International Journal of Civil Engineering and Technology (IJCIET)

Volume 8, Issue 4, April 2017, pp. 958-964, Article ID: IJCIET_08_04_109

Available online at http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4
ISSN Print: 0976-6308 and ISSN Online: 0976-6316

IAEME Publication Scopus Indexed

EVALUATION OF RECYCLED AGGREGATES

& FLY ASH USED IN FLEXIBLE PAVEMENTS:
A MODEL STUDY
Sai Venkatesh N, Praveen Reddy M
UG Student, Department of Civil Engineering, KL University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

Hemantha Raja K, M L Sai Ranga Rao

Assistant Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, KL University,
Vaddeswaram, Andhra Pradesh, India

ABSTRACT
Aggregates are used majorly in the formation of road which is formed by crushing
natural rock. Studies show that there are several alternate materials which can be
used for replacement. Recycled aggregates from removed road sections, construction
and demolition wastes are one of those alternatives. Generally this wastes end up in
landfill creating a major environmental challenge to be solved. With emerging trends
in technology various innovative ways can be created which are prudent and eco-
friendly. The present paper aims in varying the strengths of flexible pavements in
which recycled aggregates are used as partial replacement of natural aggregates.
Marshalls stability test is used to study the strength variations.
Key words: Construction and demolition wastes, Marshall Stability test, Recycled
Aggregates.
Cite this Article: Sai Venkatesh N, Praveen Reddy M, Hemantha Raja K and
M L Sai Ranga Rao, Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates & Fly Ash Used in Flexible
Pavements: A Model Study. International Journal of Civil Engineering and
Technology, 8(4), 2017, pp. 958-964.
http://www.iaeme.com/IJCIET/issues.asp?JType=IJCIET&VType=8&IType=4

1. INTRODUCTION
Aggregates are the primary materials which occupy major portion in the road construction.
These act as reinforcement as they add strength to composite materials like concrete and
asphalt.Most of the aggregates are prepared by crushing natural rock. Natural materials are of
limited availability and process of acquiring natural aggregates (NA) leads to environmental
disruption [1].Estimates show that 750 million cum of aggregate would be required for
achieving the targets of the road sector[2][3].Further research is being conducted for
alternative materials for highway construction which are economical and ecofriendly.
Concrete and asphalt pavement recycling is becoming an increasingly popular way to utilize

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 Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates & Fly Ash used in Flexible Pavements: A Model Study

the aggregate left behind when structures and roadways are demolished [4].Recycled
materials and waste by-products which are considered to be waste also possess salient
properties and great benefits can be acquired when utilized in proper manner [5]. Recycling
of concrete not only allows the reuse of the rubble, but also helps in conserving the natural
resources, reducing the construction costs .Recycled aggregates (RA) can be obtained from
construction & demolition wastes comprising of crushed and uncrushed parent aggregate
coated with mortar. It is also reported that recycled mix increases resistance to rutting and
chances of reflective cracking are found to be less [6][7].

2. OBJECTIVES
To know the effect of use of recycled aggregates and fly ash in flexible pavements.
To know up to what percentage recycled aggregates can be effectively used in road
construction.

3. METHODOLOGY
3.1. Materials

3.1.1. Aggregates
Natural aggregates were obtained from batching plant present in KL University,
Vaddeswaram. Aggregates passing from 12.5mm sieve were used and its physical properties
were studied and are given in table (1). Flyash collected from Vijayawada thermal power
station (VTPS), Vijayawada was used as filler material. Recycled aggregates were obtained
from construction waste of Research block in KL University which is around 4 months old.
Concrete was crushed in crusher to obtain recycled aggregates. The aggregates were
washed in running water to remove any remains of concrete on them and were soaked for 24
hours before drying.

Table 1 Physical Properties of the Aggregates Used

Sl.No Test on Aggregates Recycled Natural IS specification[8]
Aggregate Aggregate
1 Aggregate crushing test(%) 22.75 26.07 Max. 30
2 Los Angeles Abrasion test 38.7 36.9 Max. 30
(%)
3 Impact test (%) 12.67 16.2 10-20 (strong)
20-30 (good)
4 Water absorption 0.5 0.4 1
5 Specific Gravity 2.62 2.89 2.6-2.9

3.1.2. Bitumen
The type of bitumen plays very crucial role in the pavement construction. [VG-30] grade
bitumen is used for all studies. Engineering and physical properties of the bitumen are given
in table (2).

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 Sai Venkatesh N, Praveen Reddy M, Hemantha Raja K and M L Sai Ranga Rao

Table 2 Physical Properties of Bitumen

S.No Tests VG-30 IS Specifications
grade bitumen [8]
1 Penetration test[25oC, 0.1 mm, 100 65 60/70 grade bitumen
gm, 5 sec]
2 Ductility test[ at 27oC] 78 Min. 75
3 Softening point[ ring & ball] 69 Min. 47
4 Flash point 218oC Min. 175oC
5 Fire point 238oC -
6 Specific Gravity[ at 27o C] 0.97 0.97-1.02

4. TESTING
All materials were subjected to basic material testing to evaluate physical and engineering
properties. Marshall Stability test is used know the effect of recycled aggregates in
bituminous mix. The gradation used is given in table (3) specified by IRC. Four different
mixes were tried C, M1, M2, and M3. Natural aggregates were replaced by recycled
aggregates in different proportions. The table (4) gives detail quantity of natural and recycled
aggregates. Mixes with different percentages of bitumen are prepared. For each percentage of
bitumen 3 samples are prepared and average values are taken. Marshall Test is conducted as
per IRC and optimum bitumen content is considered.

