Metal Building

Systems Manual

2012 Edition

METAL BUILDING MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

Based on the 2012 IBC, ASCE/SEI 7-10,

and Common Industry Practices METAL BUILDING MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION
 2012

Metal Building
Systems Manual

METAL BUILDING MANUFACTURERS ASSOCIATION

1300 Sumner Avenue
Cleveland, Ohio 44115

Copyright 2012
Metal Building Manufacturers Association, Inc.
All rights reserved
Metal Building Systems Manual

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PREFACE
The MBMA Metal Building Systems Manual incorporates the results of research undertaken
by MBMA, its member companies and other industry groups. In many respects, it reflects
refinement and advances in the knowledge of load application methods and design. This
edition of the Metal Building Systems Manual replaces the 2006 edition with 2010
Supplement.

Most municipalities in the United States have now adopted a building code. In the past,
where a building code did not govern the design, the recommended loads in the MBMA
Low-Rise Building Systems Manual (the predecessor to the Metal Building Systems Manual)
were often specified. In recognition of the decreased need for MBMA loads, the Metal
Building Systems Manual now focuses on how to apply the loads specified by the
International Building Code and ASCE 7. Although the information in the new manual can
be applied to low-rise buildings in general, it concentrates on issues related to design, code
compliance and specification of metal building systems.

Use of this manual is totally voluntary. Each building manufacturer or designer retains the
prerogative to choose its own design and commercial practices and the responsibility to
design its building systems to comply with applicable specifications and safety
considerations.

This 2012 edition of the MBMA Metal Building Systems Manual brings the manual into
conformance with the 2012 Edition of the International Building Code and ASCE 7-10. It
incorporates the results of research and development undertaken by MBMA, its member
companies and other industry groups. It also updates referenced standards to the current
editions.

Although every effort has been made to present accurate and sound information, the
responsibility for individual project's rests with the design professional and contract parties.
MBMA assumes no responsibility whatsoever for the application of this information to the
design or construction of any specific building system.

MBMA expressly disclaims all liability for damages of any sort whether direct, indirect or
consequential, arising out of the use, reference to, or reliance on this manual or any of its
contents. MBMA DISCLAIMS ANY AND ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS AND
IMPLIED, INCLUDING BUT NOT LIMITED TO THE WARRANTIES OF
MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS
LISTOFFIGURES....................................................................................................................................................xi
LISTOFTABLES....................................................................................................................................................xiii
LISTOFDESIGNEXAMPLES.................................................................................................................................. xiv
CHAPTERIDESIGNPRACTICEANDLOADAPPLICATION..............................................................................1
1.1 BACKGROUND.............................................................................................................................................1
1.2 DESIGNPRACTICE........................................................................................................................................3
1.3 LOADAPPLICATION......................................................................................................................................3
1.3.1 Definitions.......................................................................................................................................4
1.3.2 LiveLoads........................................................................................................................................7
1.3.3 RoofLiveLoads................................................................................................................................8
1.3.4 WindLoads....................................................................................................................................11
1.3.5 SnowLoads..................................................................................................................................134
1.3.6 SeismicLoads...............................................................................................................................174
1.3.7LOADCOMBINATIONS.................................................................................................................................235
CHAPTERIICRANELOADS......................................................................................................................237
2.1 GENERAL...............................................................................................................................................237
2.2 CRANETYPES..........................................................................................................................................237
2.2.1 TopRunningCranes.....................................................................................................................238
2.2.2 UnderhungBridgeCranes...........................................................................................................240
2.2.3 UnderhungMonorailCranes.......................................................................................................240
2.2.4 JibCranes.....................................................................................................................................241
2.2.5 SingleLegGantryCrane..............................................................................................................243
2.2.6 StackerCrane..............................................................................................................................244
2.3 CRANESPECIFICATIONS............................................................................................................................245
2.3.1 BridgeorMonorailCranes..........................................................................................................245
2.3.2 JibCranes.....................................................................................................................................248
2.4 CRANELOADS.........................................................................................................................................248
2.4.1 WheelLoad..................................................................................................................................248
2.4.2 VerticalImpact............................................................................................................................249
2.4.3 LateralForce................................................................................................................................249
2.4.4 LongitudinalForce.......................................................................................................................249
2.4.5 CraneLoadingConditions............................................................................................................250
2.5 BUILDINGFRAMESANDSUPPORTCOLUMNS................................................................................................250
2.5.1 SingleCraneAislewithOneCrane..............................................................................................250
2.5.2 SingleCraneAislewithMultipleCranes......................................................................................251
2.5.3 MultipleCraneAisleswithSingleCranes.....................................................................................251
2.5.4 MultipleCraneAisleswithMultipleCranes.................................................................................251
2.5.5 DeflectionandDrift.....................................................................................................................253
2.5.6 BuildingLayouts..........................................................................................................................253
2.5.7 BracketsandCraneColumns.......................................................................................................257
2.6 RUNWAYBEAMSANDSUSPENSIONSYSTEMS................................................................................................258
2.6.1 SingleCrane.................................................................................................................................259
2.6.2 MultipleCranes...........................................................................................................................259
2.6.3 TopRunningBridgeCranes.........................................................................................................260
2.6.4 UnderhungCranesandMonorails..............................................................................................261
2.7 LONGITUDINALCRANEAISLEBRACING........................................................................................................263
2.7.1 SingleCrane.................................................................................................................................263
2.7.2 MultipleCranes...........................................................................................................................263

