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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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Output of a rectifier pulsating dc

Must be filtered to reduce large voltage variations

Small fluctuations in the filter output voltage is called ripple

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A power supply filter ideally eliminates the fluctuations in the

output voltage of a halfwave or full-wave rectifier and
produces a constant-level dc voltage.

Why?
Filtering is necessary because electronic circuits require a
constant source of dc voltage and current to provide power and
biasing for proper operation.

EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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The variation in the capacitor voltage due to

the charging and discharging is called the ripple voltage.

EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram

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Ripple factor () is an indication of the

effectiveness of the filter and is defined as
()
= The lower the ripple factor,
the better the filter.
Where
() is the peak to peak ripple voltage
is the dc(average) value of the of the filter output

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ripple factor () is an indication of the

effectiveness of the filter and is defined as
()
= The lower the ripple factor,
the better the filter.
Where
1
() ()

1
1 ()
2
The variable () is the
unfiltered peak rectified voltage.

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Diodes can be used in wave shaping circuits

Either:
Limit or clip signal portions
Clippers/Limiters

Shift the dc voltage level of a signal

Clampers

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Clipper:
Eliminate signal portion that are above or below a
specified level.

Application:
Limit input voltage to an electronic circuit to prevent
component damage

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A clipper (limiter) is a type of diode network that has the

ability to clip off a portion of the input signal without
distorting the remaining part of the alternating waveform.

The half-wave rectifier is an example of the simplest form of

diode clipper one resistor and a diode.

Series clipper circuit

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The diode is forward-biased during positive alteration (above

0.7V) and reverse bias during negative alteration

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The diode is forward-biased during negative alteration (below

-0.7V) and reverse bias during positive alteration

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() = ()
1 +

100
= 10 = 9.09
110

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The level to which an ac voltage is limited can be adjusted by

adding a bias voltage, , in series with the diode

The voltage at point A must equal + 0.7 before the diode will
become forward-biased and conduct.

Once the diode begins to conduct, the voltage at point A is limited to

+ 0.7 so that all input voltage above this level is clipped off.

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The Bias voltage source can be replaced by a resistive voltage divider

that derives the desired bias voltage from the dc power supply voltage

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A diode and capacitor can be combined to clamp an

AC signal to a specific DC level.

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A clamper adds a dc level to an ac voltage

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The net effect of the clamping action is that the capacitor

retains a charge (~() 0.7)

The capacitor voltage acts essentially as a battery in series

with the input voltage.

The dc voltage of the capacitor adds to the input voltage by

superposition.

Note:

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If diode is turned around, a negative dc voltage is added to the

input voltage

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The DC source lets you adjust the DC clamping level.

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Voltage multiplier circuits use a combination of diodes

and capacitors to step up the output voltage

Voltage Doubler
Voltage Tripler
Voltage Quadrupler

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Positive Half Cycle

D1 conducts
D2 is switched off
Capacitor C1 charges to ~

Negative Half Cycle

D1 is switched off
D2 conducts
Capacitor C2 charges
to ~ 2

*Apply KVL around the loop

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Positive Half Cycle

D1 conducts
D2 is switched off
Capacitor C1 charges to ~

Negative Half Cycle

D1 is switched off
D2 conducts
Capacitor C2 charges to ~

2
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Positive Half Cycle

Capacitor C1 charges to ~ through D1
Negative Half Cycle
Capacitor 2 charges to ~ 2 through D2
3
Next Positive Half Cycle
Capacitor C3 charges to ~ 2 through D3

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The addition of still another diode-capacitor section produces

an output four times the peak secondary voltage

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EE-112 Basic Electronics Dr. Faraz Akram