7 Linear Elasticity

Continuum Mechanics
Chapter 7
Linear Elasticity
C. Agelet de Saracibar
ETS Ingenieros de Caminos, Canales y Puertos, Universidad Politcnica de Catalua (UPC), Barcelona, Spain
International Center for Numerical Methods in Engineering (CIMNE), Barcelona, Spain
Linear Elasticity > Contents
Contents
Chapter 7 Linear Elasticity
1. Linear elastic model
2. Linear elastic IBVP
3. Solution of the linear elastic IBVP
4. Orthogonal curvilinear coordinates
5. Assignments
6. Linear thermoelastic model
7. Linear thermoelastic IBVP
8. Solution of the linear thermoelastic IBVP
9. Assignments
10. Plane linear elasticity
October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 2

Linear Elasticity > Linear Elastic Model
Linear Elastic Model

Infinitesimal Strains Framework
Displacements and gradient of displacements are infinitesimal
No difference between:
o spatial and material configurations
o spatial and material coordinates
o spatial and material descriptions
o spatial and material differential operators
o spatial and material time derivatives
o spatial mass density and material mass density
Linear functions of the gradient of displacements


H1. Adiabatic Processes
We consider that the processes are adiabatic, such that,
r = 0, div q = 0
The internal dissipation rate per unit of volume for an adiabatic
process, given by the Clausius-Planck inequality, can be written
as,
Dint := 0 0 r + div q = 0 0


H2. Isothermal Processes
We consider that the processes are isothermal, such that,
= 0
The internal dissipation rate per unit of volume for an isothermal
process, given by the Clausius-Planck inequality, can be written
as,
Dint := 0 0 r + div q
= : 0 ( e )
( )
= : 0 + = : 0 0


H3. Free Energy
We consider that the free energy per unit of volume is a function
of the infinitesimal strain tensor, such that for an isothermal
linear elastic model is a quadratic function of the strain tensor
given by,
1
0 = 0 ( ) = : C : 0
2
where C is a positive definite symmetric fourth-order tensor,
denoted as isothermal constant elastic constitutive tensor.


As the isothermal elastic constitutive tensor C is a symmetric
fourth-order tensor, the following symmetry condition holds,
: C : = ab Cabcd cd = ab Ccdab cd , Cabcd = Ccdab
Furthermore, symmetry of the strain tensor yields the following

symmetry conditions,
: C : = T : C : = : C : T , Cabcd = Cbacd = Cabdc
The symmtery conditions reduce from 81 to 21 the number of

parameters needed to define the elastic constitutive tensor.


Internal Dissipation Inequality
Applying the chain rule, the internal dissipation rate per unit of
volume for an isothermal process, given by the Clausius-Planck
inequality, yields,
Dint := : 0
( ) ( )
= : 0 : = 0 : 0



Constitutive Equation and Reduced Dissipation
Following Colemans method, the internal dissipation rate per
unit of volume for an isothermal process, given by the Clausius-
Planck inequality, must be satisfied for arbitrary thermodynamic
processes, i.e. arbitrary strain rates,
( )
Dint := 0 : 0

yielding the following isothermal linear elastic constitutive
equation and zero internal reduced dissipation rate per unit of
volume, that characterizes a reversible process
( )
= 0 , Dint = 0


Constitutive Equation and Reduced Dissipation
The constitutive equation and reduced internal dissipation rate
per unit o volume for an isothermal linear elastic model are given
by,
( )
= 0 = C : , ab = Cabcd cd

Dint = 0
Note that, as the internal dissipation rate per unit of volume is

zero for a linear elastic model, any adiabatic process is also
isentropic and any isentropic process is also adiabatic.


Elastic Constitutive Tensor
The isothermal elastic constitutive tensor for a linear elastic
model is given by,
2 ( ) 2 ( )
C = 0 , Cabcd = 0
ab cd

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

Isotropic Elastic Constitutive Tensor
A continuum medium is said to be isotropic if at a given point it
has the same material properties in any direction.
For an isotropic linear elastic material model, the physical
property of isotropy is translated into a mathematical property
of isotropy of the isothermal elastic constitutive tensor, yielding,
C = 1 1 + 2 I , Cabcd = ab cd + ( ac bd + ad bc )
where 0, > 0, denoted as isothermal Lam parameters, are

the two material parameters characterizing an isothermal isotro-
pic linear elastic material model.
Isotropy reduces from 21 to 2 the number of parameters needed
to define the elastic constitutive tensor.

Free Energy for an Isotropic Linear Elastic Model
The free energy per unit of volume for an isothermal isotropic
linear elastic material model can be written as,
1 1 2
0 ( ) = : C : = ( tr ) + : 0
2 2


Isotropic Linear Elastic Constitutive Equation
The isothermal constitutive equation for an isotropic linear
elastic material model can be written as,
No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.
No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.


The volumetric part of the constitutive equation for an isother-
mal isotropic linear elastic model can be written as,
tr = : 1 = ( tr ) 1 : 1 + 2 : 1 = ( 3 + 2 ) tr
Introducing the mean stress, volumetric deformation and iso-
thermal bulk modulus, given by,
1 2
m := tr , e := tr , K := + > 0
3 3
The volumetric part of the constitutive equation for an isother-
mal isotropic linear elastic model can be written as,
m = Ke

The deviatoric part of the constitutive equation for an isotropic
linear elastic model can be written as,
dev = ( tr ) dev 1 + 2 dev = 2 dev
Introducing the shear modulus given by,

G := > 0
dev = 2G dev


Isotropic Linear Elastic Inverse Constitutive Equation
The inverse constitutive equation for an isothermal isotropic
1
tr = ( 3 + 2 ) tr
1
= ( tr ) 1 +
( 3 + 2 ) 2 2


Let us introduce the isothermal Young elastic modulus, denoted
as E > 0, isothermal Poissons coefficient, denoted as 0 1 2,
and isothermal bulk modulus, denoted as K > 0 , such that,
( 3 + 2 ) 1
E= > 0, 0 =
+ 2 ( + ) 2
E E
= 0, = G = >0
(1 + )(1 2 ) 2 (1 + )
2 E
K =+ = >0
3 3 (1 2 )


The inverse constitutive equation for an isothermal isotropic
1 + 1 +
= ( tr ) 1 + , ab = dd ab + ab
E E E E