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2.7.3 LongitudinalDeformationsDuetoThermalExpansion..............................................................264
2.8 RUNWAYSTOPS.....................................................................................................................................265
2.9 FATIGUE...............................................................................................................................................265
2.9.1 CraneServiceClassifications.......................................................................................................265
2.9.2 DesigningforFatigue.................................................................................................................267
2.10 CRANEWHEELSANDRAILS.......................................................................................................................268
2.10.1 CraneWheels..............................................................................................................................268
2.10.2 Rails............................................................................................................................................269
2.10.3 RailAttachments........................................................................................................................272
2.11 HEAVYDUTYCYCLECRANES....................................................................................................................274
2.11.1 CraneRunwayLoading...............................................................................................................274
2.11.2 BuildingClassifications...............................................................................................................276
2.11.3 AISTLoadCombinations.............................................................................................................277
2.11.4 Deflection...................................................................................................................................278
2.11.5 Fatigue........................................................................................................................................278
2.11.6 DetailingandFabricationConsiderations..................................................................................278
2.12 SPECIFICATIONOFCRANESYSTEMS............................................................................................................282
2.13 ERECTION.............................................................................................................................................282
2.14 OPERATIONANDMAINTENANCE...............................................................................................................282
2.15 CRANEEXAMPLE....................................................................................................................................283
CHAPTERIIISERVICEABILITY..................................................................................................................289
3.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................289
3.2 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOROOFING.........................................................................................297
3.2.1 MetalRoofs................................................................................................................................305
3.3 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOSKYLIGHTS........................................................................................306
3.4 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOCLADDING,FRAMEDEFORMATIONANDDRIFT........................................309
3.5 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOINTERIORPARTITIONSANDCEILINGS.....................................................318
3.6 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOVIBRATION/ACCELERATION................................................................324
3.7 DESIGNCONSIDERATIONSRELATIVETOEQUIPMENT......................................................................................325
CHAPTERIVCOMMONINDUSTRYPRACTICES.........................................................................................335
SECTION1INTRODUCTION................................................................................................................................335
1.1Introduction......................................................................................................................................335
1.2Definitions........................................................................................................................................335
SECTION2SALEOFAMETALBUILDINGSYSTEM...................................................................................................338
2.1General.............................................................................................................................................338
2.2ChangesinOrderDocumentsorContractDocuments.....................................................................339
SECTION3DESIGNOFAMETALBUILDINGSYSTEM................................................................................................340
3.1DesignResponsibility........................................................................................................................340
3.2EndCustomerResponsibility............................................................................................................341
3.3Manufacturer'sResponsibility..........................................................................................................343
SECTION4MATERIALSANDFABRICATION............................................................................................................345
4.1MaterialsandMaterialTests...........................................................................................................345
4.2Fabrication........................................................................................................................................345
SECTION5DELIVERYANDRECEIPT.....................................................................................................................349
5.1Delivery.............................................................................................................................................349
5.2Receipt..............................................................................................................................................349
SECTION6ERECTIONANDOTHERFIELDWORK....................................................................................................351
6.1General.............................................................................................................................................351
6.2MetalBuildingSystemsErectionandOtherFieldWork...................................................................351
6.3SiteSurvey........................................................................................................................................352
6.4ConcreteSlab,FoundationandAnchorBoltSetting.........................................................................352

