ARTICLE IN PRESS

Journal of Wind Engineering

and Industrial Aerodynamics 96 (2008) 10921102
www.elsevier.com/locate/jweia

Wind-induced vibration of high-rise building

with tuned mass damper including
soilstructure interaction
Ming-Yi Liua,, Wei-Ling Chiangb, Jin-Hung Hwangb,
Chia-Ren Chub
a
Department of Civil Engineering, Chung Yuan Christian University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32023, Taiwan
b
Department of Civil Engineering, National Central University, Jhongli City, Taoyuan County 32001, Taiwan
Available online 4 September 2007

Abstract

In this paper, a mathematical model is developed for predicting wind-induced oscillations of a

high-rise building with a tuned mass damper (TMD) when the soilstructure interaction (SSI) is
considered. This model is based on time-domain analyses. Numerical examples are used to assess the
effectiveness of a TMD for vibration mitigation under wind loads. Results indicate that the proposed
model can reasonably reect soil characteristics. It can more accurately evaluate wind-induced
responses of a building with a TMD than xed-base models. Furthermore, structural oscillations will
be overestimated and the effectiveness of TMDs will be underestimated if SSI is neglected. Our
ndings also conrm that TMDs are benecial devices in reducing wind-induced vibrations of tall
buildings. In particular, they are more effective for the higher soil stiffness. This study will help
researchers better understand mechanisms of wind-induced responses for a building with a TMD
when SSI is taken into account. It will also improve the understanding of wind-resistant designs for
high-rise buildings.
r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Wind-induced vibration; Tuned mass damper; Soilstructure interaction; High-rise building

Corresponding author. Tel.: +886 3 265 4211; fax: +886 3 265 4299.
E-mail address: myliu@cycu.edu.tw (M.-Y. Liu).

0167-6105/$ - see front matter r 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.jweia.2007.06.034
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M.-Y. Liu et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 96 (2008) 10921102 1093

1. Introduction

In the last decade, light-weight and high-strength materials have widely been used in the
construction of high-rise buildings. These structures generally have exible and low-
damping characteristics. They are susceptible to vibration problems due to wind loads.
Consequently, vibration mitigation has attracted much interest from the application
viewpoint. Furthermore, many buildings are constructed on exible soil, and hence
interactions between the soil and structures occur. These coupling effects also greatly
inuence structural responses.
A tuned mass damper (TMD) is a vibration absorber consisting of a massspringdash-
pot system attached to a primary structure. It dissipates the vibrational energy by the
combined action of the inertial force caused by the movement of the mass, and the
damping effect induced by this device. Many theoretical and experimental studies have
been conducted to explore mechanisms of a TMD for vibration mitigation under wind
loads. Several researchers have presented time-domain analyses to evaluate wind-induced
oscillations of a tall building with a TMD (Kawaguchi et al., 1992; Tsukagoshi et al.,
1993). These investigations pointed out that a TMD is more benecial in reducing
accelerations than displacements of a building in both the along-wind and the across-wind
directions. A series of wind tunnel experiments and frequency-domain analytical
approaches have been carried out to study the performance of a TMD (Xu et al., 1992;
Xu and Kwok, 1994). These papers revealed that a TMD with greater mass is more
effective for suppressing structural responses. This device is also more useful in controlling
across-wind vibrations than along-wind oscillations. Sadek et al. (1997) proposed
mathematical formulations for estimating optimal parameters of a TMD attached to a
main structure. These optimization criteria were developed by specifying the mass ratio,
the tuning ratio and the damping ratio of the TMD that result in equal dampings of the
rst two modes of the system.
Dynamic responses of a high-rise building constructed on deformable soil are different
from those with a xed base. When soil stiffness is taken into account, the vibrational
energy of the structure is transferred through the foundation into the soil. Then the
coupled mechanism composed of the soil and the structure can be observed. This complex
phenomenon is known as the soilstructure interaction (SSI). Under these conditions, the
foundation can be simulated as a massspringdashpot model. Several theoretical studies
have been devoted to SSI in wind engineering. Novak and El Hifnawy (1988) developed an
analytical model for predicting structural vibrations with SSI under wind loads. Because of
the soil exibility, displacements and accelerations of a tall building are reduced in both the
along-wind and the across-wind directions when SSI is considered. Xu and Kwok (1992)
presented frequency-domain analyses to calculate wind-induced oscillations of a
soilstructuredamper system. This research veried that an increase in the soil stiffness
leads to an increase in the effectiveness of a TMD. Wolf (1994) proposed frequency-
independent expressions to determine the swaying and the rocking dashpots, and the
corresponding springs of a rigid circular foundation.
Although much work has been done concerning SSI in earthquake engineering, few
researchers have investigated its effects under wind loads. In other words, wind-induced
responses of a high-rise building have traditionally been analyzed using xed-base models,
which cannot reasonably reect soil characteristics. Moreover, wind load distributions for
a building are complicated. Therefore, time-domain analyses are useful tools for capturing
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1094 M.-Y. Liu et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 96 (2008) 10921102

