Problems

Section 12-2: Three Phase Voltages

P12.2-1
Given VC = 277 45 and an abc phase sequence:
VA = 277 ( 45120 ) = 277 75
VB = 277 ( 45 +120 ) = 277 165

VAB = VA VB =( 277 75 ) ( 277 165 )

=( 71.69 j 267.56 ) ( 267.56 + j 71.69 )
=339.25 j 339.25 = 479.77 45 480 45

Similarly:
VBC = 480 165 and VCA = 480 75

P12.2-2
VAB
VAB = VA 330 VA =
330
In our case: VAB = VBA = (12470 35 ) = 12470 145 V
12470 145
So VA = = 7200115
330
Then, for an abc phase sequence:

VC = 7200 (115 + 120 ) = 7200 235 = 7200 125

VB = 7200 (115 120 ) = 7200 5 V

P12.2-3
Vab
Vab = Va 330 Va =
330
In our case, the line-to-line voltage is
Vab = 1500 30 V
1500 30
So the phase voltage is Va = = 8660 V
330

1
Section 12-3: The Y-to-Y Circuit

P12.3-1
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where Z A = Z B = Z C = 1230 = 10.4 + j 6

MathCAD analysis (12p4_1.mcd):

208
Describe the three-phase source: Vp :=
3

j 0 j 120 j 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Va e Vc := Va e

Describe the balanced three-phase load: ZA := 10.4 + j 6 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Check: The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

4 2
j j
3 3
ZA ZC e + ZA ZB e + ZB ZC 14
VnN := Vp VnN = 2.762 10
ZA ZC + ZA ZB + ZB ZC

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC
3
IaA = 8.663 4.998i IbB = 8.66 5.004i IcC = 3.205 10 + 10.002i
IaA = 10.002 IbB = 10.002 IcC = 10.002
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 29.982 arg( IbB) = 149.982 arg( IcC) = 90.018

15 14
Check: IaA + IbB + IcC = 4.696 10 1.066i 10

1
Calculate the power delivered to the load:

SA := IaA IaA ZA SB := IbB IbB ZB SC := IcC IcC ZC
3 3 3
SA = 1.04 10 + 600.222i SB = 1.04 10 + 600.222i SC = 1.04 10 + 600.222i

3 3
Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 3.121 10 + 1.801i 10

Consequently:

(a) The phase voltages are

208
Va = 0 = 1200 V rms, Vb = 120 120 V rms and Vc = 120120 V rms
3

(b) The currents are equal the line currents (c)

I a = I aA = 10 30 A rms, I b = I bB = 10 150 A rms

and
I c = I cC = 1090 A rms

(d) The power delivered to the load is S = 3.121 + j1.801 kVA .

P12.3-2
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 1200 Vrms, Vb = 120 120 Vrms and Vc = 120120 Vrms
Z A = Z B = Z C = 10 + j ( 2 60 ) (100 103 ) = 10 + j 37.7
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 2

2
Mathcad Analysis (12p4_2.mcd):
Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 120

j 0 j 120 j 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Va e Vc := Va e

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 10 + j 37.7 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 2 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j j
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) e + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)

15 14 14 180
VnN = 8.693 10 + 2.232i 10 VnN = 2.396 10 arg( VnN) = 111.277

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 0.92 2.89i IbB = 2.963 + 0.648i IcC = 2.043 + 2.242i

IaA = 3.033 IbB = 3.033 IcC = 3.033
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 72.344 arg( IbB) = 167.656 arg( IcC) = 47.656

15 15
Check: IaA + IbB + IcC = 1.332 10 3.109i 10

Calculate the phase voltages at the load: VA := ZA IaA VB := ZB IbB VC := ZC IcC

VA = 118.301 VB = 118.301 VC = 118.301
180 180 180
arg( VA) = 2.801 arg( VB) = 117.199 arg( VC) = 122.801

Consequently, the line-to-line voltages at the source are:

Vab = Va 330 = 1200 330 = 20830 Vrms,

Vbc = 208 120 Vrms and Vca = 208120 Vrms

The line-to-line voltages at the load are:

VAB = VA 330 = 118.33 330 = 20533 Vrms,

Vbc = 205 117 Vrms and Vca = 205123 Vrms
and the phase currents are

I a = I aA = 10 72 A rms, I b = I bB = 3168 A rms and I c = I cC = 348 A rms

3
P12.3-3
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where

Va = 100 V = 7.070 V rms, Vb = 7.07 120 V rms and Vc = 7.07120 V rms

and
Z A = Z B = Z C = 12 + j (16 )(1) = 12 + j16

MathCAD analysis (12p4_3.mcd):

10
Describe the three-phase source: Vp :=
2

j 0 j 120 j 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Va e Vc := Va e

Describe the balanced three-phase load: ZA := 12 + j 16 ZB := ZA ZC := ZB

Check: The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

4 2
j j
3 3
ZA ZC e + ZA ZB e + ZB ZC 15
VnN := Vp VnN = 1.675 10
ZA ZC + ZA ZB + ZB ZC

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = 0.212 0.283i IbB = 0.351 0.042i IcC = 0.139 + 0.325i

IaA = 0.354 IbB = 0.354 IcC = 0.354
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 53.13 arg( IbB) = 173.13 arg( IcC) = 66.87

Calculate the power delivered to the load:

SA := IaA IaA ZA SB := IbB IbB ZB SC := IcC IcC ZC
SA = 1.5 + 2i SB = 1.5 + 2i SC = 1.5 + 2i
Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 4.5 + 6i

4
Consequently

(a) The rms value of ia(t) is 0.354 A rms.

(b) The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {4.5 + j 6} = 4.5 W

P12.3-4
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 1000 V = 70.70 V rms, Vb = 70.7 120 V rms and Vc = 7.07120 V rms
Z A = 20 + j ( 377 ) ( 60 103 ) = 20 + j 22.6 , Z B = 40 + j ( 377 ) ( 40 103 ) = 40 + j 15.1
Z C = 60 + j ( 377 ) ( 20 103 ) = 60 + j 7.54
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 10 + j ( 377 ) ( 5 103 ) = 10 + j 1.89

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_4.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 100

j 0 j 120 j 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Va e Vc := Va e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: := 377

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 20 + j 0.06 ZB := 40 + j 0.04 ZC := 60 + j 0.02
Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 10 + j 0.005 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

5
Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j j
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) e + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)

180
VnN = 12.209 24.552i VnN = 27.42 arg( VnN) = 63.561

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 2.156 0.943i IbB = 0.439 + 2.372i IcC = 0.99 0.753i

IaA = 2.353 IbB = 2.412 IcC = 1.244
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 23.619 arg( IbB) = 100.492 arg( IcC) = 142.741

Calculate the power delivered to the load:

(
IaA IaA ) IbB IbB ( ) (IcC IcC)
SA := ZA SB := ZB SC := ZC
2 2 2

SA = 55.382 + 62.637i SB = 116.402 + 43.884i SC = 46.425 + 5.834i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 218.209 + 112.355i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {218.2 + j112.4} = 218.2 W

P12.3-5
Balanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 1000 V = 70.70 V rms, Vb = 70.7 120 V rms and Vc = 7.07120 V rms
Z A = Z B = Z C = 20 + j ( 377 ) ( 60 103 ) = 20 + j 22.6
and Z aA = Z bB = Z cC = 10 + j ( 377 ) ( 5 103 ) = 10 + j 1.89

6
Mathcad Analysis (12p4_5.mcd):
Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 100

j 0 j 120 j 120
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Va e Vc := Va e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: := 377

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 20 + j 0.06 ZB := ZA ZC := ZA
Describe the three-phase line: ZaA := 10 + j 0.005 ZbB := ZaA ZcC := ZaA

Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

4 2
j j
3 3
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) e + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) e + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)
VnN := Vp
( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZcC + ZC) + ( ZaA + ZA ) ( ZbB + ZB) + ( ZbB + ZB) ( ZcC + ZC)

15 14 14 180
VnN = 8.982 10 + 1.879i 10 VnN = 2.083 10 arg( VnN) = 115.55

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN

Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA + ZaA ZB + ZbB ZC + ZcC

IaA = 1.999 1.633i IbB = 0.415 + 2.548i IcC = 2.414 0.915i

IaA = 2.582 IbB = 2.582 IcC = 2.582
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 39.243 arg( IbB) = 80.757 arg( IcC) = 159.243

Calculate the power delivered to the load:

(IaA IaA ) (IbB IbB) (IcC IcC)
SA := ZA SB := ZB SC := ZC
2 2 2
SA = 66.645 + 75.375i SB = 66.645 + 75.375i SC = 66.645 + 75.375i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 199.934 + 226.125i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {200 + j 226} = 200 W

7
P12.3-6
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 10 90 V = 7.07 90 V rms, Vb = 7.07150 V rms and Vc = 7.0730 V rms
and
Z A = 4 + j ( 4 )(1) = 4 + j 4 , Z B = 2 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 2 + j 8 and Z C = 4 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 4 + j 8

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_6.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 10

j 90 j 150 j 30
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Vp e Vc := Vp e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: := 4

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 4 + j 1 ZB := 2 + j 2 ZC := 4 + j 2
Calculate the voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source:

ZA ZC Vb + ZA ZB Vc + ZB ZC Va
VnN :=
ZA ZC + ZA ZB + ZB ZC
180
VnN = 1.528 0.863i VnN = 1.755 arg( VnN) = 29.466

Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = 1.333 0.951i IbB = 0.39 + 1.371i IcC = 0.943 0.42i

IaA = 1.638 IbB = 1.426 IcC = 1.032
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 144.495 arg( IbB) = 74.116 arg( IcC) = 24.011

8
Calculate the power delivered to the load:

(IaA IaA) IbB IbB ( ) (IcC IcC)
SA := ZA SB := ZB SC := ZC
2 2 2

SA = 5.363 + 5.363i SB = 2.032 + 8.128i SC = 2.131 + 4.262i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 9.527 + 17.754i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {9.527 + j17.754} = 9.527 W

P12.3-7
Unbalanced, three-wire, Y-Y circuit:

where
Va = 10 90 V = 7.07 90 V rms, Vb = 7.07150 V rms and Vc = 7.0730 V rms
and
Z A = Z B = Z C = 4 + j ( 4 )( 2 ) = 4 + j 8

Mathcad Analysis (12p4_7.mcd):

Describe the three-phase source: Vp := 10

j 90 j 150 j 30
180 180 180
Va := Vp e Vb := Vp e Vc := Vp e

Enter the frequency of the 3-phase source: := 4

Describe the three-phase load: ZA := 4 + j 2 ZB := ZA ZC := ZA

The voltage at the neutral of the load with respect to the neutral of the source should be zero:

ZA ZC Vb + ZA ZB Vc + ZB ZC Va
VnN := 15
ZA ZC + ZA ZB + ZB ZC VnN = 1.517 10

9
 Va VnN Vb VnN Vc VnN
Calculate the line currents: IaA := IbB := IcC :=
ZA ZB ZC

IaA = 1 0.5i IbB = 0.067 + 1.116i IcC = 0.933 0.616i

IaA = 1.118 IbB = 1.118 IcC = 1.118
180 180 180
arg( IaA ) = 153.435 arg( IbB) = 86.565 arg( IcC) = 33.435

Calculate the power delivered to the load:

(
IaA IaA ) (
IbB IbB ) (IcC IcC)
SA := ZA SB := ZB SC := ZC
2 2 2

SA = 2.5 + 5i SB = 2.5 + 5i SC = 2.5 + 5i

Total power delivered to the load: SA + SB + SC = 7.5 + 15i

The average power delivered to the load is P = Re {S} = Re {7.5 + j15} = 7.5 W

10
Section 12-4: The - Connected Source and Load

P12.4-1
Given I B = 50 40 A rms and assuming the abc phase sequence
we have

I A = 5080 A rms and I C = 50200 A rms

From Eqn 12.6-4

IA
I A = I AB 3 30 I AB =
3 30
so
5080
I AB = = 28.9110 A rms
330
I BC = 28.9 10 A rms and ICA = 28.9 130 A rms

P12.4-2
The two delta loads connected in parallel are equivalent to a single delta
load with
Z = 5 || 20 = 4
The magnitude of phase current is
480
Ip = = 120 A rms
4
The magnitude of line current is
I L = 3 I p = 208 A rms

1
Section 12-5: The Y- to - Circuit

P12.5-1
We have a delta load with Z = 1230 . One phase current is

208 208
30 150
V V = 2080 = 17.31 30 A rms
= AB = A B = 3
V 3
I AB
Z Z 1230 1230

The other phase currents are

I BC = 17.31 150 A rms and I CA = 17.3190 A rms

One line currents is

I A = I AB 3 30 = (17.31 30 ) ( )
3 30 = 3060 A rms

The other line currents are

I B = 30 180 A rms and I C = 3060 A rms

The power delivered to the load is

208
P = 3( ) (30) cos ( 60 30 ) = 9360 W
3

P12.5-2
The balanced delta load with Z = 39 40 is
equivalent to a balanced Y load with

Z
ZY = = 13 40 = 9.96 j 8.36
3

Z T = Z Y + 4 = 13.96 j 8.36 = 16.3 30.9

480
30
then I A = 3 = 170.9 A rms

16.3 30.9

1
P12.5-3
Vab
Vab = Va 330 Va =
330
In our case, the given line-to-line voltage is

Vab = 380 30 V rms

380 30
So one phase voltage is Va = = 2000 V rms
330
So
VAB = 38030 V rms VA = 2200 V rms
VBC = 380-90 V rms VB = 220120 V rms
VCA = 380150 V rms VC = 220120 V rms
One phase current is
VA 2200
IA = = 44 53.1 A rms
Z 3+ j4
The other phase currents are

I B = 44173.1 A rms amd I C = 4466.9 A rms

P12.5-4
Vab
Vab = Va 330 Va =
330
In our case, the given line-to-line voltage is

Vab = 380 0 V rms

380 0
So one phase voltage is Va = = 200 30 V rms
330
So
Vab = 3800 V rms Va = 220 30 V rms
Vbc = 380-120 V rms Vb = 220150 V rms
Vca = 380120 V rms Vc = 22090 V rms
One phase current is
Va 22030
IA = = = 14.67 83.1 A rms
Z 9 + j12
The other phase currents are

I B = 14.67 203.1 A rms and I C = 14.6736.9 A rms

2
Section 12-6: Balanced Three-Phase Circuits

P12.6-1
25
Va = 103 0 Vrms
3
25
103 0
Va
IA = = 3 = 96 25 A rms
Z 150 25

25
P = 3 Va I A cos ( v - I ) = 3 103 96 cos(0 25) = 3.77 MW
3

P12.6-2
Convert the delta load to an equivalent Y connected
load:

Z = 50 Z Z = 50
Y 3
To get the per-phase equivalent circuit shown to the
right:
The phase voltage of the source is

45103
Va = 0 = 260 kV rms
3

The equivalent impedance of the load together with the line is

50
(10 + j 20 )
Z eq = 3 + 2 = 12 + j 5 = 1322.6
50
10 + j 20 +
3
The line current is
Va 26 103 0
aA = = = 2000 22.6 A rms
Z eq 1322.6