Table 3 IRC Specified Gradation of Aggregate for Grade I Bituminous Concrete [8][9][10]
Sieve size(mm) Percentage passing by
weight
26.5 100
19 79-100
13.2 59-79
9.5 52-72
4.75 35-55
2.36 28-44
1.18 20-34
0.6 15-27
0.3 10-20
0.15 5-13
0.075 2-8

Table 4 Details of Mixes Tried

Sl.No Mix name Percentage of NA Percentage of RA
1 C 100 0
2 M1 85 15
3 M2 80 20
4 M3 75 25

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 Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates & Fly Ash used in Flexible Pavements: A Model Study

5. RESULTS & DISCUSSIONS

Table 5 Marshalls Test Results for Mix C
Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids in % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm3) total mix filled by
Stability (kg) bitumen
5 2055.04 4.44 2.40 3.23 79.37
C 5.5 1855.25 4.37 2.41 3.02 81.73
6 1783.89 5.77 2.37 2.99 83.11

Table 6 Marshalls Test Results for Mix M1

Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids in % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm3) total mix filled by
Stability (kg) bitumen
5 2049.3 3.4 2.38 3.39 78.73
M1 5.5 1761.06 3.1 2.4 3.32 80.91
6 2026.5 3.2 2.36 2.58 85.51

Table 7 Marshalls Test Results for Mix M2

Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids in % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm3) total mix filled by
Stability (kg) bitumen
5 1965.5 2.7 2.36 5.33 69.62
M2 5.5 1748.7 3.1 2.38 5.28 79.98
6 1486.7 3.15 2.34 4.95 80.51

Table 8 Marshalls Test Results for Mix M3

Mix Percentage Average Flow(mm) Unit % voids in % voids
Bitumen Marshall Weight(g/cm3) total mix filled by
Stability (kg) bitumen
5 1481.3 2.35 2.36 6.82 61.81
M3 5.5 1478.4 4.13 2.37 8.24 78.86
6 1354 3.80 2.33 7.54 79.96
From the table 1, we can see that all the test results of the aggregates come under the
permissible limits for each test.
From table 2, it can be observed that VG-30 grade bitumen is used and all the results are
within the permissible limits.
Recycled aggregates are found to be inferior to natural aggregates.
Marshall Stability value is found to be decreased with the increase in content of recycled
aggregates.
With the increase in recycled aggregate content, air voids are found to be increased.
Graphs of Marshall Stability v/s bitumen content, unit weight v/s bitumen content, flow
v/s bitumen content, percentage voids in total mix v/s bitumen content, percentage voids
filled with bitumen v/s bitumen content are plotted for different mixes to evaluate the effect
of replacement of natural aggregates with recycled aggregates and fly ash as filler material.

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 Sai Venkatesh N, Praveen Reddy M, Hemantha Raja K and M L Sai Ranga Rao

2500

Marshall Stability(kg)
2000

1500
C
1000 M1
M2
500
M3
0
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Bitumen Content

Figure 1 Marshall Stabilty vs Bitumen Content

7
6
5
Flow(mm)

4 C
3 M1
2 M2
1 M3
0
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Bitumen Content

Figure 2 Flow vs Bitumen Content

8
7
% voids in total mix

6
5
C
4
3 M1
2 M2
1 M3
0
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Bitumen Content

Figure 3 % voids in total mix vs Bitumen content

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 Evaluation of Recycled Aggregates & Fly Ash used in Flexible Pavements: A Model Study

90

%voids filled by bitumen

80
70
60
50 C
40
M1
30
20 M2
10 M3
0
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Bitumen Content

Figure 4 % voids filled by bitumen vs Bitumen content

2.42
2.41
2.4
2.39
Unit Weight

2.38
C
2.37
2.36 M1
2.35
M2
2.34
2.33 M3
2.32
4.8 5 5.2 5.4 5.6 5.8 6 6.2
Bitumen content

Figure 5 Unit Weight vs Bitumen content

From figure 1 to 5, it can be observed that regardless of mix, characteristics and behavior
of materials with increase in bitumen content and recycled aggregates shows uniform curve
and comes under the Marshall plot

Table 9 Marshall Properties of Different Mixes at Optimum Bitumen Content

S.no Marshall property C M1 M2 M3
1 Optimum bitumen content 5 5.16 5.5 5.33
2 Marshall stability 2055.04 2049.33 1798.16 2331.9
3 Unit weight 2.4 2.43 2.34 2.36
4 Flow 4.44 3.4 3.1 2.35
5 VFB 79.37 78.37 79.98 64.17

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 Sai Venkatesh N, Praveen Reddy M, Hemantha Raja K and M L Sai Ranga Rao

Table 10 Desired Marshall Mix Design Criteria [IRC]

Test Property Specified value
Marshall Stability(kg) 900(Min)
Flow (mm) 2-4
Air voids in total mix 3-5
Voids filled by bitumen 75-85

6. CONCLUSION
As per table 10 recycled aggregates can be used effectively up to 20% by replacing natural
aggregates. However it is also found that replacement by 25% can also be done up to certain
extent as there is no decrease in Marshall Stability value. By replacing recycled aggregates
with natural aggregates, the amount of construction and demolition wastes being dumped and
crushing of natural rocks for normal aggregates can be reduced. Cost of construction will
reduced by the replacement and is economic and feasible. We can aim for sustainable
development with the existing woes of solid waste management system and by paying more
attention towards environmental issues.

REFERENCES
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[2] Gurukanth S, Donal Nixon Dsouza, Avinash Babu, Vivek A K and Dr. Srikanth M
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[8] Ministry of Road Transport & Highway (MoRTH) 2013, Specifications for Road &
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[10] IRC, Guidelines for the design of flexible pavement, IRC 37-2012, Indian Road
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