Using engineering notation, the Cartesian components of the
inverse constitutive equation for an isothermal isotropic linear
elastic model can be written as,
1 1
(
x = x ( y + z ) , xy = xy
E G
)
1 1
y = ( y ( x + z ) ) , xz = xz
E G
1 1
(
z = z ( x + y ) , yz = yz
E G
)


Example 7.1
Let us consider an uniaxial traction test of an isotropic linear
elastic material such that,
x > 0, y = z = xy = xz = yz = 0
y
x x
x
1) Obtain the components of the strain tensor

2) Consider as particular cases: (a) = 0 ; (b) = 1 2


Example 7.1
Given a stress state such that,
x > 0, y = z = xy = xz = yz = 0
the components of the strain tensor take the form,
1
E
( 1
E
( 1
))
x = x y + z = x > 0, xy = xy = 0
G
1 1
y =
E
( ( ))
y x + z = x 0, xz = xz = 0
E G

z =
1
E
( ( ))
1
z x + y = x 0, yz = yz = 0
E G


(a) Consider the case = 0 :
1
x = x > 0, y = x = 0, z = x = 0
E E E
There is no Poisson effect.
(b) Consider the case = 1 2 :

1 1 1
x = x > 0, y = x = x 0, z = x = x 0
E E 2E E 2E
1 1 1
e = tr = x + y + z = x x x = 0
E 2E 2E
The volumetric strain is zero, the volume is preserved, characte-
rizing an incompressible isotropic linear elastic material model.
Linear Elasticity > Linear Elastic IBVP
Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

Governing Equations
Let us consider the following governing equations in the space x
time domain I = [ 0,T ].
Linear momentum balance First Cauchys motion equation
2u 2 ua
div + 0b = 0 2 , ab,b + 0ba = 0 2 in I
t t
Isothermal isotropic linear elastic constitutive equation
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 , ab = dd ab + 2 ab in I
Geometrical equations
1 1
s
2
( T
2
)
= u = u + ( u ) , ab = ( ua ,b + ub,a ) in I


Boundary Conditions
Let us consider prescribed displacements and prescribed trac-
tions boundaries, denoted as u and , respectively, such
that,
u = , u =
with the following bounday conditions for the IBVP:
Prescribed displacements boundary conditions
u = u, u a = u a on u I
Prescribed tractions boundary conditions
t = n = t , ta = ab nb = ta on I


Initial Conditions
Let us consider the following initial conditions for the IBVP,
Initial displacements at time t=0
u t =0 = 0, ua t =0 = 0 in
Initial velocities at time t=0
u ua
= v0 , = v0a in
t t =0 t t =0


Find the displacements, strains and stresses in I = [ 0,T ]
such that the following equations are satisfied:

2u
div + 0b = 0 2
t
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 in I
1
2
(
= su = u + ( u )
T

)
u t =0 = 0
u = u on u I
u in
t = n = t on I = v0
t t =0

Unicity of the Solution of the Linear Elastic IBVP
The solution of the linear elastic IBVP is unique in strains and
stresses.
The solution of the linear elastic IBVP is unique in displacements
if the boundary conditions are such that arbitrary rigid motions
are not allowed.

Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

Quasistatic Linear Elastic BVP
A problem is said to be quasistatic if the acceleration term in the
first Cauchys motion equation is negligible.
A quasistatic linear elastic BVP does not involves any time
derivative, hence no time integration is involved and initial
conditions are not needed anymore.
Actions on the continuum body (forces, boundary conditions)
may still be a function of time and, then, the response
(displacements, strains, stresses) will be also a function of time.
Here the time plays the role and may be viewed as a loading
parameter.

Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

Quasistatic Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP
div + 0b = 0

= ( tr ) 1 + 2 in I
s
= u
u = u on u I
t =n = t on I

Linear Elasticity > Solution of the Linear Elastic IBVP
Solution of the Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP


2u
div + 0b = 0 2
t
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 in I
1
2
(
= su = u + ( u )
T

)
u t =0 = 0
u = u on u I
u in
t = n = t on I = v0
t t =0

Method of Displacements: Navier Equation
Stresses can be removed from the list of unknowns of the
isothermal isotropic linear elastic IBVP using,
div = div ( ( tr ) 1 + 2 )
= grad ( tr ) + 2 div
n = ( ( tr ) 1 + 2 ) n
= ( tr ) n + 2 n


Strains can can be removed from the list of unknowns of the
isothermal isotropic linear elastic IBVP using,
div = grad ( tr ) + 2 div
= ( + ) grad ( div u ) + div ( grad u )
n = ( tr ) n + 2 n
(
= ( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n
T
)


The first Cauchys motion equation written in terms of the displa-
cements is denoted as Navier equation and takes the form,
2u
( + ) grad ( div u ) + div ( grad u ) + 0b = 0 2 in I
t
2 ua
( + ) ub,ba + ua ,bb + 0ba = 0 2 in I
t


Find the displacements in I = [ 0,T ] such that the
following equations are satisfied:
2u
t
u = u on u I
( T
( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n = t on I )
u
u t =0 = 0, = v0 in
t t =0
Solution of the Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

Quasistatic Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP
Find the displacements in I = [ 0,T ] such that the
following equations are satisfied:
( + ) grad ( div u ) + div ( grad u ) + 0b = 0 in I
u = u on u I
( T
( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n = t on I )

Solution of the Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

While the displacements have been obtained, strains and
stresses may be obtained as a post-process of the results,
1 1
s
2
( T
2
)
= u = u + ( u ) , ab = ( ua ,b + ub,a ) in I
Isothermal isotropic linear elastic constitutive equations
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 , ab = dd ab + 2 ab in I

Linear Elasticity > Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates
Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates

Cylindrical and Spherical Coordinates

Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates

General Remarks
The components of a vector or higher order tensor are equal
to their components in a local cartesian basis linked to the
orthogonal curvilinear coordinates.
The components of the Nabla operator have to be obtained
for each orthogonal curvilinear coordinates system.
Operations involving the Nabla operator, such as grad, div,
curl, in general, cannot be obtained as a matrix operation in
terms of their components, as it happens in cartesian
coordinates, i.e. for the divergence of a vector,
T
u [] [u]