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6.5Interruptions,Delays,orOvertimeWages........................................................................................352
6.6HazardousJobSiteConditions...........................................................................................................353
6.7AccessibilityofJobSiteandBuildingFloorArea...............................................................................353
6.8ErectionTolerances...........................................................................................................................353
6.9MethodorSequenceofErection.......................................................................................................353
6.10CorrectionofErrorsandRepairs.....................................................................................................356
SECTION7INSURANCE......................................................................................................................................358
7.1General..............................................................................................................................................358
7.2ManufacturerInsurance....................................................................................................................358
7.3Dealer,Erector,ContractorandGeneralContractorInsurance........................................................358
7.4EndCustomerInsurance....................................................................................................................359
7.5LeasedEquipmentInsurance.............................................................................................................359
7.6InsuranceCertificates........................................................................................................................359
SECTION8GENERAL.........................................................................................................................................360
8.1Permits,Assessments,ProRataandOtherFees...............................................................................360
8.2CodeorDeedRestrictionCompliance...............................................................................................360
8.3PostponementofShipment...............................................................................................................360
8.4PenaltiesandBonds..........................................................................................................................360
8.5CompletionandAcceptance..............................................................................................................360
8.6IndemnificationforModifications,AdaptationsandRepairs............................................................361
8.7ConsequentialDamages....................................................................................................................361
8.8ChangesinProductorStandards......................................................................................................361
8.9ParagraphHeadings..........................................................................................................................361
SECTION9FABRICATIONTOLERANCES.................................................................................................................362
9.1ColdFormedStructuralMembers.....................................................................................................362
9.2BuiltUpStructuralMembers.............................................................................................................364
CHAPTERVPERFORMANCEGUIDESPECIFICATION..................................................................................367
SECTION1GENERAL.........................................................................................................................................368
1.1MetalBuildingSystemComponents..................................................................................................368
1.2RelatedSections................................................................................................................................369
1.3References.........................................................................................................................................369
1.4DesignRequirements.........................................................................................................................371
1.5Submittals.........................................................................................................................................373
1.6QualityAssurance..............................................................................................................................374
1.7Qualifications....................................................................................................................................374
1.8FieldMeasurements..........................................................................................................................374
1.9Warranty...........................................................................................................................................374
1.10Administration.................................................................................................................................375
SECTION2PRODUCTS.......................................................................................................................................375
2.1MaterialsRoofSystem....................................................................................................................375
2.2MaterialsWallSystems...................................................................................................................376
2.3MaterialsTrim.................................................................................................................................377
2.4MaterialsMetalPersonnelDoorsAndFrames................................................................................377
2.5MaterialsDoorsAndFrames,OtherThanPersonnel......................................................................378
2.6MaterialsWindows.........................................................................................................................378
2.7MaterialsTranslucentPanels..........................................................................................................379
2.8MaterialsAccessories......................................................................................................................379
2.9FabricationPrimaryFraming..........................................................................................................379
2.10FabricationSecondary...................................................................................................................380
2.11FabricationGutters,Downspouts,FlashingsAndTrim.................................................................380
SECTION3EXECUTION......................................................................................................................................381
3.1Execution...........................................................................................................................................381

