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ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
AbstractThis paper deals with the loading a crack tip can open in mixed-mode with
applicability of the maximum energy release rate tensile mode (described with stress intensity factor KI),
criterion, of the minimum strain energy density in-plane shear mode (described with stress intensity
(SED) criterion and of the maximum tangential factor KII) and out-of-plane shear mode (described with
stress (MTS) criterion, the purpose of which is to stress intensity factor KIII). Under mixed-mode loading,
define the direction in which the crack kinks at a pre-crack kinks and further propagates under mode
different load modes, which leads to different I. Usually stress intensity factors are determined
opening of the crack tip. In addition to this, the before the kink angle (crack propagation angle) is
suitability of the energy release rate method, using determined. Many substitution and energy methods
the J integral, is dealt with, used to determine
exist for determination of these factors [1, 2, 3].
stress intensity factors KI and KII for an initial
crack. The suitability of the method is determined Normally, a kink angle under mixed-mode opening can
by comparing the results acquired with this be determined with the maximum energy release rate
method with the results obtained with the crack (G) [4] criterion, the minimum strain energy density
opening method. Based on FEM analysis, it is (SED) criterion [5] and the maximum tangential stress
shown that the results obtained with any of the (MTS) criterion [6] when stress intensity factors are
three methods used for determining the direction known. In this paper stress intensity factors are
in which the crack kinks are comparable when determined using displacement correlation method and
tensile stresses at the crack tip are greater than energy release rate by using the complex J integral,
shear stresses. If shear stresses prevail, the while the kink angle is determined using maximum
results differ most significantly when using energy release rate, SED and MTS criteria.
maximum energy release rate criterion and the
energy release rate method using the J integral. II. MIXED-MODE FRACTURE CRITERIA
The differences increase with increased stress A. The maximum energy release rate (G)
intensity factor KII. When using the minimum strain criterion
energy density criterion, special attention must be
paid to the correct use of its local minimum. The The Virtual Crack Extension method (VCE), as
results when using energy release rate method proposed by Hellen [7], is based on the criteria of
with the J integral to determine stress intensity released strain energy dV per crack extension da
factors KI in KII are similar to the results obtained
with the crack opening method; however, special dV
attention should be paid to determining the results G (1)
da
when the impact of shear stresses prevails near
the crack tip. which serves as a basis for determining the
combined stress intensity factor around the crack tip
KeywordsKink angle, Fracture mechanics,
Stress intensity factor, Numerical simulations E G plane stress;
I. INTRODUCTION K E G (2)
Fracture mechanics is widely used for analyzing plane strain.
crack propagation under given load. For this purpose it (1 2 )
is necessary to know stress distribution around the with K further being equal to
K I K II (1 ) K III
crack tip. Due to stress concentration caused by crack 2 2 2
plane stress;(3)
tip, stresses can exceed yield stress. When a plastic K
K I K II (1 ) (1 ) K III
2 2 2 2
zone is small compared to the crack length, a linear plane strain.
fracture mechanics can be used, where stresses can
be described with Williams equation. Williams
equation includes first order constants and higher
order constants. First order constants describe
magnitude of crack tip opening mode. Under general
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JMESTN42350431 356
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
www.jmest.org
JMESTN42350431 357
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
1 1
x y 2 2 x y xy2
dW problems from the stress intensity factors in the
following manner
dV 4 4 10)
S a11KI2 2a12 K I K II a22 K II2 (11)
where is the shear modulus such that E =
2(1+) with E being the Youngs modulus. where the coefficients aij (i, j = 1, 2) are for 2-
The position of integration points actually defines dimensional case equal to
the corresponding angle of calculated strain energy
density and strain energy density factor S around the a11
1
1 cos cos
16
crack tip as can be observed from Fig. 3.
(12)
sin 2 cos 1
1
a12
crack tip elements 16
Fig. 3. Layer of integration points around crack tip This approach strongly depends on correct
Discrete values for S are then fitted with the evaluation of the stress intensity factors. To predict
approximation function, which enables a simple the crack growth with the use of equations (11), (13)
algorithm for determining the local minimum. and (14), the stress intensity factors KI and KII have to
The strain density function has several minimums be known.
around the crack tip, where the global minimum is not Stress intensity factors were determined using the
necessarily the true solution of the problem as can be displacement correlation method and energy release
observed from Fig. 4. rate using the J integral. In case of plane strain case,
stress intensity factors can be determined using the
displacement correlation method, with the following
0.5 equations
S [Nmm-2]
0.4
2
v1 v2
E
0.3 KI (15)
0.2
8(1 )
2
r
0.1 2
u1 u2
E
0 K II (16)
8(1 2 ) r
-180 -120 -60 0 60 120 180
where ui and vi (i = 1,2) are displacements at
nodes near the crack tip in x and y directions,
respectively, and r is a distance of the node on the
crack surface from the crack tip, see Fig. 5.
Fig. 4. Distribution of the strain density function
y, v
The minimum of strain density function Smin can be
found numerically by incremental search for a local
possible crack
minimum of function S for different possible crack extension
extension directions i in the range around the
crack tip angle. r
Crack propagation direction determined from 1
coordinate stresses show very good correlation with
experimental data. The accuracy of the method crack
crack tip
depends only on the accuracy of finite element x, u
2 r
method, which can be improved by using finer mesh
around the crack tip.
Alternatively, the strain energy density factor S can
be evaluated for 2-dimensional linear elastic crack Fig. 5. Displacement correlation method
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JMESTN42350431 358
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
3K II2 K I K I2 8K II2
J 1 G 0 0 arccos (22)
K I2 9 K II2
x
For pure mode I loading of a crack tip (KI 0, KII =
0), a crack propagation angle is equal to 0, while for
mode II (KI = 0, KII 0), it is equal to -70,6.