Cylindrical Coordinates

Vector position
x = x ( r , , z ) = r cos e x + r sin e y + z e z
Physical basis
x
= cos e x + sin e y
r

x
= r sin e x + r cos e y

x
= ez

z

Euclidean norms of the physical basis vectors
x x x
= 1, = r, = 1,
r z
Local orthonormal basis vectors

e r ( ) = cos e x + sin e y

e ( ) = sin e x + cos e y

e z = e z

Nabla differential operator
1
= er + e + e z
r r z
T
1
[ ] =
r r z

Navier Equations
e 2G z 2 ur
( + 2G ) + 2G + 0br = 0 2
r r z t
1 e r z 2u
( + 2G ) 2G + 2G + 0b = 0 2
r z r t
e 2G ( r ) 2G r 2u z
( + 2G ) + + 0bz = 0 2
z r r r t

Navier Equations
1 ( rur ) 1 u u z
e = div u = + +
r r r z
1 1 u z u
r = z =
2 r z
1 ur uz
= zr =
2 z r
1 1 ( ru ) 1 ur
z = r =
2 r r r

Components of the Strain Tensor
rr r rz
[ ] = r z

rz z zz
ur 1 1 ur u u 1 ur u z
+ +
r 2 r r r 2 z r

1 1 ur u u 1 u ur 1 u 1 u z
= + + +
2 r r r r r 2 z r

1 ur u z 1 u 1 u z u z
2 z r
+

+

2 z r z
Spherical Coordinates

Vector position
x = x ( r , , ) = r sin cos e x + r sin sin e y + r cos e z
Physical basis
x
= sin cos e x + sin sin e y
r
x
= r cos cos e x + r cos sin e y r sin e z

x
= r sin sin e x + r sin cos e y

Euclidean norms of the physical basis vectors
x x x
= sin , = r, = r sin ,
r r z
Local orthonormal basis vectors

e r ( ) = cos e x + sin e y

e ( , ) = cos cos e x + cos sin e y sin e z

e ( ) = sin e x + cos e y

Nabla differential operator
1 1
= er + e + e
r r r sin
T
1 1
[ ] =
r r r sin

Navier Equations
e 2G ( sin ) 2G 2 ur
( + 2G ) + + 0br = 0 2
r r sin r sin t
1 e 2G r 2G ( r sin ) 2u
( + 2G ) + + b
0
= 0 2
r r sin r sin r t
1 e 2G ( ) 2G r
r 2
u
( + 2G ) + + 0b = 0 2
r sin r r r t

Navier Equations
1 ( r 2
ur sin ) ( ru sin ) ( ru )
e = div u = 2 + +
r sin r
1 1 ( u sin ) 1 u
r = =
2 r sin r sin

1 1 ur 1 ( ru )
= r =

2 r sin r r

1 1 ( ) 1 ur
ru
= r =
2 r r r

Components of the Strain Tensor
rr r r

[ ] r
=
r
ur 1 1 ur u u
rr = r = +
r 2 r r r
1 u ur 1 1 ur u u
= + r = +
r r 2 r sin r r
1 u u ur 1 1 u 1 u u
= + cot + = + cot
r sin r r 2 r sin r r
Linear Elasticity > Assignments
Assignments
Assignment 7.1
A uniform compression pressure, denoted as p, is applied to the
lateral surface of the cylinder of radius R of the figure. The mate-
rial of the cylinder is assumed to be isotropic linear elastic with
Lam constants = . There is an horizontal rigid surface on the
top of the cylinder at a distance a<<R.
Body forces and frictional effects are a
neglected. Quasistatic conditions are

assumed.
p p h
(1) Plot p vs , where is the radial
displacement of the lateral surface
of the cylinder. A
A
(2) Plot p vs z at point A.
R R
Assignment 7.1
Assignment 7.1
Boundary conditions will depend on the value of the applied
pressure. Let us consider the following problems,
Problem 1: The cylinder is not in contact with the top horizon-
tal surface. BC on the top surface of the cylinder are zero
tractions. The range of values of the pressure is 0 p p *
where p * is the pressure needed for the cylinder just to make
contact (without contact pressure) with the top horizontal
surface.
Problem 2: The cylinder is in contact with the top horizontal
surface. BC on the top surface of the cylinder are zero
incremental vertical displacements (measured from the
displacements at the end of Problem 1) and p p *.
Assignments
Problem 1 Problem 2
0 p p* p* p
0 p = p p *
a
u u
h h
p p
p p

A A
R R R R

Assignment 7.1
Problem 1
We consider the following steps:
Step 1. System of coordinates.
Taking into accoun the geometry of the problem, we select a
cylindrical system of coordinates to solve the problem.

Assignment 7.1
Step 2. Hypotheses on the displacements
Using cylindrical coordinates the displacement field takes the
form,
T
[u] = ur ( r, , z ) u ( r , , z ) uz ( r , , z )
Taking into account the axial symmetry of the geometry, loading
and BC we consider a displacement field of the form,
T
[u] = ur ( r, z ) 0 uz ( r , z )
Furthermore, taking into account that the pressure is uniform,
and there is frictionless contact we introduce the following
additional hypotheses, yielding a displacement field of the form,
T
[u] = ur ( r ) 0 u z ( z )
Assignment 7.1
Step 3. Navier equations in cylindrical coordinates.
Taking into account quasi-static conditions and body forces
negligible,
e 2G z
( + 2G ) + 2G + 0br = 0
r r z
1 e r z
( + 2G ) 2G + 2G + 0b = 0
r z r
e 2G ( r ) 2G r
( + 2G ) + + 0bz = 0
z r r r

Assignment 7.1
Taking into account the hypotheses introduced on the displace-
ment field,
1 ( rur ) 1 u u z 1 ( rur ) u z
e = div u = + + = +
r r r z r r z
1 1 u z u
r = z = =0
2 r z
1 ur u z
= zr = =0
2 z r
1 1 ( ru ) 1 ur
z = r = =0
2 r r r
Assignment 7.1
Then, the (non-trivial) Navier equations take the form,
e 1 ( rur ( r ) ) u z ( z ) 1 ( rur ( r ) )
= + = =0
r r r r z r r r

e 1 ( rur ( r ) ) u z ( z ) u z ( z )
= + = =0
z z r r z z z
Integrating the Navier equations yields,
1
ur ( r ) = A1r + A2 , u z ( z ) = A3 z + A4
r