The power delivered to the parallel loads (per phase) is

50
(10 + j 20 ) 3
PLoads = I aA Re = 4 10 10 = 40 MW
2 6

10 + j 20 + 50
3
The power lost in the line (per phase) is

PLine = I aA Re {Z Line } = 4 106 2 = 8 MW

2

The percentage of the total power lost in the line is

PLine 8
100% = 100% = 16.7%
PLoad + PLine 40 +8

P12.6-3
V 530
Ia = a = = 0.5 23 A I a = 0.5 A
Z T 6 + j8

2
I
PLoad = 3 a Re {Z Load } = 3 0.125 4 = 1.5 W
2

also (but not required) :

(5) (0.5)
PSource = 3 cos(30 23) = 2.25 W
2
2
Ia
Pline = 3 Re{Z Line } = 30.125 2 = 0.75 W
2
Section 12-7: Power in a Balanced Load

P12.7-1
Assuming the abc phase sequence:

VCB = 20815 V rms VBC = 208195 V rms VAB = 208315 V rms

Then
VAB 208315 208
VA = = = 285 V rms
330 330 3
also
I B = 3110 A rms I A = 3230 A rms
Finally
208
P = 3 VAB I A cos ( V I ) = 3( ) (3) cos(285 230) = 620 W
3

P12.7-2
Assuming a lagging power factor:

cos = pf = 0.8 = 36.9

The power supplied by the three-phase source is given by

Pout 20 ( 745.7 )
Pin = = = 17.55 kW where 1 hp = 745.7 W
0.85

Pin 17.55 103

Pin = 3 I A VA pf IA = = = 26.4 A rms
3 VA pf 480
3 ( 0.8 )
3

I A = 26.4 36.9 A rms when VA =

480
0 V rms
3

1
P12.7-3
(a) For a -connected load, Eqn 12.8-5 gives

PT 1500
PT = 3 VP I L pf IL = = = 4.92 A rms
3 VP pf 3( 220 )(.8)
3
The phase current in the -connected load is given by

IL I 4.92
IP = IP = L = = 2.84 A rms
3 3 3
The phase impedance is determined as:

VL VL V 220
Z= = ( V I ) = L cos 1 pf = cos 1 0.8 = 77.4436.9
IP IP IP 2.84

(b) For a -connected load, Eqn 12.8-4 gives

PT 1500
PT = 3 VP I L pf I L = = = 4.92 A rms
3 VP I L pf 3( 220 )(.8)
3
The phase impedance is determined as:
220
V V V
Z = P = P ( V I ) = P cos 1 pf = 3 cos 1 0.8 = 25.836.9
IP IP IP 4.92

P12.7-4
Parallel loads
Z1Z 2 (4030 ) (5060 )
Z = =
= 31.2 8.7
1 + 2 4030 + 50 60
VP 600
VL = VP , P = = = 19.2 A rms, IL = 3 P = 33.3 A rms
Z 31.2
So P = 3 VL I L pf = 3 (600) (33.3) cos ( 8.7 ) = 34.2 kW

2
P12.7-5
We will use
S = S = S cos + j S sin = S pf + j S sin ( cos 1 pf )
In our case:
S% 1 = 39 (0.7) + j 39 sin ( cos 1 ( 0.7 ) ) = 27.3 + j 27.85 kVA

sin ( cos 1 ( 0.21) ) = 15 j 69.84 kVA

15
S% 2 = 15 +
0.21
S%
S% 3 = S% 1 +S% 2 = 42.3 j 42.0 kVA S% = 3 = 14.1 j 14.0 kVA
3
The line current is
*
S (14100+ j 14000)
S = Vp I L I% L = = = 117.5 + j 116.7 A rms = 167 45 A rms
*
V 208
p
3
208
The phase voltage at the load is required to be 0 = 1200 V rms. The source must
3
provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

% = 1200 + (0.038 + j 0.072)(117.5 + j 116.7) = 115.9 + j 12.9 = 116.6 6.4 V rms

VS

Finally
%
V = 116.6 V rms
S

P12.7-6
4.16
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = 0 = 2.4020 kVrms .
3

