TECHGURU CLASSES for ENGINEERS (Your Dedication + Our Guidance = Sure Success)

CHAPTER - 1 (OP- AMP FUNDAMENTALS ) : ANALOG CIRCUIT

CHAPTER-1 : OPERATIONAL AMPLIFIER (OP-AMP) PERSONAL REMARK :
, The name operational amplifier coins from the application of Ex. Inside a 741 op-amp, the last
op-amp for specific electronic functions/operations such as functional block is a
summation, scaling, differentiation and integration etc. (a) Differential amplifier
, There are normally 20 to 30 transistors that make up an op-amp (b) Level shifter
circuit (using both Bipolar and MOS technologies. (c) Class-A power amplifier
, Differential amplifiers is most widely suited for integrated circuit (d) Class-AB power amplifier
design. The advatage of integrated circuit technology is the (ISRO-EC-2007)
availibility of lagre number of transistors at relatively low cost. Sol.(d)Inside a 741 op-amp, the last
, Figure given below shows the block diagram of typical (commercial functional block is a Class-AB
741-C)op-amp. power amplifier.
Ex. A differential amplifier is used
in the input stage of Op-Amps
to achieve very high
(a) open-loop gain
(b) bandwidth
Emitter follower or (c) slew rate
with constant Output Driver (d) CMRR
current source (JTO-EC-2006)
or usually
Sol.(d) Differential amplifier is
Buffer and Level complementary
used to achieve high
Translator symmetry push- CMRR
pull Amplifier
Ex. The operational amplifiers use
The circuit that can yield a precise a differential input stage with
voltage or current which is a constant current source,
independent of internal influences mainly to obtain
such as power supply and temperature [GATE-IN-1997]
Variations (i.e. VBE, ICO, ) (a) very low common mode
are called voltage reference and gain
current references (b) very high differential gain
(c) very low input noise
i.e. current mirror
(d) very high input resistance
, Cascaded amplifier suffers from the major problem of drift of the
Sol.(b)The operational amplifiers
operating point due to temperature dependency of ICBO, hFE and
use a differential input stage
VBE of the transistor. with a constant current source,
, The function of differential amplifier is to amplify the difference mainly to obtain very high dif-
between the two signals. The need for differential amplifier arises in ferential gain.
many physical measurements where response from dc to many
MHz of frequency is required.

, The main purpose of the difference amplifier stage is to provide high

gain to the difference mode signal i.e. Ad and cancel the common
mode signal i.e., low AC, to meet high CMRR.
, There are two reasons for using differential amplifier in
preference to single-ended amplifiers-
First, differential amplifer circuits are much less sensitive to noise
and interference then single ended circuits.

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 TECHGURU CLASSES for ENGINEERS (Your Dedication + Our Guidance = Sure Success)
CHAPTER - 1 (OP- AMP FUNDAMENTALS ) : ANALOG CIRCUIT
Second, differential amplifier enables us to bias the amplifier and to PERSONAL REMARK :
couple amplifier stages together without the need for by- pass and
coupling capacitors such as those utilized in the design of discrete
circuit amplifiers.
, The differential amplifier as a building block of the op-amp
has the advantages of
Excellent stability
Lower cost
Higher versatility and
High immunity to interference signals
Easier fabrication as IC component.
, The problem discussed in single ended amplifier can be eliminated
by using a balanced or differential amplifier (i.e., emitter-coupled
differential amplifier) as shown below.

DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIERS USING BJT

, Figure shows the circuit diagram of emitter coupled Differential
amlifiers using BJT
Vcc
NOTE : For matched or
identical transistors pairs Rc Rc
we have
Vo1 VO2
RE1 = RE2 i.e R E R E1 // R E 2 T1 T2
RC1 = RC2= RC
Rs Rs
VCC VEE + +
Vs1 ~ RE ~ V
s2

VEE

, Differential amlifiers using BJT are broadly classified into two

types namely.
Differential amplifier with resistive loading , and

Differential BJT amplifer with active loading

, It is important to note that the performance of the differential
amplifier depends on the ideal matching characteristics of the
transistor pair T1 &T2.
, The difference mode gain can be obtained by setting
VS VS
V S1 = and V S2 = so that the difference signal
2 2
Vd = VS1 VS2 = VS and common mode signal VC = 0.
, Differential mode gain is given by expression
V0 1 h fe R C
ADM = for unbalanced output (A)
VS 2 (R S h ie )