Assignment 7.1
Step 4. Boundary conditions.
The BC on displacements for Problem 1 read,
1
ur ( r ) r = 0 = A1r + A2 =0 A2 = 0
r r =0
u z ( z ) z =0 = A3 z + A4 z =0
=0 A4 = 0
Substituting into the equations of the components of the
displacement yields,
ur ( r ) = A1r , u z ( z ) = A3 z

Assignment 7.1
The components of the strain tensor take the form,
A1 0 0

[ ] = 0 A1 0
0 0 A3
Taking into account that = , the components of the stress
tensor take the form,
4 A1 + A3 0 0
[ ] = 0 4 A1 + A3 0

0 0 2 A1 + 3 A3
Assignment 7.1
The BC on the traction vector for Problem 1, conveniently
writting the non-trivial component in terms of the components
of the stress tensor yields,
r r=R
= ( 4 A1 + A3 ) = p
z z =h
= ( 2 A1 + 3 A3 ) = 0
Solving the system of two equations, yields,

3p p
A1 = , A3 =
10 5

Assignment 7.1
Step 5. Solution of Problem 1
The solution in displacements, strains and stresses for Problem 1
takes the form,
p T
[u] = [ 3r 0 2 z ]
10
3 0 0 p 0 0
p ,
[ ] = 0 3 0 [ ] = 0 p 0
10
0 0 2 0 0 0

Assignment 7.1
The value of the pressure for which the cylinder comes into
contact with the top surface is given by,
p* 5 a
uz ( z ) z =h = h=a p* =
5 h
Then, the range of values of the pressure for the solution of the
Problem 1 is given by,
5 a
0 p p* =
h

Assignment 7.1
Step 6. Curve p-.
The curve p- for Problem 1 is given by,
3p 10
:= ur ( r ) r = R = R p=
10 3R
The stress zA for Problem 1 is zero for any value of p (within the
range of values of p defining Problem 1).

Assignment 7.1
Problem 2
We have to use an incremental formulation and we may use the
results obtained in Steps 1-3 from Problem 1, yielding an
increment of displacements,
1
ur ( r ) = B1r + B2 , u z ( z ) = B3 z + B4
r

Assignment 7.1
The BC on displacements for Problem 2 (imposed on the
reference or undeformed configuration) read,
1
ur ( r ) r =0 = B1r + B2 = 0 B2 = 0
r r =0
u z ( z ) z =0 = B3 z + B4 z =0
= 0 B4 = 0
u z ( z ) z = h = B3 z z = h = 0 B3 = 0
Substituting into the equations of the components of the

displacement yields,
ur ( r ) = B1r , u z ( z ) = 0
Assignment 7.1
The components of the incremental strain tensor take the form,
B1 0 0
0 0
[ ]
= B1
0 0 0
Taking into account that = , the components of the
incremental stress tensor take the form,
4 B1 0 0
[ ] = 0 4 B1 0
0 0 2 B1
Assignment 7.1
The BC on the incremental traction vector for Problem 2,
conveniently writting the non-trivial component in terms of the
component of the incremental stress tensor yields,
p
r r=R
= ( 4 B1 ) = p B1 =
4

Assignment 7.1
The incremental solution in displacements, strains and stresses
for Problem 2 takes the form,
p T
[ u ] = [ r 0 0]
4
1 0 0 2 0 0
p , p
[ ]
= 0 1 0 [ ]
= 0 2 0
4 2
0 0 0 0 0 1

Assignment 7.1
Step 6. Curves p- and zA -
The curve p- for Problem 2 is given by,
p 4
:= ur ( r ) r = R = R p =
4 R
The curve zA - for Problem 2 is given by,

p
A
:=
z p = 2 zA
2

Assignment 7.1
p p
4
p =
R
5 a
p=
h 10
p=
3R
3Ra
=
2h

Assignment 7.1
p p
p = 2 zA
5 a
p=
h zA
zA

Assignment 7.2
Assignment 7.2 [Classwork]
Consider a sphere A with radius R1=R and a spherical crown B
with external radius R2=2R. The two spheres are of the same iso-
tropic linear elastic material (Young modulus E>0 and Poissons
coefficient =0). There is a small uniform gap a<<R between
them. A uniform pressure p is applied on the external surface of
the spherical crown B.
Body forces and frictional effects B p
between the two spheres can be A

neglected. Quasi-static conditions R 2
R 1
can be assumed.

Assignment 7.2
Assignment 7.2 [Classwork]
1) Obtain the value of the pressure p for which the two bodies
come into contact.
2) Plot the curve pressure-delta, where delta is defined as
minus the radial displacement of the external surface of the
spherical crown B.

Assignment 7.2
Step 1. Taking into account the geometry and BCs of the problem
we will use a spherical coordinates system.
Step 2. Taking into account the spherical symmetry of the pro-

blem (geometry and BCs) we introduce the following hypotheses
on the displacements (for any of the two spheres),
T
[u ] = ur ( r ) 0 0
Step 3. Using the assumed displacement field and taking into
account that body forces are negligible, the (non-trivial) Navier
equation for a quasistatic problem takes the form,
e 1 ( r 2
ur )
= 2 = 0

r r r r
Assignment 7.2
Integrating the Navier equation yields,
B
ur ( r ) = Ar + 2
r
The non-zero components of the stress tensor take the form,
2B B
r ( r ) = E A 3 , ( r ) = ( r ) = E A + 3
r r

Assignment 7.2
Step 4. While the two bodies are not in contact, the displace-
ments, strains and stresses in the body 1 are zero and the
internal pressure on the body 2 is equal to zero. BCs for body 2,
while the two bodies are not in contact, take the form,
B 2B
(2)
r ( 2 R ) = E A 3 = p, r ( R ) = E A 3 = 0
(2)
4R R
Solving the system of equations yields,
8 4
A= p, B = pR3
7E 7E