Let I1 be the line current required by the -connected load. The apparent power per phase
500 kVA
required by the -connected load is S1 = = 167 kVA . Then
3

S1 = S1 = S1 cos 1 ( pf ) = 167 cos 1 ( 0.85 ) = 16731.8 kVA

and
S1 (167 10 ) 31.8
* *
3

S1 = VP I1 I1 = = = 69.6 31.8 = 59 j36.56 A rms

*

VP ( 2.402 10 ) 0
3

3
Let I2 be the line current required by the first Y-connected load. The apparent power per phase
75 kVA
required by this load is S 2 = = 25 kVA . Then, noticing the leading power factor,
3

S 2 = S 2 = S 2 cos 1 ( pf ) = 25 cos 1 ( 0 ) = 25 90 kVA

and
S 2 ( 25 10 ) 90
* *
3

S 2 = VP I 2 I2 = = = 10.490 = j10.4 A rms

*

P (
V )

3
2.402 10 0

Let I3 be the line current required by the other Y-connected load. Use Ohms law to determine I3
to be
24020 24020
I3 = + = 16 j 10.7 A rms
150 j 225
The line current is
I L = I1 + I 2 + I 3 = 75 j 36.8 A rms

4.16
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = 0 = 2.4020 kVrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VS = 24020 + (8.45 + j 3.9) (75 j 36.8) = 3179 0.3 Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (3179) = 5506 Vrms

P12.7-7
4.16
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = 0 = 2.4020 kVrms .
3

Let I1 be the line current required by the -connected load. The apparent power per phase
1.5 MVA
required by the -connected load is S1 = = 0.5 MVA . Then
3

S1 = S1 = S1 cos 1 ( pf ) = 0.5 cos 1 ( 0.75) = 0.541.4 MVA

and
S1 ( 0.5 10 ) 41.4
* *
6

S1 = VP I1 I1 = = = 2081.6 41.4 = 1561.4 j1376.6 A rms

*

P (
V )

3
2.402 10 0

4
Let I2 be the line current required by the first Y-connected load. The complex power, per phase,
is
sin ( cos 1 ( 0.8 ) ) = 0.67 + j 0.5 MVA
0.67
S 2 = 0.67 +
0.8

S 2 ( 0.67 + j 0.5 ) 106 ( 0.833 10 ) 36.9

* * *
6

I2 = = =
VP ( 2.402 10 ) 0 ( 2.402 10 ) 0
3 3

= 346.9 36.9 = 277.4 j 208.3 A rms

The line current is
I L = I1 + I 2 = 433.7 j 345.9 = 554.7 38.6 A rms

4.16
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = 0 = 2.4020 kVrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VS = 24020 + (0.4 + j 0.8) (433.7 j 345.9) = 2859.6 38.6 Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (2859.6) = 4953 Vrms

The power supplied by the source is

PS = 3 (4953) (554.7) cos (4.2 + 38.6 ) = 3.49 MW

The power lost in the line is

PLine = 3 ( 554.7 2 ) Re {0.4 + j 0.8} = 0.369 MW

The percentage of the power consumed by the loads is

3.49 0.369
100% = 89.4%
3.49

5
P12.78
600
The required phase voltage at the load is VP = 0 = 346.40 Vrms .
3

Let I be the line current required by the load. The complex power, per phase, is

sin ( cos 1 ( 0.8 ) ) = 160 + j 120 kVA

160
S = 160 + j
0.8
The line current is
S (160 + j 120 ) 103
* *
I= = = 461.9 j 346.4 A rms
VP 346.40

600
The phase voltage at the load is required to be VP = 0 = 346.40 Vrms .The source
3
must provide this voltage plus the voltage dropped across the line, therefore

VS = 346.40 + (0.005 + j 0.025) (461.9 j 346.4) = 357.5 1.6 Vrms

Finally
VSL = 3 (357.5) = 619.2 Vrms

The power factor of the source is

pf = cos ( V I ) = cos (1.6 ( 37)) = 0.78

6
Section 12-8: Two-Wattmeter Power Measurement

P12.8-1
W
Pout = 20 hp 746 = 14920 W
hp
P 14920
Pin = out = = 20 kW
0.746
Pin 20 103
Pin = 3 VL I L cos cos = = = 0.50
3 VL I L 3 (440) (52.5)
cos -1 ( 0.5 ) = 60