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3.2ErectionFraming............................................................................................................................381
3.3ErectionWallAndRoofingSystems................................................................................................382
3.4ErectionGutter,Downspout,FlashingsAndTrim...........................................................................382
3.5ErectionTranslucentPanels...........................................................................................................383
3.6InstallationAccessories..................................................................................................................383
3.7Tolerances........................................................................................................................................383
CHAPTERVIIASMETALBUILDINGMANUFACTURERSACCREDITATIONPROGRAM..................................385
6.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................385
6.2 OBJECTIVES...........................................................................................................................................386
6.3 BENEFITS..............................................................................................................................................386
CHAPTERVIIBUILDINGENERGYCONSERVATION...................................................................................389
7.1 GENERAL..............................................................................................................................................389
7.2 ENERGYDESIGNGUIDEFORMETALBUILDINGSYSTEMS................................................................................389
CHAPTERVIIIFIREPROTECTION.............................................................................................................391
8.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................391
8.2 FIRERESISTANCEDESIGNGUIDEFORMETALBUILDINGSYSTEMS.....................................................................392
8.3 COLUMNFIRERATINGS...........................................................................................................................393
8.4 WALLFIRERATINGS................................................................................................................................394
8.5 ROOFFIRERATINGS................................................................................................................................395
8.6 JOINTFIRERATINGS................................................................................................................................395
8.7 COLUMNULFIREASSEMBLYLISTINGS......................................................................................................398
8.8 WALLULFIREASSEMBLYLISTINGS..........................................................................................................405
8.9 ROOFULFIREASSEMBLYLISTINGS..........................................................................................................425
8.10 JOINTSULFIREASSEMBLYLISTINGS........................................................................................................437
CHAPTERIXCLIMATOLOGICALDATABYCOUNTY...................................................................................461
9.1 INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................461
9.2 GROUNDSNOWLOADS...........................................................................................................................461
9.3 WINDLOADS.........................................................................................................................................461
9.4 RAINLOADS..........................................................................................................................................462
9.5 SEISMICLOADS......................................................................................................................................462
9.6 CLIMATOLOGICALDATASPREADSHEET........................................................................................................463
CHAPTERXGLOSSARY............................................................................................................................527
APPENDIX................................................................................................................................................A1
APPENDIXA1TAPEREDMEMBERS..........................................................................................................A3
A1.1 BACKGROUND.........................................................................................................................................A3
A1.2 RECENTDEVELOPMENTS...........................................................................................................................A3
APPENDIXA2BOLTEDENDPLATECONNECTIONS...................................................................................A5
A2.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................A5
APPENDIXA3METALBUILDINGFOUNDATIONS......................................................................................A6
A3.1 INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................A6
A3.2 TYPESOFFORCES....................................................................................................................................A6
A3.2.1 LargeColumnUpliftForce...........................................................................................................A6
A3.2.2 HorizontalThrustForce...............................................................................................................A6
A3.3 METHODSOFLATERALLOADRESISTANCE....................................................................................................A7
A3.4 TENSIONTIES.........................................................................................................................................A7

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A3.5 HAIRPINRODS........................................................................................................................................A8
A3.6 SHEARBLOCKS........................................................................................................................................A9
APPENDIXA4GUTTERS,DOWNSPOUTSANDSCUPPERS........................................................................A10
A4.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A10
A4.2 GUTTERSANDDOWNSPOUTS..................................................................................................................A10
A4.3 SECONDARYEMERGENCYOVERFLOW........................................................................................................A13
A4.4 DESIGNANDSELECTIONPROCEDURE.........................................................................................................A13
A4.5 MODIFIEDSMACNAMETHOD...............................................................................................................A14
A4.6 RAINLOADEXAMPLE.............................................................................................................................A17
APPENDIXA5ROOFEXPANSIONANDCONTRACTION............................................................................A20
A5.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A20
APPENDIXA6HANGINGLOADSONPURLINS.........................................................................................A21
A6.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A21
APPENDIXA7WINDLOADCOMMENTARY............................................................................................A26
A7.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A26
A7.2 BASICCODEANDSTANDARDEQUATIONS...................................................................................................A27
A7.2.1 KineticEnergyofWindField......................................................................................................A27
A7.2.2 ExternalPressuresandCombinedExternalandInternalPressures..........................................A30
A7.2.3 InternalPressures......................................................................................................................A38
A7.3 MAINFRAMINGWINDLOADS.................................................................................................................A41
A7.3.1 TheUsualCodeandStandardApproach...................................................................................A41
A7.3.2 MainFramingLoads:TheMBMAApproach.............................................................................A42
A7.3.3 MainFramingLoadsforBareFrames.......................................................................................A43
A7.4 WINDLOADSFORCOMPONENTSANDCLADDING........................................................................................A49
A7.4.1 General......................................................................................................................................A49
A7.4.2 PressureCoefficients.................................................................................................................A49
A7.5 INTERRELATIONSHIPBETWEENCODEPARAMETERS....................................................................................A50
A7.6 WINDSPEEDMAPSANDMEASURINGMETHODS........................................................................................A51
A7.7 WINDUPLIFTRATINGS...........................................................................................................................A52
A7.7.1 Introduction...............................................................................................................................A52
A7.7.2 UpliftTests................................................................................................................................A53
APPENDIXA8LIGHTNINGPROTECTION.................................................................................................A58
A8.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A58
APPENDIXA9SNOWREMOVAL............................................................................................................A59
A9.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A59
A9.2 DRAINAGE...........................................................................................................................................A59
A9.3 WHENTOREMOVESNOW......................................................................................................................A59
A9.4 SNOW/ICEREMOVALPROCEDURE............................................................................................................A60
APPENDIXA10SNOW,FROSTANDWINDDATAOUTSIDETHEUNITEDSTATES......................................A62
A10.1 INTRODUCTION.....................................................................................................................................A62
A10.2 CLIMATOLOGICALDATASPREADSHEETOUTSIDEUNITEDSTATES.................................................................A62
APPENDIXA11CLEANINGPANELSURFACES...........................................................................................A67
APPENDIXA12CLEANINGSTRUCTURALSTEEL.......................................................................................A68
APPENDIXA13OSHASTEELERECTIONREGULATIONS............................................................................A69