Assignment 7.2
The radial displacement and normal radial stress for body 2 take
the form,
8 R 3
8 R3
ur ( r ) =
(2)
p r + 2 , r (r) =
(2)
p 1 3
7E 2r 7 r
The pressure needed for the two bodies to come into contact is
given by,
8 R 7 Ea
u (2)
r ( R) = p R + = a p=
7E 2 12 R
The solution obtained is valid for a range of values of the
pressure given by,
7 Ea
0 p
12 R
Assignment 7.2
The curve p-delta for this phase of the loading will be given by,
8 R 17 7E
:= u (2)
r ( 2 R ) = p 2 R + = pR p=
7E 8 7E 17 R
p
7 Ea
p=
12 R
7E
p=
17 R
17 a
=
12
Assignment 7.2
For higher values of the pressure, the two bodies will be in
contact and therefore the boundary conditions will be different.
The incremental radial displacement and incremental normal
radial stress fields for body 1 will be given by,
B1 2 B1
u ( r ) = A1r + 2 , r ( r ) = A1 3
(1)
r
(1)
r r
The incremental radial displacement and incremental normal
radial stress fields for body 2 will be given by,
B2 2 B2
u (2)
r ( r ) = A2 r + 2 , r ( r ) = A2 3
(2)
r r

Assignment 7.2
Denoting as p* the uniform contact pressure between the two
bodies, the boundary conditions for bodies 1 and take the form,
B1 2 B1
u ( r = 0 ) = A1r + 2
(1)
r = 0, (1)
r ( R ) = E A1 3 = p *
r r =0 R
2 B2 2 B2
( 2)
r ( R ) = E A2 3 = p*, r ( 2 R ) = E A2 3 = p
( 2)
R 8R
Solving the systems of equations, the constants are given by,
p*
A1 = , B1 = 0
E
1 4 R3
A2 = ( p * 8p ) , B2 = ( p * p )
7E 7E
Assignment 7.2
The contact pressure p* can be determined by imposing that the
incremental radial displacement of the points of each one of the
bodies at the contact surface has to be the same, yielding,
ur(1) ( R ) = ur(2) ( R )
1 1 4
p* = ( p * 8p ) + ( p * p )
E 7E 7E
p* = p
Substituting into the expressions of the constants, yields
p
A1 = , B1 = 0
E
p
A2 = , B2 = 0
October 11, 2013
E
Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 85
Assignment 7.2
The incremental displacement and incremental stress fields for
bodies 1 and 2 take the form,
p
u ( r ) =
(1)
r r , r(1) ( r ) = p
E
p
ur ( r ) =
(2)
r , r(2) ( r ) = p
E
Note that the two bodies have the same incremental displace-
ment and incremental stress fields. This is because the two
bodies have the same material properties and, since they are in
contact, the two bodies deform as if they were a single sphere of
radius 2R. In fact Problem 2 could have been solved considering
the two bodies as if they were a single one.
Assignment 7.2
The incremental p-incremental delta curve is given by,
2R E
:= u (2)
r ( 2 R ) = p p =
E 2R
p p
E
p =
7 Ea 2R
p=
12 R 7E
p=
17 R
17 a
=
12
Linear Elasticity > Linear Thermoelastic Model
Linear Thermoelastic Model (I)

Free Energy
We consider a free energy per unit of volume given by a quadra-
tic function of the strain tensor and the temperature,
0 = 0 ( , ) = W ( ) + M ( , ) + T ( )
where W ( ) is the isothermal elastic stored energy, M ( , ) is

the coupled thermoelastic stored energy and T ( ) is the
thermal stored energy.


Elastic Stored Energy
The isothermal elastic stored energy for a linear thermoelastic
model may be written as,
1
W ( ) := : C : 0
2
where C is a positive definite fourth-order tensor, denoted as
isothermal constant elastic constitutive tensor.
Symmetry of the strain tensor yields the following symmetry
conditions on the isothermal elastic constitutive tensor C ,
Furthermore, the following symmetry conditions hold,
: C : = ab Cabcd cd = ab Ccdab cd , Cabcd = Ccdab

Coupled Thermoelastic Stored Energy
The coupled thermoelastic stored energy for a linear thermo-
elastic model may be written as,
M ( , ) := ( 0 ) :
where is a positive semi-definite symmetric second-order

tensor, denoted as stress-temperature constitutive tensor, such
that,
= T , ab = ba
and 0 > 0 is a constant reference temperature.


Thermal Stored Energy
The thermal stored energy for a linear thermo-elastic model may
be written as,
1 2
T ( ) := 0c0 ( 0 )
2 0
where c0 > 0 is a positive scalar quantity denoted as specific
heat at constant strain, i.e. heat supplied per unit of mass in
order to achieve a unit temperature change while keeping the
strain constant.


volume, given by the Clausius-Planck inequality, yields,
Dint := : 0 ( + )
( , ) ( , )
= : 0 0 : 0

( , ) ( , )
= 0 : 0 + 0 0 ,



Constitutive Equations and Reduced Dissipation
unit of volume, must be satisfied for arbitrary thermodynamic
processes, i.e. arbitrary strain rates and temperature rates,
( , ) ( , )
Dint := 0 : 0 + 0 0 ,

yielding the following linear thermoelastic constitutive equations
and zero internal reduced dissipation rate per unit of volume that
characterizes a reversible process,
( , ) ( , )
= 0 , 0 = 0 , Dint = 0


Thermomechanical Constitutive Equations
The stress and entropy constitutive equations for a linear
thermoelastic constitutive model can be written,
( , )
= 0 = C : ( 0 )

( , ) c0
0 = 0 = : + 0 ( 0 )
0


Thermoelastic Constitutive Tensors
The isothermal elastic constitutive tensor, stress-temperature
tensor and specific heat for a linear thermoelastic model are
given by,
2 ( , ) 2 ( , )
C = 0 , Cabcd = 0
ab cd
2 ( , ) 2 ( , )
= 0 , ab = 0
ab
2 ( , )
c0 = 0
2

Given the stress and entropy constitutive equations for a linear
thermoelastic constitutive model,
= C : ( 0 )
c0
0 = : + 0 ( 0 )
0
Using the entropy constitutive equation, the increment of
temperature may be written as,
0
1 0
0 = :
c0 0 c0


Taking the strain tensor and specific entropy (instead of the
temperature) as main variables, the stress and entropy
constitutive equations for a linear thermoelastic constitutive
model take the form,
0 0
= C + :
0c0 c0
0
:= C :
c0
0 0
0 = : +
0c0 c0

The isentropic elastic constitutive tensor, denoted as C , and the
isothermal elastic constitutive tensor, denoted as C , are related
through the following expression,
0
C = C+
0c0

Linear Thermoelastic Model (II)

Internal Energy
We consider an internal energy per unit of volume given by a
quadratic function of the strain tensor and the specific entropy,
0e = 0e ( , ) = W ( ) + N ( , ) + Z ( )
where W ( ) is the isentropic elastic stored energy, N ( , ) is

the coupled entropy-elastic stored energy and Z ( ) is the
entropy stored energy.