The powers read by the two wattmeters are

P1 = VL I L cos ( + 30 ) = (440) (52.5)cos ( 60 + 30 ) = 0

and
P2 = VL I L cos ( 30 ) = (440) (52.5)cos ( 60 30 ) = 20 kW

P12.8-2

VP = VL = 4000 V rms Z = 40 + j 30 = 50 36.9

VP 4000
IP = = = 80 A rms L = 3 I P = 138.6 A rms
Z 50
pf = cos = cos (36.9 ) = 0.80

P1 = VL I L cos ( + 30 ) = 4000 (138.6) cos 66.9 = 217.5 kW

P2 = VL I L cos ( 30 ) = 4000 (138.6) cos 6.9 = 550.4 kW
PT = P1 + P2 = 767.9 kW

Check : PT = 3 L VL cos = 3 (4000) (138.6) cos 36.9

= 768 kW which checks

12-1
P12.83
200
Vp = Vp = = 115.47 Vrms
3

VA =115.470 V rms, VB = 115.47120 V rms

and VC = 115.47120 V rms

VA 115.470
IA = = = 1.633 45 A rms
Z 70.745

I B = 1.633 165 A rms and I C = 1.633 75 A rms

PT = 3 VL I L cos = 3 (200) (1.633) cos 45 = 400 W

PB = VAC I A cos 1 = 200 (1.633) cos (45 30 ) = 315.47 W

PC = VBC I B cos 2 = 200 (1.633) cos (45 + 30 ) = 84.53 W

P12.8-4

ZY = 10 30 and Z = 1530
Z
Convert Z to Z Y Z Y = = 530
3

then Zeq =
(1030 ) ( 530 ) = 500
= 3.7810.9
1030+530 13.228 10.9
208
Vp = Vp = = 120 V rms
3
1200
VA = 1200 V rms I A = = 31.75 10.9
3.78 10.9
I B = 31.75130.9
I C = 31.75109.1
PT = 3VL I L cos = 3 ( 208 ) ( 31.75 ) cos (10.9 ) =11.23 kW
W1 = VL I L cos ( 30) = 6.24 kW
W2 = VL I L cos ( + 30) = 4.99 kW

12-2
P12.8-5
PT = PA + PC = 920 + 460 =1380 W

tan = 3
PA PC
= 3
( 460 ) = 0.577 = 30
PA + PC 1380
PT 1380
PT = 3 VL I L cos so I L = = =7.67 A rms
3 VL cos 2 120cos( 30 )
IL 120
IP = = 4.43 A rms Z = = 27.1 r Z = 27.1 30
3 4.43

P12.8-6
Z = 0.868 + j 4.924 = 580 = 80
380
VL = 380 V rms, VP = = 219.4 V rms
3
VP
I L = I P and I P = = 43.9 A rms
Z
P1 = ( 380 ) ( 43.9 ) cos ( 30 ) = 10,723 W
P2 = ( 380 ) ( 43.9 ) cos ( + 30 ) = 5706 W
PT = P1 + P2 = 5017 W

12-3
4
Section 12.9 How Can We Check?

P12.9-1
416
VA = = 240 V = VA
3
Z = 10 + j4 = 10.77 21.8
VA 240
IA = = = 22.28 A rms 38.63 A rms
Z 10.77
38.63
The report is not correct. (Notice that = 22.3 . It appears that the line-to-line voltage was
3
mistakenly used in place of the phase voltage.)

P12.9-2
VL = VP = 2400 Vrms
Z = 40 + j 30 = 50 36.9
VP 2400
IP = =
= 4.8 36.9 A rms
Z 5036.9

The result is correct.