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A13.1 BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................................A69
A13.2 SYSTEMSENGINEEREDMETALBUILDINGS..................................................................................................A70
A13.3 RULINGONGUTTERINSTALLATION...........................................................................................................A70
A13.4STEELCOALITIONLUBRICANTTASKGROUPFINALREPORT............................................................................A72
APPENDIXA14CONVERSIONFACTORS..................................................................................................A97
APPENDIXA15ADDRESSESOFORGANIZATIONS....................................................................................A99
APPENDIXA16METALROOFINGDETAILSFOREWORD.........................................................................A105
SECTION1TRAPEZOIDALRIBPANELDETAILS.....................................................................................................A106
SECTION2VERTICALRIBPANELDETAILS(LOWSLOPE)........................................................................................A106
APPENDIXA17BIBLIOGRAPHY.............................................................................................................A107

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LIST OF FIGURES
ChapterI
Figure1.3.4.4: EffectiveWindLoadArea..........................................................................................18
Figure1.3.4.8: ExampleofDriftDeterminations...............................................................................27
Figure1.3.4.5(a): MWFRSCoefficientsinTransverseDirection(GableRoof).......................................29
Figure1.3.4.5(b): MWFRSCoefficientsinTransverseDirection(SingleSlope)......................................29
Figure1.3.4.5(c): MWFRSCoefficientsinLongitudinalDirection(GableRoof).....................................31
Figure1.3.4.5(d): MWFRSCoefficientsinLongitudinalDirection(SingleSlope)...................................31
Figure1.3.4.5(e): MBMARecommendationforOpenBuildinginLongitudinalDirection.....................32
Figure1.3.4.9(a): BuildingGeometryandWindApplicationZonesforComponentsandCladding......41
Figure1.3.4.9(b): BuildingGeometryandWindApplicationZonesforComponentsandCladding......53
Figure1.3.4.9(c): BuildingGeometry.....................................................................................................92
Figure1.3.4.9(d): WindApplicationZonesforComponentsandCladding..........................................103
Figure1.3.4.9(e): BuildingGeometryandWindApplicationZonesforComponentsandCladding....114
Figure1.3.4.9(f): BuildingGeometry...................................................................................................127
Figure1.3.5.8: UnbalancedSnowLoadsforGable/HipRoofs.........................................................139
Figure1.3.5.14(a): BuildingGeometry...................................................................................................143
Figure1.3.5.14(b): BuildingGeometry...................................................................................................150
Figure1.3.5.14(c)1: BuildingGeometryandDriftLocations...................................................................153
Figure1.3.5.14(c)2: DriftLoadforAreaA................................................................................................156
Figure1.3.5.14(c)3: DriftLoadforAreaB................................................................................................157
Figure1.3.5.14(c)4: SlidingSnowforAreaB............................................................................................158
Figure1.3.5.14(c)5: DriftLoadforAreasC1andC2..................................................................................159
Figure1.3.5.14(c)6: DriftLoadforAreaD................................................................................................160
Figure1.3.5.14(c)7: SlidingSnowforAreaD...........................................................................................161
Figure1.3.5.14(c)8: IntersectingSnowDriftsforAreaE.........................................................................161
Figure1.3.5.14(c)9: ValleySnowDriftforAreaF.....................................................................................162
Figure1.3.5.14(d)1: BuildingGeometryandDriftLocations...................................................................163
Figure1.3.5.14(d)2: DriftLoadforAreaA................................................................................................166
Figure1.3.5.14(d)3: SlidingSnowforAreaA...........................................................................................167
Figure1.3.5.14(d)4: ValleyDriftLoadforAreaB.....................................................................................168
Figure1.3.5.14(d)5: DriftLoadforAreaC................................................................................................169
Figure1.3.5.14(d)6: DriftLoadforAreaD................................................................................................170
Figure1.3.5.14(e)1: BuildingGeometryandDriftLocations...................................................................171
Figure1.3.5.14(e)2: CalculationsforAreasAandB.................................................................................173
Figure1.3.5.14(e)3: CalculationsforAreaC............................................................................................173
Figure1.3.6.10(a): IsometricoftheMetalBuildingSeismicExample....................................................182
Figure1.3.6.10(b)1: IsometricoftheMetalBuildingExamplewithCMUWalls......................................213
Figure1.3.6.10(b)2: UseofBoltHolesinHighSeismicApplications........................................................228
Figure1.3.6.10(b)3: SectionShowingContinuousGutterSystem...........................................................228
Figure1.3.6.10(b)4: SpandrelBeamUsedasConnectingElement..........................................................230
Figure1.3.6.10(b)5: EaveTrussesUsedasConnectingElements............................................................232
Figure1.3.6.10(b)6: ExampleofWallAnchorConnection.......................................................................233
Figure1.3.6.10(b)7: HypotheticalWallElevation....................................................................................233
ChapterII
Figure2.2.1(a): TopRunningBridgeCranewithSuspendedTrolley................................................238
Figure2.2.1(b): TopRunningBridgeCranewithTopBearingTrolley...............................................239
Figure2.2.2: UnderhungBridgeCrane.........................................................................................240
Figure2.2.3: UnderhungMonorailCrane.....................................................................................241
Figure2.2.4(a): ColumnMountedJibCrane.....................................................................................242
Figure2.2.4(b): ColumnMountedJibCranewithSupplementalColumn........................................242
Figure2.2.4(c): FloorMountedJibCrane.........................................................................................242