Elastic Stored Energy
The isentropic elastic stored energy for a linear thermoelastic
model may be written as,
1
W ( ) := : C : 0
2
where C is a positive definite fourth-order tensor, denoted as
isentropic constant elastic constitutive tensor.
Symmetry of the strain tensor yields the following symmetry
conditions on the isentropic elastic constitutive tensor C,
Furthermore, the following symmetry conditions hold,
: C : = abCabcd cd = abCcdab cd , Cabcd = Ccdab

Coupled Entropy-elastic Stored Energy
The coupled entropy-elastic stored energy for a linear thermo-
0
N ( , ) := ( : )
c0
where is a positive semi-definite symmetric second-order
tensor, denoted as stress-temperature constitutive tensor, such
that,
= T , ab = ba
c0 > 0 is a positive scalar quantity denoted as specific heat at
constant strain, and 0 > 0 is the constant reference
temperature.

Entropy Stored Energy
The entropy stored energy for a linear thermoelastic model may
be written as,
1 00 2
Z ( ) := + 00
2 c0
where c0 > 0 is a positive scalar quantity denoted as specific
heat at constant strain, i.e. heat supplied per unit of mass in
order to achieve a unit temperature change while keeping the
strain constant.


volume, given by the Clausius-Planck inequality, yields,
Dint := : 0 ( e )
e ( , ) e ( , )
= : + 0 0 : 0

e ( , ) e ( , )
= 0 : + 0 0 0 ,



Constitutive Equations and Reduced Dissipation
unit of volume, must be satisfied for arbitrary thermodynamic
processes, i.e. arbitrary strain rates and entropy rates,
e ( , ) e ( , )
Dint := 0 : + 0 0 0 ,

yielding the following linear thermoelastic constitutive equations
and zero internal reduced dissipation which characterizes a
reversible process,
e ( , ) e ( , )
= 0 , 0 = 0 , Dint = 0


The stress and temperature constitutive equations for a linear
thermoelastic constitutive model may be written,
e ( , ) 0
= 0 = C :
c0
e ( , ) 0 00
0 = 0 = : + + 00
c0 c0


The isentropic elastic constitutive tensor, stress-temperature
tensor and inverse specific heat for a linear thermoelastic model
are given by,

C = 0
2
e ( , )
, Cabcd = 0
2
e ( , )
ab cd
c0
= 0
2
e ( , ) c0
, ab = 0
2
e ( , )
0 0 ab
1 1 e ( , )
2

=
c0 0 2
Isotropic Linear Thermoelastic Model

For an isotropic linear thermoelastic material model, the physical
property of isotropy is translated into the mathematical property
of isotropy of the isothermal elastic and stress-temperature
constitutive tensors, yielding,
C = 1 1 + 2 I , Cabcd = ab cd + ( ac bd + ad bc )
= 1, ab = ab
where 0, 0, are the isothermal Lam parameters, and 0
is the stress-temperature coefficient.


The relationship between the isothermal and the isentropic
Lam parameters is given by,
0
C := C +
0c0
0 2 0 2
= 1 1 + 2 I + 1 1 = + 1 1 + 2 I
0c0 0c0
:= 1 1 + 2 I

0 2
:= + , :=
0c0

Free Energy
The free energy per unit of volume for an isotropic linear thermo-
elastic material model may be written as,
0 ( , ) = W ( ) + M ( , ) + T ( )
1 1 2
= : C : ( 0 ) : 0c0 ( 0 )
2 20
1 2 1 2
= ( tr ) + : ( 0 ) tr 0c0 ( 0 )
2 20


Thermoelastic Constitutive Equation
The constitutive equation for an isotropic linear thermoelastic
material model may be written as,
= C : ( 0 )
( )
= 1 1 + 2 I : ( 0 ) 1
= (1 : ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1


The volumetric part of the constitutive equation for an isotropic
linear thermoelastic model may be written as,
tr = : 1 = ( tr ) 1 : 1 + 2 : 1 ( 0 ) 1 : 1
= ( 3 + 2 ) tr 3 ( 0 )
1 2
m = tr = + e ( 0 )
3 3
= Ke ( 0 )
m = Ke ( 0 )


dev = ( tr ) dev 1 + 2 dev ( 0 ) dev 1 = 2 dev
Introducing the shear modulus given by,

G :=
dev = 2G dev


Inverse Thermoelastic Constitutive Equation
The inverse constitutive equation for an isotropic linear thermo-
1 1
tr = ( 3 + 2 ) tr + ( 3 + 2 ) 3 ( 0 )
1
= ( tr ) 1 + + ( 0 ) 1
( 3 + 2 ) 2 2 3 + 2


Let us introduce the isothermal Young elastic modulus, denoted
as E > 0, isothermal Poissons coefficient, denoted as 0 1 2 ,
isothermal bulk modulus, denoted as K > 0 and thermal expan-
sion coefficient, denoted as 0, such that,
( 3 + 2 ) 1
E= > 0, 0 =
+ 2( + ) 2
E E
= 0, = G = >0
(1 + )(1 2 ) 2 (1 + )
2 E 1 2
K =+ = > 0, = = = 0
3 3 (1 2 ) 3 + 2 3K 3E

The inverse constitutive equation for an isotropic linear thermo-
1 +
= ( tr ) 1 + + ( 0 ) 1
E E


The volumetric part of the inverse constitutive equation for an
isotropic linear thermoelastic model may be written as,
1 +
e = tr = : 1 = ( tr ) 1 : 1 + : 1 + ( 0 ) 1 : 1
E E
3 1 + 1 2
= tr + tr + 3 ( 0 ) = tr + 3 ( 0 )
E E E
1 1
= tr + 3 ( 0 ) = m + 3 ( 0 )
3K K
1
e = m + 3 ( 0 )
K
Linear Elasticity > Linear Thermoelastic IBVP
Isotropic Linear Thermoelastic IBVP

