reign lasted for three months four days
He (1699-1719) was the youngest son of Rafi-us-Shaan (brother of Azim ush Shan and Jahander)
After accomplishing Furrukhsiyar’s assassination, the Saiyid brothers placed him on the throne
They wanted him to be a puppet ruler and took steps to limit his power
Rafi Ud-Daulat (Shah Jahan II), Nikusiyar, and Mohammed Ibrahim was the Mughal emperor
The above four emperor’s reign was in 1719; sometimes Nikusiyar’s reign is discounted
Rafi-Ul-Darjat, Rafi-Ud-Daulat, and Mohammed Ibrahim were brothers and puppet of Saiyid

Mohammed Shah was the 14th Mughal emperor of India between 1719 and 1748
He was the grandson of Bahadur Shah I; ascend the throne with the help of Saiyid brothers
He got rid of Saiyid brothers through revolutions; the Mughal Empire looses a lot regional states
His reign was mainly in Delhi based; Nader Shah (Persian emperor) defeated his Army in 1739
He handed over the keys of royal treasury and lost the Peacock Throne to the Persian emperor

Ahmad Shah Bahadur was the 15th Mughal emperor in 1748 at the age of 23 and killed in 1754
He was the son of Mohammed Shah, inherited a much weakened Mughal state and ruled 6 years
He was killed by Wazir Ghazi-ud-Din at the age of 30 in his sleep on a night in January 1754

Alamgir II was the second son of Jahander Shah and 16th Mughal emperor in 1754 -1759
He had no experience of administration and warfare as he had spent most of his life in Jail
After deposing Ahmad Shah, Ghazi-Ud-Din raised him to the throne as he was an old man of 55
He was a weak ruler, with all powers vested to Wazir, Ghaz-ud-Din and finally murdered by him
This was the peak of Maratha expansion, which caused great trouble of the Mughal Empire
Marathas became more powerful with the collaboration of Ghaz-ud-Din

Shah Jahan III was the grandson of Kam Bakhsh and 17th Mughal Emperor in 1759-1760
He was deposed by Wazir Ghaz-ud-Din in 1760 and Delhi was captured by Marathas
Shah Alam II was the son of Alamgir II and 18th Mughal emperor in 1759 – 1806

Akbar Shah II was the son of Shah Alam II and second-to-last of the Mughal emperors of India
He held the title from 1806 to 1837 and had little real power due to the increasing British control

Bahadur Shah II was the son of Akbar Shah II and the last of Mughal Emperors in India
His reign was from 1838 to1857 and he left 22 sons, 32 daughters as his descendants
He was a noted Urdu poet and wrote a large number of Urdu Ghazals (some of his opus was lost)
He himself was exiled to Rangoon (Yangon, Myanmar) in 1858, died in 1862 and buried in there

The Maratha Empire (1674 – 1818) was a Hindu state located in present-day India
This state covered 1 million km2 or one-third of South India with Raigad as its capital city
The local lord Shivaji founded an independent Maratha Empire after lifetime guerrilla warfare
Shivaji, Sambhaji, Rajaram, Q. Tarabai, Shahu, and Ramaraja were the ruler of Maratha Empire

The Sikh Confederacy (1716 – 1849) started 83 years before Sikh Empire launched
The Sikh Empire was in Punjab, Chandigarh, Haryana, Himachal, Jammu, Delhi, and NWFP
The complete Empire was from 1799 – 1849 in the above state of India and Pakistan
Their main Empire was in Punjab (“Five Rivers” are the Beas, Ravi, Sutlej, Chenab, and Jhelum)
Maharaja Ranjit Singh is the founder of Sikh Empire and ruled until his death 1839
During his reign, there were 80% Muslim, 10% Hindu, and 10% Sikh religious people
He succeeded to his eldest legitimate son Kharak Singh but he was removed from power in 1839
Nau Nihal Singh, Sher Singh, and Duleep Singh were the ruler of Sikh between 1839 and 1849
The empire ended by Second Anglo-Sikh War in 1849 and the real British Empire started

British Empire was from 1765 – 1947, but officially from 1858-1947 in Indian subcontinent
The British Indian Empire included the regions of present-day India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh
Their capital of British Raj was in Calcutta (1858-1912), later in New Delhi (1912-1947)
Victoria, Edward VII, George V, Edward VIII, and George VI were the rulers of British Empire
The British East India Company defeated Nawab Siraj-Ud-Daula in the Battle of Plassey in 1757
After defeating with the help of Mir Jafar, they established their rule in Bengal, Bihar and Orissa
Robert Clive was the first Governor in Calcutta, started capturing of other parts of great India
The British colony was in Burma, Somaliland, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan, Maldives
British East India Company transferred the rule to the Crown in the person of Queen Victoria
They ruled the great India until 1947, when the Empire was partitioned into two sovereign states
They partitioned as the Union of India and Dominion of Pakistan (later Pakistan and Bangladesh)

