LOGIC

- is the study of reasoning.

- comes from the Greek
word logos
For Aristotle, logic
is "new and
necessary
reasoning."
 "new" because it allows
us to learn what we do not
know.
"necessary" because its
conclusions are
inescapable.
 It asks questions like "What
is correct reasoning?",
"What distinguishes a good
argument from a bad one?",
"How can we detect a
fallacy in reasoning?"
 Logical Systems
consistency - which
means that none of the
theorems of the system
contradict one another.
 soundness - which
means that the system's
rules of proof will never
allow a false inference
from a true premise.
 completeness - which
means that there are no
true sentences in the
system that cannot, at
least in principle, be
proved in the system.
Aristotle espoused two
principles in Logic:
1.) Law of Excluded
Middle
2.) Law of Non-
Contradiction
 Aristotle and Plato -
Logic is the study of
argument.
Immanuel Kant - Logic
is the science of
judgement.
 Types of Logic

NOTE:
PREMISE is an
introduction or
explanation laid down that
serves as a ground for
argument or a conclusion.
CONCLUSION is the
final decision or judgment
inferred from the
premise(s).
1.) Formal Logic
- is what we think of
as traditional
logic or philosophical
logic.
EXAMPLE:
Both Ben and Ann wanted
to go but only one is
allowed to visit Jess in the
hospital. If Ben is going,
then Ann wont go.
2.) Informal Logic
- is a recent discipline
which studies natural
language arguments and
ordinary language (or
"everyday") reasoning.
EXAMPLE: (during a
debate)
My opponent wants to
sever the Danish church
from the state for his
personal sake. His motion
is an attempt to take over
the church and further his
ecumenical theology by his
usual mafia methods.
3.) Symbolic Logic
- is the study of symbolic
abstractions that capture
the formal features of
logical inference. It has
sub-branches.
 a.) Predicate Logic:
- a system in which
formulae
contain quantifiable
variables.
EXAMPLE:

All ravens fly. Peter is

a raven. So, Peter
flies.
 b.) Propositional
Logic is
concerned only with senten
tial connectives and
logical operators (such as
"and", "or", "not", "if ... then
...", "because" ,etc.)
EXAMPLE:
If ABC is a 30-60-90
triangle and 90 is a right
angle.
Then, ABC is a triangle
with a right angle.
 c.) Mathematical
Logic
Both the application of the
techniques of formal
logic to mathematics an
d mathematical reasoning.
EXAMPLE:

If A, then not B. If B,
then not A.
4.) Deductive Logic
- is concerned with the
validity of argument.
One might deny the initial
premises, and therefore
deny the conclusion.
EXAMPLE:
All squares are rectangle.
All rectangles have four
sides.
Therefore: All squares
have four sides.
5.) Inductive Logic
- is the process of deriving
a reliable
generalization from
observations
EXAMPLE:
All observed crows are
black.
Therefore:
All crows are black.
6.) Modal Logic
Modal Logic is any system
of formal logic that
attempts to deal
with modalities.
EXAMPLE:
I may get burned if I lie in
the sun for too long.
So, if I lie in the sun for too
long, I would possibly get
burned.
 Logical Fallacy
A logical fallacy is any sort
of mistake in reasoning or
inference, or, essentially,
anything that causes an
argument to go wrong.