Governing Equations
Let us consider the following governing equations in the space x
time domain I = [ 0,T ].
Linear momentum balance First Cauchy motion equation
2u
div + 0b = 0 2 in I
t
Isotropic linear thermoelastic constitutive equation
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 )1 in I
1
(
= u = u + ( u)
s
2
T
) in I


Boundary Conditions
Let us consider prescribed displacements and prescribed trac-
tions boundaries, denoted as u and , respectively, such
that,
u = , u =
with the following bounday conditions for the IBVP:
Prescribed displacements boundary conditions
u = u, ua = ua on u I
Prescribed tractions boundary conditions
t = n = t , ta = ab nb = ta on I


Initial Conditions
Let us consider the following initial conditions for the IBVP,
Initial displacements at time t=0
u t =0 = 0, ua t =0 = 0 in
Initial velocities at time t=0
u ua
= v0 , = v0a in
t t =0 t t =0


2u
div + 0b = 0 2
t
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1 in I
1
2
(
= su = u + ( u )
T

)
u t =0 = 0
u = u on u I
u in
t = n = t on I = v0
t t =0
Linear Elasticity > Solution of the Linear Thermoelastic IBVP
Solution of the Linear Thermoelastic IBVP

Stresses can be removed from the list of unknowns of the
isotropic linear thermoelastic IBVP using, i.e. assuming that the
material parameters are constant,
div = div ( ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1)
= grad ( tr ) + 2 div grad ( 0 )
n = ( ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1) n
= ( tr ) n + 2 n ( 0 ) n


Strains can can be removed from the list of unknowns of the
isotropic linear thermoelastic IBVP using, i.e. assuming that the
material parameters are constant,
div = grad ( tr ) + 2 div
= ( + ) grad ( div u ) + div ( grad u ) grad ( 0 )
n = ( tr ) n + 2 n
(
= ( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n ( 0 ) n
T
)


The first Cauchy motion equation written in terms of the displa-
cements is denoted as Navier equation and takes the form,
( + ) grad ( div u ) + div ( grad u )
2u
grad ( 0 ) + 0b = 0 2 in I
t
Introducing a modified body force per unit of mass vector defi-
ned as,
b := b grad ( )
0
0
the first Cauchy motion equation may be written as,
2
u
October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar
t 123

Method of Displacements Prescribed Traction
The prescribed traction boundary condition takes the form,
(
n = ( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n ( 0 ) n = t
T
)
Introducng a modified prescribed traction vector defined as,
t := t + ( 0 ) n
the (modified) prescribed traction boundary condition may be
written as,
(
n = ( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n = t
T
)

Find the displacements in I = [ 0,T ] such that the follo-
wing equations are satisfied:
2
u
t
u = u on u I
(
( div u ) n + grad u + ( grad u ) n = t on I
T
)
u
u t =0 = 0, = v0 in
t t =0

While the displacements have been obtained, strains and
stresses may be obtained as a post-process of the results,
Geometrical equation
1
(
= u = u + ( u)
s
2
T
) in I
Isotropic linear thermoelastic constitutive equation
= ( tr ) 1 + 2 ( 0 ) 1 in I

Assignment 7.3
Assignment 7.3
A void cylinder of an isotropic linear thermoelastic material with
height h, inner radius R and outer radius 2R, is inside of a rigid
void cylinder of the same height h and inner radius 2R+a, such
that there is a gap a<<R between both of them, as it is shown in
the figure. A uniform increment of temperature is applied to
the inner cylinder.
a
2R a
A B A B
h
R
R
2R

Assignment 7.3
Assignment 7.3
The problem is considered as quasistatic. Body forces in the
cylinder and frictional effects are negligible. The material proper-
ties of the inner cylinder are: Young modulus E , Poissons coeffi-
cient = 0 and thermal expansion coefficient .
1) Compute the increment of temperature needed for the inner
cylinder to come into contact with the rigid one.
2) Plot the vs curve, where is the radial displacement of
the inner surface of the inner cylinder, and determine the
increment of temperature needed for the inner radius of the
cylinder to go back to its original position.
3) Plot the r vs , vs and z vs curves at the inner
and outer surfaces of the inner cylinder.
Assignment 7.4
Assignment 7.4
Let us consider a sphere of material 1 and radius R1 = 1 placed
inside a void sphere of material 2, inner radius R1 = 1 and outer
radius R2 = 2 . Both spheres are initially in contact without any
pressure. An external uniform pressure p is applied to the exter-
nal surface of the void sphere and a uniform increment of tem-
perature is applied to both spheres.
Materials 1 and 2 are isotropic linear ther- B p
moelastic with the same Young modulus E, A

R2
same Poissons coefficient = 0 and diffe- R1
rent thermal expansion coefficients, 2 for

material 1 and for material 2.

Assignment 7.4
Assignment 7.4
1) Determine all the possible values of p and (positives or
negatives) such that the contact between the two spheres is
maintained. Plot the result in a p vs axis.
2) Obtain the stresses in the each one of the two spheres for
those values.

Linear Elasticity > Plane Linear Elasticity
Plane Linear Elasticity

For some problems, i.e. geometry, loading and BCs, one of the
principal stress directions is known a priori, it does not play a
role in the formulation, and the problem may be formulated on
the plane defined by the other two principal directions.
Considering a local Cartesian axis, taking the z-axis as the one

associated to the a-priori known principal direction, the plane
linear elastic problem may be formulated on the x,y plane.
Variables associated to the z-axis, are either known or they can
be obtained as a post-process of the 2D results.


