PSYCHOANALYTIC THEORY

- Sigmund Freud was the first to develop modern personality theories (psychoanalytic theory)
- Sigismund Scholomo Freud
- More of literature or storytelling than a scientific theory

Psychoanalysis - the practice of this theory

- Reveal the contents of the unconscious to the patient so that he/she can see that there
is nothing to be afraid of

Freuds Models of the Mind

1. Topographic model of the psyche how the mind is organized

2. Structural model of the psyche how a personality works
3. Psychogenetic model of development how personality develops

Topographic Models of the psyche

1. Preconscious contains everything you could become aware of but are not currently thinking
about
Eros- drive for life, love, growth, and self-preservation
Thanatos a drive for aggression and death
2. Conscious
3. Unconscious

Pleasure principle all needs have to be satisfied immediately, avoiding pain and seeking pleasure.

Reality principle delaying discharge of energy from the id until an appropriate object or activity can be
found.

Exploring the Unknown

- Unconscious is the cornerstone idea in psychoanalytic theory

- Your brain knows things that your mind doesnt
- The reservoir of conceptions of which we are unaware is the unconscious
- Personality characteristics are mostly a reflection of the contents of the unconscious part of the
mind

Studies in Hysteria - Freuds first book written by his colleague Dr. Joseph Breuer

- Consists of a series of case studies of people who had physical complaints in the absence of any
organic cause (hysteria an example of repression)
- The cause of hysteria was in the unconscious
- The first patient was Bertha Papenheim (Anna O) who complained about the paralysis of her legs
and right arm
- She had a delusion of being pregnant with Dr. Breuers child (hysterical pregnancy)
- Sigmund Freud took over and uncovered the unconscious causes of her physical complaints

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Pushing Things Down

- Unconscious is part of our biological nature and it operates naturally

- Certain ideas are repressed and pushed out of awareness and into the unconscious because those
ideas and thoughts are threatening to us
- Repression works like our immune system which protects us from dangerous things
- Awareness of threatening ideas produces anxiety
- Forgetting and repressing are not the same thing
- Things that happen during childhood can be repressed and later affect behavior and moods

Dreams and Slips

- Unconscious thoughts express themselves in a disguised form so as to not overly disturb the
conscious mind
- The best place to look for clues to the unconscious is in dreams
- Dreams are wish fulfilment

Manifest content of the dream- things that are present and the events that happen in a dream

Latent content of the dream meaning of dream elements

Freudian slip slip of the tongue

- One of the techniques used in psychoanalysis is to analyze the patients resistance to see what
clues it might provide regarding the persons unconscious thoughts
- Repression might be harmful and might be the cause of a patients mental or behavioural
symptoms

Mental Protection

Defense Mechanisms: protect us from anxiety and threats

- Automatic (unconscious) reactions to fear

1. Rationalization sour grapes if we dont get something we want, we find something wrong
with it and convince ourselves were better off without it
- Being rational means being objective; our mind protects us with a reason that
only sounds good
2. Projection deflects anxiety away from us and onto others
3. Sublimation we redirect or rechannel our undesirable emotions and thoughts into a socially
acceptable activity
- Through sublimation, unpleasant mental energy is redirected into acceptable
work
4. Reaction formation a persons unconscious takes on the beliefs that are opposite of the true
desires
- Protects the unconscious part of the mind from what the unconscious considered
to be awful
5. Displacement explain how a persons unconscious wishes could appear in dreams but in disguise
- Used to explain behaviors outside of dreams

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 6. Denial a primitive form of repression
- A person simply denies things that produce anxiety
7. Regression a person might revert to developmentally earlier forms of behaviour and thinking
under conditions of severe trauma or stress

Personality Structures

- Only about 10% of our behaviors are caused by conscious awareness.

- About 90% are produced by unconscious factors.
- Most of what controls our behaviors, thoughts, and feelings is unknown to our aware minds
1. The id (it) includes our basic instincts, inborn dispositions, and animalistic urges
- Not rational
- Operates according to the pleasure principle it aims toward pleasurable things
and away from painful things
- Aims to satisfy our biological urges and drives
- Seeks pleasure
2. The ego (I) partly conscious and partly unconscious
- Operates according to the reality principles help the id get what it wants by
judging the difference between real and imaginary
- Helps a person satisfy the needs through reality
- Judges reality
- Has no moral sense, only practical sense
3. The superego (above the ego) moral ideas that a person learns within the family and
society
- Gives people feelings of pride when they do something correct (ego ideal) and
feelings of guilt when they do something they consider to be morally wrong (the
conscience)
- Partly conscious and partly unconscious
- Childs moral barometer
- Morality, including conscience

Healthy personality development requires a balance between the id and he superego.

Intrapsychic conflict- conflict within the mind e.g. struggle between id and superego.

If the id is too strong, a person will be rude, overbearing, selfish, and animalistic.

If the superego is too strong, a person is constantly worried, nervous, and full of guild and anxiety and is
always repressing the ids desires.

Ego is the mediator between the id and the superego. But Freud said that the ego does not help to find
compromise.