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Figure2.2.5: SingleLegGantryCrane..........................................................................................243
Figure2.2.6: StackerCrane..........................................................................................................244
Figure2.3.1(a): ClearancesforTopRunningCraneAisles...............................................................246
Figure2.3.1(b): ClearancesforUnderhungCraneAisles.................................................................247
Figure2.4.5: CraneLoadingConditions.......................................................................................250
Figure2.5.6(a): PlanViewofaCraneAisle......................................................................................254
Figure2.5.6(b): CraneBuildingwithTwoBuildingAislesandaSingleCraneAisle..........................255
Figure2.5.6(c): CraneBuildingwithTwoBuildingAislesandMultipleCraneAisles.......................256
Figure2.5.7(a): IndoorRunwaySupportsforTopRunningCranes..................................................257
Figure2.5.7(b): OutdoorRunwaySupportsforTopRunningCranes...............................................258
Figure2.6.3: CommonRailwayBeamSectionsforTopRunningCranes.....................................260
Figure2.6.4: RunwayBeamsforUnderhungandMonorailCranes............................................261
Figure2.6.4.3(a): RigidSuspensionforUnderhungandMonorailCranes..........................................262
Figure2.6.4.3(b): FlexibleSuspensionforUnderhungandMonorailCranes.....................................262
Figure2.7a: LongitudinalBracingwithExpansionJoint.............................................................264
Figure2.7b: LongitudinalBracingwithoutExpansionJoint........................................................264
Figure2.10.1: TypicalCraneWheels..............................................................................................269
Figure2.10.2: ExampleofRailArrangementUsing39ft.StandardLengths.................................271
Figure2.10.3: CommonMethodsofFasteningRailstoRunwayBeams.......................................273
Figure2.15(a): CraneLocationforMaximumVerticalLoadonColumns.......................................284
Figure2.15(b): CraneLoads............................................................................................................287
ChapterIII
Figure3.1: CMUwithBondBreakerControlJoint....................................................................313
Figure3.2: CMUwithContinuousFlashingControlJoint.........................................................313
ChapterIV
Figure9.1: ColdFormedStructuralMembers..........................................................................362
Figure9.2(a): BuiltUpStructuralMember...................................................................................364
Figure9.2(b): BuiltUpStructuralMember...................................................................................365
ChapterVIII
Figure8.6: OrientationsofanInteriorFireResistiveWallRelativetotheRoofPurlins..........397
Appendix
FigureA3.2.2(a): Horizontal"Thrust"Force(Pinnedbase).................................................................A7
FigureA3.2.2(b): Horizontal"Thrust"Force(Fixedbase)...................................................................A7
FigureA3.4: Tensionrod..............................................................................................................A8
FigureA3.5(a): HairpinRods.............................................................................................................A8
FigureA3.5(b): SpreadTieRod.........................................................................................................A8
FigureA3.6: ExamplesofShearBlocks........................................................................................A9
FigureA4.2: RectangularGuttersWidthofGutter.................................................................A12
FigureA6.1(a): RecommendedMethodforHangingLoadsonaSinglePurlin..............................A23
FigureA6.1(b): IncorrectMethodforHangingLoadsonPurlins....................................................A23
FigureA6.1(c): ExampleofClampSomeManufacturersMayFindAcceptable.............................A24
FigureA6.1(d): ExampleofSpreaderBeam(a.k.a.TrapezeBeam)................................................A24
FigureA6.1(e): ExampleofSeismicorSwayBrace.........................................................................A25
FigureA7.2.1: MeanWindSpeedVariationWithHeight.............................................................A29
FigureA7.2.2.1: TypicalTimeHistoryPlotofExternalPressureCoefficients..................................A34
FigureA7.2.2.2(a): WindInducedPressuresonPurlinAB..................................................................A35
FigureA7.2.2.2(b): WindInducedLineLoadsonRigidFrames............................................................A37
FigureA7.2.3(a): TypicalRangeofInternalPressuresCoefficientsvs.SizeofOpening....................A38
FigureA7.2.3(b): InfluencesofOpeningsonInternalPressure.........................................................A40
FigureA7.2.3(c): ExternalandInternalPressureDistributionsforaPartiallyEnclosedBuilding.....A40
FigureA7.3.1: MonitoredPressureCoefficientsandAssumedCodePressures...........................A42