Fig. 6. Definition of J1 and J2 III. PRACTICAL APPLICATION OF THE COMPUTATIONAL
MODEL
In linear elastic fracture mechanics, the J integral is
equal to the energy release rate G, which can be The determination of stress intensity factor and of
calculated, using the VCE method. In this case stress crack propagation angle was evaluated, using the CTS
intensity factors can be calculated from specimen [10, 11] shown in Figure 3, with a 55 mm
long crack. The CTS specimen is loaded with a static
K I2
2E
1 1
J
1 J12 J 22 (17)
load of F=15 kN, where F F1 F2 F3 (Fig. 7). Mixed
mode crack tip opening was simulated using different
K II2
2E
1 1
J
1 J12 J 22 (18)
load cases between pure mode I (load angle is equal
to 0) and pure mode II (load angle is equal to 90).
Material properties were defined for an aluminum alloy
When this method is used, special care should be with Youngs modulus E = 72400 MPa and Poissons
taken when shear mode is dominant around the crack ratio = 0,33.
tip. In such a case a sign before the square root must
be changed to get KII > KI. A physical intuition is F1
needed when a sign should be changed to get correct F3
results for KI and KII.
C. The Maximum Tangential Stress (MTS)
criterion
Erdogan and Sih [6] proposed a criterion for
determining crack propagation angle using a direction,
which is perpendicular to the direction of maximum F2
tangential stress. Shear stress can be expressed in the
polar coordinate system as: F3*
KI 1 1 3
r sin sin
2r 4 2 4 2 (19) y
K II 1 3 3
cos cos x
2r 4 2 4 2
In the direction of maximum tangential stress the
shear stress is equal to zero. Therefore, the equation
for the shear stress can be expressed as: y=0 x=0 y=0
1 1 3 1 3 3 Fig. 7. Boundary conditions for CTS specimen
K I sin sin K II cos cos 0 (20)
4 2 4 2 4 2 4 2
or
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JMESTN42350431 359
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
0 []
40
30
20
10
0
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
B. Kink angle
In Fig. 9, a comparison of results for the kink angle
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
0 for various load angles of an initial fatigue crack
-0,1
is presented.
The results match well up to the load angle =60.
When the load angle is larger than 60, the results Fig. 10. Distribution of factor S round the crack tip
obtained using the maximum energy release rate
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JMESTN42350431 360
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
S [Nmm ]
0,2
-2
Fig. 11 presents the distribution of the strain
energy density round the crack tip for various load
0,1
angles . From figures, the increase in the kink angle
0 related to the increase in load angle is evident. 0
= 75
0,3
S [Nmm ]
-2
0,3
0,2
0,1
S [Nmm ]
-2
0,1
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
-0,1
0
0,5
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
= 15
-0,1
0,3 = 90
S [Nmm ]
-2
0,3
0,1 0,2
S [Nmm ]
-2
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180 0,1
-0,1
0
0,5 -180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
= 30
0,4 -0,1
0,3
S [Nmm ]
0,1
For =0 and =90, a symmetrical curve S round
0
the crack tip is obtained, Fig. 11.
-180 -150 -120 -90 -60 -30 0 30 60 90 120 150 180
-0,1 V. CONCLUSIONS
The crack tip of a CTS test piece is loaded with
= 45 0,5 different proportions of tensile and shear loads; FEM is
used to discretize the CTS test piece. Due to the
0,4
impact of the shear stress near the initial crack tip, the
0,3
crack kinks. The direction in which the crack kinks and,
S [Nmm ]
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JMESTN42350431 361
Journal of Multidisciplinary Engineering Science and Technology (JMEST)
ISSN: 3159-0040
Vol. 2 Issue 1, January - 2015
Generally speaking, the direction in which the crack Release Rate and the Stress Intensity Factors for
kinks in case of opening modes I and II can be fairly Non-Coplanar Crack Ecxtension Under Combined
reliably described when KI > KII. Mode Loading, International journal of Fracture,
With the energy release rate method using the J Vol.18, 1982, pp. 19-28.
integral, special attention must be paid when shear
[5] G.C. Sih, Strain-energy-density factor applied
stress prevails near the crack tip as in such a case
to mixed-mode crack problems, International Journal
physical intuition is required to define stress intensity
of Fracture, vol. 10, 1974, pp.305-321.
factors KI and KII. Similarly, the analysis shows that,
with the energy release rate method, on which the [6] F. Erdogan and G.C Sih, On the crack
VCE method is based, the direction in which a crack extension in plates under plane loading and
kinks can be determined up to 45. Consequently, it is transverse shear, J Basic Engng; vol. 85, 1963,
impossible to define the direction in which a crack pp.519-25.
kinks from an initial crack in case of mode II of pure
[7] T.K. Hellen, On the method of virtual crack
loading.
In case of the minimum strain energy density (SED) extension, Int. J. Numer Meth Engng, vol. 9, 1975,
criterion, results show that, when this criterion is used pp.187-207.
to determine the crack kink, the second minimum of [8] T.K Hellen and W.S Blackburn, The
the strain energy density must be taken into calculation of stress intensity factors for combined
consideration as at the global minimum, the crack tensile and shear loading, Int. J. of Fracture, vol. 11,
cannot propagate physically. 1975, pp.605-617.
With the maximum tangential stress (MTS)
criterion, the direction in which a crack kinks can be [9] G.C Sih and B.M Barthelemy, Mixed mode
uniformly determined. fatigue crack growth predictions, Journal of Eng.
Fract. Mech., vol 13(3), 1980, pp.439-451.
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