The Stage is Set

- Personality traits evolve through a series of stages that occur during childhood and adolescence
(psychosexual stages focus on mental/psyche ideas about sex)
- The seeds of adult personality traits are planted during childhood

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 - If too much or too little satisfaction occurs during a childhood stage or if a traumatic event occurs
during that stage, then a person will exhibit personality traits consistent with that age (fixation)

Psychosexual Stages

1. Oral babies to 1 years

- Traits that derive from the oral stage include anything to do with the mouth
- Smoking, overeating, biting nails, anything babylike
2. Anal 18 months to 3 years
- You cant spell analysis without anal
- This stage is crucial in planting the seeds for a number of adult personality traits
- Personality traits related to holding in (anal-retentive) or letting out (anal-expulsive)
3. Phallic preschool years
- Phallic means any representation of penis
- Boys become protective of their penis and fear having it taken away (castration anxiety)
- Girls seek phallic things and activities that will provide them with feelings of power and
possession (penis envy)
- Children develop affectionate feelings for the opposite-sex parent and harbour ill feelings
for the same-sex parent (Oedipus complex/Oedipal conflict for boys; Electra complex
for girls)
- Children begin to internalize the values, morals, traits, attitudes, and behaviors of their
parents (identification with the aggressor/identification)

4. Latency 6 to 12 years
- Sexual urges are dormant or resting
- Latent means something is present or has potential without being active or evident
- The demands of the previous stage and the oedipal drama were so overwhelming that
the unconscious needs a bit of a rest
5. Genital during adolescence
- Teenagers begin again to show sexual interests

Stage Approximate Ages Main Features

1. Oral Birth 1 or 2 Mouth, dependency
2. Anal 1 to 3 Toilet training, give and take
3. Phallic 3-6 Oedipus complex, identification, superego
4. Latency 6-12 Repression of sexuality
5. Genital 12-adulthood Development of normal sexuality

NEO-FREUDIANS followers of Freud who splintered off and formed their own theories

Carl Jung

- Carl Gustav Jung

- First president of the International Psychoanalytic Association
- Developed Analytic Theory or Analytical Psychology (probably the most mystical of all
psychological personality theories)

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 - Called anti-Semite because he admired Hitler
- Similarities between cultures were an indication of what it means to be human
- By looking how we are all alike, we can determine the essence of humanity
- Attitudes/ two types of personalities: extravert (orients a person toward the external world) and
introverts (drives a person toward the inner, subjective world)
- What is in one persons unconscious might not be in another persons unconscious/ each person
has his or her own unconscious (personal unconscious) by Freud
- All human beings share certain unconscious ideas because we are all human and were created
from similar evolutionary circumstances and common ancestors (collective unconscious
storehouse of hidden memory traces that were inherited from our ancestral past)

Archetypes elements of the collective unconscious; manifested in our dreams:

1. The self our identity

2. The persona the personality mask we wear in public
3. The anima feminine side of men
4. The animus the masculine side of women
5. The shadow the dark, cruel side of us

Erik Erikson

- Pupil of Anna Freud

- Psychoanalyst without being a psychiatrist

Childhood and Society his book where he proposed a theory of psychosocial development

- Extended Freuds psychosexual stages to eight and became known as Eight Ages of Man
- Described eight stages as a time of crisis a time when the personality would go one way or the
other

1.Infant Trust vs mistrust Babies whose trust are met develop a feeling of trust
for the environment
2.Toddler Autonomy vs shame When toddlers learn to act independently and to control
and doubt their bodies learn self-confidence and a feeling of
autonomy
3.Preschool Initiative vs guilt Success here leads to good self-esteem; problems lead
to feeling of guilt
4.Early Industry vs inferiority Success here will lead to development of sense industry
school age being good at things
5.Adolescent Indentity vs role The teen must answer questions to develop a good sense
confusion of self-identity. Exploration of various roles and
personalities is common at this stage.
6.Young Intimacy vs isolation A young adult faces the challenge of developing close
adult emotional relationships with other people.
7.Middle- Generativity vs Feeling an urgency to leave a mark on the world. Finding
aged adult stagnation a purpose in life is a central theme.
8.Old adult Integrity vs despair People who feel good of what they have done build a
sense of integrity. Those who do not feel despair and
regret.

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Karen Horney

- Recognized as having proposed the most complete psychoanalytic theory of womens personality
development
- Differences between men and women were mainly due to societal conditions
- Women felt inferior to men not because of an innate penis envy, but because of the way women
were treated in society.
- Psychological disorders arised from poor interpersonal relationships during childhood,
particularly with parents.
- Certain parenting styles could influence the childs development of personality traits.