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LIST OF TABLES
Chapter I
Table1.3.1(a): ImportanceFactors.....................................................................................................5
Table1.3.1(b): DeflectionLimits..........................................................................................................6
Table1.3.1(c): TypicalCollateralLoads...............................................................................................7
Table1.3.3(a): RoofLiveLoads............................................................................................................9
Table1.3.4.5(a): MainFramingCoefficientsforTransverseDirection.................................................28
Table1.3.4.5(b): MainFramingCoefficientsforLongitudinalDirection(AllRoofAngles)...............30
Table1.3.4.6(a): WallCoefficientEquations........................................................................................33
Table1.3.4.6(b): RoofandOverhangCoefficientEquationsGableRoofs,07........................34
Table1.3.4.6(c): RoofandOverhangCoefficientEquationsGableRoofs,7<27........................35
Table1.3.4.6(d): RoofandOverhangCoefficientEquationsGableRoofs,27<45......................36
Table1.3.4.6(e): RoofCoefficientEquationsMultispanGableRoofs,10<30.............................37
Table1.3.4.6(f): RoofCoefficientEquationsSingleSlope,3<10...............................................38
Table1.3.4.6(g): RoofCoefficientEquationsSingleSlope,10<30.............................................39
Table1.3.4.6(h): RoofCoefficientEquationsSawtoothRoofs..............................................................40
Table1.3.5.2: TypicalHeatedandUnheatedBuildingUsage.........................................................135
ChapterII
Table2.2: GeneralRangeofCraneTypes.................................................................................237
Table2.5: LoadingforBuildingFramesandSupportColumns................................................252
Table2.6: RunwayBeamsandSuspensionSystems................................................................259
Table2.7: LongitudinalBracing................................................................................................264
Table2.9: DesignLifeStressRangeFluctuationsforPartsandConnections...........................265
Table2.10.2: CommonlyUsedRailSectionsData......................................................................270
Table2.11.1.2: AISTCraneSideThrusts...........................................................................................276
ChapterIII
Table3.1: ServiceabilityConsiderationsMetalRoofing........................................................330
Table3.2: ServiceabilityConsiderationsSkylightsSupports..................................................330
Table3.3: ServiceabilityConsiderationsCladding.................................................................331
Table3.4: ServiceabilityConsiderationsCeilings&Partitions..............................................332
Table3.5: ServiceabilityConsiderationsEquipment..............................................................333
ChapterIV
Table6.1: CraneRunwayBeamErection.................................................................................355
Table9.1: ColdFormedStructuralMembers...........................................................................363
Table9.2: BuiltUpStructuralMembers..................................................................................366
ChapterVIII
Table8.1: ULFireResistiveRatedAssembliesApplicabletoMetalBuildingSystems.............392
Table8.3(a): SummaryofColumnFireTestResults.....................................................................393
Table8.3(b): SummaryofColumnProtectionbyEngineeringInvestigation................................394
Appendix
TableA4.5(a): Factor"B"byRoofSlope.......................................................................................A15
TableA4.5(b): WaterHandlingCapacityofScuppersinGallonsperMinute(GPM)....................A16
TableA7.2.1: ExposureCategoryConstants................................................................................A30
TableA7.6a: DesignWindSpeeds,ASCE793toASCE710.........................................................A51
TableA7.6b: ConversionofWindSpeedsandPressureCoefficients.........................................A52