Two cases of plane linear elastic problems may be considered,
Plane stress problems
Plane strain problems
For each one of them:

(i) We will introduce the hypothesis on the appropriate field,
(ii) We will obtain the consequences on the remaining fields,
(iii) We will show up some typical examples

Plane Stress Linear Elasticity

Hypothesis on the Stress Field
H1. The components of the stress tensor take the form,
x xy 0
[ ] = xy y 0
0 0 0
H2. The non-zero components of the stress tensor take the form,
x = x ( x, y ) , y = y ( x, y ) , xy = xy ( x, y )


Strain Field
Using the inverse constitutive equations, the strains take the
form,
1 1
x = ( x y ) , xy = xy
E G
1
y = ( y x ) , xz = 0
E
1
z = ( x + y ) , yz = 0
E
The following relation holds,

z =
1
( x +y )

Strain Field
Then, the strain field takes the form,
x 1
xy
2
0
1
[ ] = 2 xy y 0
0 0 z

such that,
x = x ( x, y ) , y = y ( x, y ) , xy = xy ( x, y )
and the following relation holds,

z ( x, y ) =
1
( ( x, y ) + ( x, y ) )
x y


Plane Stress Constitutive Equation
The constitutive equation for plane stress linear elasticity may be
written in matrix form as,

x 1 0 x
E
y = 2
1 0 y
1 1
xy 0 0 xy
2


Displacement Field
The in-plane components of the displacement field are obtained
integrating the in-plane components of the strain field,
ux u y ux u y
x ( x, y ) = , y ( x, y ) = , xy ( x, y ) = +
x y y x
yielding,
ux = ux ( x, y ) , u y = u y ( x, y )


Displacement Field
The out-of-plane component of the displacements is obtained
integrating the out-of-plane component of the strain field,
u z
z ( x, y ) =
1
( x ( x, y ) + y ( x , y ) ) =
z
yielding,
u z = u z ( x, y , z )


Displacement Field
The plane stress linear elastic problem should be viewed as an
ideal problem, which is not necessarily a particular case of the
3D linear elastic problem.
In particular, the following conditions are not necessarily
satisfied,
ux ( x, y ) uz ( x, y, z )
xz = + =0
z x
u y ( x, y ) uz ( x, y, z )
yz = + =0
z y


Examples
t* e : t *
: t * = 0
b
+ : t * = 0
y superficie media

Plane Strain Linear Elasticity

Hypothesis on the Displacement Field
H1. The components of the displacement field take the form,
T
[u] = ux uy 0
H2. The non-zero components of the displacements take the
form,
u x = u x ( x, y ) , u y = u y ( x, y )


Strain Field
Using the geometric equations, strains take the form,
ux u y ux u y
x ( x, y ) = , y ( x, y ) = , xy ( x, y ) = +
x y y x
u z
z = =0
z
ux uz u y uz
xz = + = 0, yz = + =0
z x z y


Strain Field
Then the strain field takes the form,
x 1
2
xy 0
1
[ ] = 2 xy y 0
0 0 0

such that,
x = x ( x, y ) , y = y ( x, y ) , xy = xy ( x, y )


Stress Field
Using the constitutive equations for linear elasticity, the stresses
take the form,
x = ( x + y ) + 2 x = ( + 2G ) x + y xy = G xy
y = ( x + y ) + 2 y = ( + 2G ) y + x xz = G xz = 0
z = ( x + y ) yz = G yz = 0
The following relation holds,

z =
2( + )
( x + y ) = ( x + y )


Stress Field
Then, the stress field takes the form,
x xy 0
[ ] = xy y 0
0 0 z
such that,
x = x ( x, y ) , y = y ( x, y ) , xy = xy ( x, y )

z = z ( x, y ) =
2( + )
( x + y ) = ( x + y )


Plane Strain Constitutive Equation
The constitutive equation for plane strain linear elasticity may be
written in matrix form as,

1 1
0
x x
E (1 )
y = 1 1 0 y
(1 + )(1 2 )
xy xy
0 1 2
0
2(1 )

z = z ( x, y ) =
2( + )
( x + y ) = ( x + y )

Examples
Seccin transversal
Seccin
transversal
Seccin transversal

Plane Linear Elastic IVBP

First Cauchy Motion Equation
The first Cauchy motion equation for a plane linear elastic IBVP,
either plane stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, may be
written as,
x xy 2u x
+ + 0bx = 0 2
x y t
2 in I
xy y uy
+ + 0by = 0 2
x y t


Plane Linear Elastic Constitutive Equation
The constitutive equations for a plane linear elastic IBVP, either
plane stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, may be written as,
x 1 0 x
E
y = 2 1 0 y
1
xy
0 0 (1 ) 2 xy
E
E = E E = 1 2
Plane stress: Plane strain:
= =

(1 )

Kinematic or Geometric Equations
The kinematic or geometric equations for a plane linear elastic
IBVP, either plane stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, may
be written as,
u x u y u x u y
x = , y = , xy = +
x y y x


Boundary Conditions
Boundary conditions for a plane linear elastic IBVP, either plane
stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, may be written as,
1. Prescribed displacements
u x u *x
= * on u I
u y u y
2. Prescribed tractions
x xy nx t x ( x, y , t )
*

= * on I
xy y n y t y ( x, y , t )


Initial Conditions
Initial conditions for a plane linear elastic IBVP, either plane
stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, may be written as,
1. Initial displacements
u = 0 in
2. Initial velocities
u
= v 0 in
t


Post-process of In-plane Results
While the solution for the plane linear elastic IBVP, either plane
stress or plane strain linear elastic IBVP, has been obtained the
following post-process of results yields,
1. For plane stress linear elastic IBVP (assuming u z z =0 = 0 )

z =
1
( x + y ) , uz =
1
( x +y )z
2. For plane strain linear elastic IBVP

z =
2( + )
( x + y ) = ( x + y )

7 Linear Elasticity

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Continuum Mechanics

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 2

Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 3

Linear Elastic Model

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Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 5

Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 6

Linear Elastic Model

Furthermore, symmetry of the strain tensor yields the following

The symmtery conditions reduce from 81 to 21 the number of

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 7

Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 8

Linear Elastic Model

Linear Elastic Model

Note that, as the internal dissipation rate per unit of volume is

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 10

Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 11

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

where 0, > 0, denoted as isothermal Lam parameters, are

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 13

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

No se puede mostrar la imagen en este momento.

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 14

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

Introducing the shear modulus given by,

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 16

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 17

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 18

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 19

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 20

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

1) Obtain the components of the strain tensor

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 21

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 22

Isotropic Linear Elastic Model

(b) Consider the case = 1 2 :

Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 24

Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 25

Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 26

Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

October 11, 2013 Carlos Agelet de Saracibar 28

Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

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Isotropic Linear Elastic BVP

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Solution of the Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

Solution of the Isotropic Linear Elastic IBVP

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