The partition of India by the UK into two independence countries makes the Modern States
The independence of British India into India and Pakistan on 1947 started the Modern states
Union of India (later Republic of India) got independence on 15 August 1947
Mahatma Gandhi is a major political and spiritual leader, and the father of Indian nation
Dominion of Pakistan (later Islamic Republic of Pakistan) got independence on 14 August 1947
Muhammad Ali Jinnah is a Muslim politician, leader of AIML, and the father of Pakistani nation
Before leaving from great India, the British ruler separated India and Pakistan in a conflict way
Like, they put Pakistan as East Pakistan and West Pakistan which were totally separate regions
Bengali speaking people lives in West Bengal (greater Calcutta) and East Bengal (Bangladesh)
The whole Bengal (East, West) should be under one region but they put in India and Bangladesh
Again, Gujarat, Punjab, and Kashmir regions are in Pakistan and present India area
The war between Indian and Pakistani Kashmir is happening during the long period

The British ruler knew that East Pakistan and West Pakistan will never stay together
Bangladesh got freedom from Pakistan in 1971 by nine months Bangladesh liberation War
21 February is the Language Movement Day of Bangladesh/International Mother Language Day
26 March is the Independence Day of Bangladesh (declared independence of Bangladesh)
15 August is the national mourning day (the army stuff killed Sheikh Mujib on 15 August 1975)
03 Nov is the Jail killing day (the four national leaders was killed at Dhaka central Jail, 1975)
07 Nov is the National Revolution & Solidarity Day (Colonel Taher freed Zia from Jail, 1975)
14 December is the Shaheed Intellectual Day (Pakistani force killed intellectual on 14 Dec 1971)
16 December is the Victory Day of Bangladesh (got victory on 16 Dec 1971 after 9 months war)
Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the architect and great national leader of Bangladesh
Bangladesh didn’t achieve its freedom by one day, lot of people have their contribution to get it
Suhrawardy, Sher-E-Bangla Fazlul, Bhashani, and the Mukti Bahini were the main contributor
‘Mukti Bahini’ means ‘Freedom fighter’ who fought for Bangladesh until death or independence
In 1970 election, Sheikh Mujib’s Awami League won most of the seats (160 out of 300)
Whereas Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto’s Pakistan Peoples Party (PPP) won only 81 seats
On 7 March 1971, Bangabandhu delivered a historical speech at the Racecourse Ground
The speech of 7 March 1971 was the inspiration, starting and actual declaration of independence
Sheikh Mujib arrested on the night 25-26 March 1971 at about 1:30 a.m. by Pakistani ruler
He signed an official declaration for the Independence of Bangladesh on 25 March 1971
M.A. Hannan made the first announcement of the declaration of independence on 26 March 1971
Major Ziaur Rahman declared the independence by Kalurghat Radio station on 27 March 1971
General M.A.G. Osmani was the Supreme Commander of the Mukti Bahini during liberation war
Ziaur Rahman was one Sector Commander and read Sheikh Mujib’s declaration of Independence
Dr. Kamal Hossain is one of the principal authors of the Constitution of Bangladesh
Tikka Khan was one of the leading men responsible for the 1971 Genocide in Bangladesh
He was sent out by Yahya Khan and is referred to as the "Butcher of Bengal" by Bangladeshis
Yahya Khan was the culprit and President of Pakistan (25 March 1969 - 20 December 1971)
Zulfiqar Ali Bhutto is another culprit who was the main person for the Genocide in Bangladesh
Razakars, Al-Badrs, Al-Shams (mostly member of Jamaat-e-Islami BD) opposed independence
Those Bahini (groups) are formed by Pakistani Army to protect Pakistan and help them
Indian Prime Minister Indira Gandhi openly referred to the former East Pakistan as Bangladesh
She travelled the world and talks the world leader to recognize East Pakistan as Bangladesh
She protected BD refuge and sent Indian troops to work with Mukti Bahini until Independence
Indo-Pakistani War (3 Dec to 16 Dec 1971) is closely correlated to Bangladesh Liberation War

Bangladesh is a land of rivers and most of the people are directly/indirectly reliant on agriculture
The predecessor of the Bangladeshi nation were mostly farmer and the land of this region is lush
The land is so fertile that crops are produced all over the year from this motherland
Perhaps this was the main reason to rule this great land from foreign ruler for a long period
Magadha, Maurya, Gupta, Pala, Delhi Sultan, Mughal, British, and Pakistani ruler ruled this area
Finally, Bangladeshi nation were bound for fighting to get freedom from the Pakistani ruler
A huge number (almost 3 million) Bangladeshi people died in this great liberation war
In 16 December 1971, Pakistan’s Lt. Gen. Niazi surrendered in front of Lt. Gen. Jagjit Singh
Lt. General Jagjit Singh Aurora was the Indian commander of Mitro Bahini (Allies)
Bangladesh defeated the Pakistani ruler in 1952 (language movement) and 1971 (liberation war)
The present Bangladesh name was East Bengal in July 1946, renamed East Pakistan on Oct 1955
No doubt Bangladesh got freedom; the nation is not misruled by foreign autocrat ruler
Did Bangladeshi nation achieve financial solvency, corruption free, and real democratic state?