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LIST OF DESIGN EXAMPLES

Chapter I
RoofLiveLoadExample1.3.3.3: LowSlopeMultiSpanRigidFrame.............................................................9
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(a): StandardGableBuilding...........................................................................41
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(b)1: EnclosedBuilding......................................................................................53
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(b)2: PartiallyEnclosedBuilding........................................................................66
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(b)3a: OpenBuilding...........................................................................................78
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(b)3b: OpenBuilding80'x80'.............................................................................83
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(c): BuildingwithRoofOverhangs..................................................................92
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(d): RiskCategoryIIIwithGableRoofGreaterthan30................................103
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(e): SingleSlopeBuilding...............................................................................113
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(e): SingleSlopeBuilding...............................................................................114
WindLoadExample1.3.4.9(f): BuildingwithParapet.............................................................................127
SnowLoadExample1.3.5.14(a): RoofwithEaveOverhang.......................................................................143
SnowLoadExample1.3.5.14(b): StandardGableRoof...............................................................................150
SnowLoadExample1.3.5.14(c): MultipleGableRoofsandCanopy..........................................................153
SnowLoadExample1.3.5.14(d): UnbalanceGableRoofandSlidingSnow................................................163
SnowLoadExample1.3.5.14(e): RoofProjections.....................................................................................171
SeismicLoadExample1.3.6.10(a): DeterminationofSeismicDesignForces................................................182
SeismicLoadExample1.3.6.10(b): MetalBuildingwithConcreteMasonryWalls........................................213
Chapter II
CraneLoadExampleExample2.15:TwoAisleswithOneCraneperAisle......................................................283
Appendix
RainLoadExampleA4.6: LowSlopeGableRoofwithParapets.....................................................A17

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 Metal Building Systems Manual

Chapter I Design Practice and Load Application

1.1 Background
Historically, there have been approximately 5,000 building codes in the United States,
patterned after the three model building codes and various national and industry standards.
Before entering into a brief discussion of these documents, it may be worthwhile to point out
the difference between a national or industry standard (e.g., this manual), and a local building
code. The purpose of a building code is to provide legal standards for the design and
construction of buildings and structures in order to protect life, health and welfare of the
citizenry. Thus, in its simplest context, a code is intended to provide for the safe use of
buildings and structures under "normal" conditions. A national or industrial design standard,
on the other hand, may be more inclusive, address other areas or reflect particular industry
applications. Such documents usually contain more sophisticated design procedures and may
predict design loads more accurately.

Most cities, counties, and other governmental jurisdictions have traditionally adopted one of
the three model codes, with local modifications. These are the National Building Code,
promulgated by Building Officials and Code Administrators International, Inc. (BOCA);
Standard Building Code, promulgated by Southern Building Code Congress International,
Inc. (SBCCI); and Uniform Building Code, promulgated by the International Conference of
Building Officials (ICBO). This regional approach to code development has undergone a
transition to national model codes. The International Code Council (ICC) was established in
1994 by BOCA, SBCCI, and ICBO as a nonprofit organization dedicated to developing a
single set of comprehensive and coordinated national model construction codes. Their
International Building Code (IBC) has been adopted by a large number of municipalities,
although one must check with the local authorities to see if they have adopted any
amendments to the IBC.

A few of the more important national standards promulgating bodies and industry practice
developers are:
Metal Building Manufacturers Association (MBMA)
American Iron and Steel Institute (AISI)
American Institute of Steel Construction (AISC)
American Society of Civil Engineers (ASCE)
Building Seismic Safety Council (BSSC)
American Welding Society (AWS)
American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST)
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE)
Department of Energy (DOE)
International Accreditation Service (IAS)