Alfred Adler

- Became a neo-Freudian because of his strong disagreement with Freud over a few issues
- Individual psychology
- Considered our interest in social relationships to be an inborn drive
- Creative self we interpret and find meaning in our experience
- Striving for superiority primary motivation of humans
- Inferiority complex overwhelming feeling of inferiority
- Superiority complex overwhelming feeling of superiority
- Striving for superiority is the utmost drive of human beings and that is inborn

BEHAVIORISM

- Founded by John B. Watson

- Focus on the scientific exploration of observable behaviour

Searching for Laws

- B.F. Skinner was behaviorists leader who eventually equalled, or even surpassed Freud in
influencing the course of psychology
- Skinner studied on animals like rats and pigeons
- Behaviour has three causes: genetics, personal history, and the current setting

The Basics of Behaviorism

- When questioned about personality, behaviorists think firs of behavior

- Behaviourism does not give any regard to heredity (this suggestion is incorrect)
- Circumstances around us at any given moment can influence how we act
- Each person has experiences in his or her environment
- Personal history means reinforcing events that each of us has experienced in the past
- Behavior is shaped mostly by our experiences in the environment
- Behavior is learned; behavior might or might not be consistent from one situation to another

Social Learning Theory

- All behaviourist explanations of personality embrace situationalism

- The focus of behaviourism is how people behave in various situations

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 - Behaviorists do not talk about traits; they talk about actions
- Social learning theories emphasize the importance of social settings

Observational Learning

- Humans learn many of their behaviors by observing others

- Observational learning - learned via seeing or listening
- Albert Bandura proposed that observational learning is a key component of human personality
development
- He demonstrated that observational learning could affect even children watching movies
- Most human behavior is learned by observing through modelling.

Behaviourisms Tenets

1. Personality is an abstract concept that is best conceptualized as the sum of a persons behaviors
in various situations. Personality should be viewed not as part of the mind, but as observable
behavior.
2. Behaviors should be studied empirically to determine the precise variables within the world of
experience that influence and shape personalities. Psychology must be a scientific enterprise.
3. Mental variables are not proper subjects of scientific inquiry and furthermore are not elements
that influence behavior.
4. People are born neither good nor bad, but are shaped by their experiences. Each person has
hereditary factors that influence his/her development, but the primary forces of personality
development are the events that happen to people in their lives.
5. Behaviors are developed predominantly via learning. Learning occurs mainly through the process
of reinforcement and observation.

HUMANISM

- Humanistic psychology
- Initiated by Abraham Maslow

The Inner Drives

- Focused on the abnormal personality that a little to say about the healthy personality
- Personality should be centered on the conscious mind
- Human personality is primarily a matter of making conscious choices and rational decisions that
are guided by our desire for excellence and fulfilment
- Personality theory should focus on the inner life (feelings and thoughts) not on a persons overt
behavior
- Existentialism is concerned with matters of existences; purpose of life (finding meaning in the
world of experience)
- Self-actualization the highest human motivation; process of self-fulfilment
- What a man can be, he must be Maslow
- S.A. is the struggle of a lifetime that we all experience
- Prepotent needs that must be mostly fulfilled in order to concentrate on higher ones

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Maslows hierarchy of needs

Focus on Self

Carl Rogers developed self theory which centered on the idea of self-concept

- Emphasizes conditions of worth, valuing people, and the self-actualizing tendency

- Each person has an inner concept of what she or he ideally would like (ideal self)
- Each person has an inner concept of what we are really like (real self)
- Self-actualization is the ongoing attempt to make your real self congruent with your ideal self, to
bring the concept of what your real self actually like more and more in accord with what your
ideal self
- A person must come to accept his/her true feelings and personality and to embrace the inner self
- Used Q-sort technique the client is given a range of cards which there is a descriptive statement
such as I dont trust my own emotions and I have a warm emotional relationship with others.

Humanisms Tenets

1. Every person exists in a continually changing world of experience which he/she is the center. A
person is the best source of information about himself/herself.
2. A person reacts to the world of experience according to his/her own perception, interpretations,
and feelings.
3. A person acts as a whole, integrated organism, not with a series of simple stimulus-response
reactions
4. A persons one basic striving is to maintain and actualize the self.
5. The structure of the self is created by experiences in the world through interactions with others.
6. The best way to change behavior is to change the self-concept.

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 7. Experiences that are not consistent with the concept of self are threatening. When there is
incongruence, abnormality results. Self-actualization is the process of building congruence
between our experiences in the world and our sense of self.

Positive psychology uses scientific methods to explore similar topics such ha as happiness and optimism.

Humanism was founded and flourished during the love and peace era and is at the root of the currently
popular self-help movement.

Hippocrates claimed that different personality types are caused by the balance of bodily fluids.

1. Phlegmatic (calm) people were thought to have a higher concentration of phlegm

2. Sanguine (optimistic) people had more blood
3. Melancholic (depressed) people had high levels of black bile; irritable people had high levels of
yellow bile

Child includes consistency within an individual and difference between individuals in his definition

Gordon Allport refers to characteristic patterns of behavior within an individual

Three types of anxiety:

1. Neurotic anxiety the id will get out of control

2. Moral anxiety past or future behaviour is immoral
3. Reality anxiety about objective dangers in the environment

Karl Popper psychoanalysis is a pseudoscience because it is inherently unstable.

George Kelly developed personal construct theory mental representation used to interpret events