V0 h fe R C
ADM = for balanced output (B)
VS (R S h ie )

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 TECHGURU CLASSES for ENGINEERS (Your Dedication + Our Guidance = Sure Success)
CHAPTER - 1 (OP- AMP FUNDAMENTALS ) : ANALOG CIRCUIT
NOTE :When the output of differential amplifier is measured with PERSONAL REMARK :
reference to ground point is called unbalanced output.
However , when the output of differential amplifier is measured
across the collectors of transistors T1 & T2 (which are
assumed to be perfectly matched ) called balanced output.
When the input is applied to both the base of the transistors
is called balanced input.
When the input is applied to one of the base of the transistors
is called unbalanced input.
NOTE :Depending upon the input and output arrangement differential
amplifier can be classified as-
Balanced Input Balanced Output (BIBO) or Dual Input Dual
Output.
Balanced Input Unbalanced Output (BIUO) or Dual Input
Singal Output.
Unbalanced Input Balanced Output (UIBO) or Single Input
Dual Output.
Unbalanced Input Unbalanced Output (UIUO) or Single Input
Single Output.
, Common mode gain is given by expression
hfe RC
ACM = (C)
RS + hie + (1 + hfe ) 2RE

NOTE :Unlike ADM , ACM is same for both balanced and unbalanced
output.
, CMRR for differential amplifier using BJT amplifier is given by

ADM [RS h fe 2R E (1 h fe ) ]
CMRR = ....(C)
ACM (R S hie )
for CMRR to be large, ACM should be as small as possible,
from equation (C) it can be seen that ACM 0 as RE .
, There are practical limitations to made large RE, because of the
quiescent dc voltage across it. If RE is made large, the emitter supply
VEE will also have to be increased in order to maintain the proper
quiescent current.
, Voltage gain of differential amplifier is directly proportional to the
load resistor RC. However, these are limitations to the maximum
value of RC to be used due to the following two reasons :
(i) For larger value of RC, quiescent drop across it increases and
hence a large power supply will be required to maintain a
given quiescent collector current.
(ii) A large value of RC requires large chip area resulting packing
density reduces.
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 TECHGURU CLASSES for ENGINEERS (Your Dedication + Our Guidance = Sure Success)
CHAPTER - 1 (OP- AMP FUNDAMENTALS ) : ANALOG CIRCUIT
Ex. A change in the value of the emitter resistance RE in a differential PERSONAL REMARK :
amplifier (IES-EC-2012) & (GATE-EC-1991)
(a) Affects the difference mode gain, Ad
(b) Affects the common mode gain, Ac
(c) Affects both Ad and Ac
(d) Does not affect either Ad or Ac

Sol.(b)With reference to a differential amplifier common mode gain Ac

and difference mode gain Ad is given by expression

V0 1 h fe R C hfe RC
Ad = and AC =
VS 2 (R S h ie ) RS + hie + (1 + hfe ) 2RE

Thus, we can say that a change in the value of the emitter resistance
RE in a differential amplifier affects the common mode gain AC.

OP-AMP FUNDAMENTALS
, Op-amp have five basic terminals, i.e., two input terminals, one output
terminal and two power supply terminals.
V+
Inverting
(input terminal)
Output
Non-inverting terminal
(input terminal)
V

The V+ and V power supply terminals are connected to two d.c.

voltage sources. The V+ pin is connected to the positive terminal of
one source and the V pin is connected to the negative terminal of
the other source, as shown
, Table given below shows the characteristics of an ideal op-
amp.
S.No. Characteristics Ideal value
1. Input Resistance Ri =
2. Voltage Gain Av =
3. Bandwidth BW =
4. Slew Rate SR =
5. Common mode Rejection Ratio CMRR =
6. Output resistance R0 = 0
7. Offset voltage Vof = 0 V
8. Power supply Rejection Ratio PSRR = 0

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