Bangabandhu Sheikh Mujibur Rahman is the first President and Prime Minister of Bangladesh
Bangladesh is started with Presidential democracy, later converted into parliamentary democracy
He achieved Julio Curie award as his great contribution to the country
He formed an organization in his term called BAKSAL which was the major wrong decision
BAKSAL stands for Bangladesh Krishok Sramik Awamy League, all parties were outlawed
He was the great leader but as a ruler perhaps he didn’t succeeded, therefore he was assassinated
He told, “I got the mine of thief instead of the mine of gold after independence“
He ruled the new formed country only for less than four years (11 April 1971 –15 August 1975)

Ziaur Rahman is the President and founder of Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP)
He started the canal digging program and irrigation project in the villages
He signed the Indemnity Act and pardoned the assassins of Sheikh Mujibur Rahman
Zia was arrested but returned to power through Sepoy mutiny organized by Colonel Abu Taher
His intimate friend Colonel Taher freed him from Jail but Zia sentenced him to death
He was popular in the villages, killed lot of soldiers and competitor, finally was killed by Army
He ruled the country from 21 April 1977 to 30 May 1981

Hossain Mohammad Ershad was the President of Bangladesh, he is known as friend of villagers
He was a military and autocrat president, and finally lost the ruling power by the public
He is the founder of Bangladesh Jatiya Party and quits the party Chairman in 2007 for time being
He introduced the Upazila and Zila Parishad, and developed his home district Rangpur
He ruled the country from 27 March 1982 to 6 December 1990

Begum Khaleda Zia was the Prime Minister and Chairperson of BNP now
She is now the popular country leader and in Jail of Bangladesh
Lot of her cabinet Ministers (including she) are now charged into different corruption cases
She ruled the country (20 March 1991-19 March 1996, 10 October 2001-28 October 2006)

Sheikh Hasina Wajed was the Prime Minister and Leader of Awami League (BAL) now
She is now the popular public leader and in Jail of Bangladesh
She is now charged into different corruption cases
She ruled the country from 23 June 1996 to 15 July 2001

There are 158 political parties in Bangladesh, 7 parties represents in the Parliament now
Bangladesh Awami League, Bangladesh Nationalist Party (BNP), Jatiya Party, Jamat-e-Islami,
Communist Party Bangladesh, Bangladesh Islami Front, Jatiya Shomajtantrik Dal, Bangladesh
Workers party, Freedom Party, Gono Forum, Liberal Democratic Party (LDP), Islami Oikka
Jote, and Bikalpa Dhara Bangladesh (BDB) are the main political parties in Bangladesh

14 President, 10 Prime Minister, and 5 Chief Adviser’s were in power of Bangladesh

Sahabuddin Ahmed did good job as an acting President and is respectable to the Bangladeshi
Fakhruddin Ahmed is the fifth Chief Adviser (13 January 2007 to present) of Bangladesh
Syed Nazrul Islam was the acting and first President of Bangladesh

No President and PM did something good for country; they did for themselves and party worker
The development which has been happened during the last 37 years is a chronological process
The Bangladesh needs some great patriot to develop and remove poverty from the country

Besides those renowned President, Abu Sayeed Chowdhury, Mohammad Mohammadullah,

Khandakar Mushtaq Ahmed, Abu Sadat Mohammad Sayem, Abdus Sattar, A. F. M. Ahsanuddin
Chowdhury, Abdur Rahman Biswas, A.Q.M. Badruddoza Chowdhury, Jamiruddin Sircar, and
Iajuddin Ahmed are the President’s of Bangladesh

Besides those renowned Prime Minister, Tajuddin Ahmed, Mohammad Mansoor Ali, Azizur
Rahman, Ataur Rahman Khan, Mizanur Rahman Chowdhury, Moudud Ahmed, and Kazi Zafar
Ahmed are the Prime Minister of Bangladesh

Habibur Rahman, Latifur Rahman, Iajuddin Ahmed, Fazlul Haque, and Fakhruddin Ahmed
(current) are the Chief Adviser of Bangladesh

The great India history is a long years and huge, it’s an ancient civilization, hard to write shortly
The reader can read this article by few hours and gather the knowledge of history at a glance
However, the writer read the history by one and half months and summarized the main events