wind excitation mechanisms. This is because exact time histories of wind loads and
structural vibrations can be acquired by using these techniques. However, only a few works
are available on time-domain analyses to evaluate wind-induced oscillations of a building
with a TMD when SSI is taken into account.
In this research, a mathematical model is developed for predicting wind-induced
responses of a tall building with a TMD considering SSI. This model is based on time-
domain analyses. Numerical examples are used to assess the effectiveness of a TMD for
vibration mitigation under wind loads. This study will help researchers better understand
mechanisms of wind-induced oscillations for a building with a TMD when SSI is taken
into consideration. It will also improve the understanding of wind resistant designs for
high-rise buildings.

KTMD TMD

MTMD
X0k (t) XNk (t) CTMD

MN IN

ZN 0k (t)
KN
CN
XN-1 (t)
k
MN-1 IN-1
KN-1
CN-1
ZN-1

Xik (t)
Mi Ii
Ki
Ci
Zi
X2 (t)
k

M2 I2

Z2
K2
C2

X1k (t) M1 I1

Z1
Ks K1
Cr C1

M0 I0

Cs Kr

Fig. 1. Shear building model.

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2. Mathematical models

In this section, a theoretical model is developed for predicting the wind-induced

vibration of a high-rise building with a TMD considering SSI. Time-domain analyses are
employed to calculate structural responses in both the along-wind and the across-wind
directions.
An N-story structure with a TMD and SSI can be simulated as a shear building model
(see Fig. 1). A rigid circular foundation on the ground surface is adopted in this study.
The tall building is supported by this foundation with the swaying and the rocking
dashpots, and the corresponding springs. Furthermore, parameters of the building, the
TMD and the foundation in the along-wind direction are assumed to be the same as those
in the across-wind direction. t is the time. Mi, Ci, Ki, Ii and X ik t (k x, y) represent,
respectively mass, damping, stiffness, mass moment of inertia and time histories of the
displacement on the ith oor for the building. Subscripts k (k x, y) denote the along-
wind and the across-wind directions. MTMD, CTMD, KTMD and X TMDk t (k x, y) are the
corresponding parameters of the TMD. M0 and I0 are dened, respectively as mass and
mass moment of inertia of the foundation. Cs and Cr represent dampings of the swaying
and the rocking dashpots, and Ks and Kr denote stiffnesses of the corresponding springs.
X 0k t and y0k t (k x, y) are dened, respectively as time histories of displacement and
rotation of the foundation. Zi is the elevation on the ith oor of the building. The equation
of motion can be generated by Lagranges equation:

mfx k tg cfx_ k tg kfxk tg ff k tg, (1)

where ff k tg and fxk tg (k x, y) are both (N+3)-dimensional vectors which represent

time histories of the wind load and the displacement of the system, respectively. [m], [k] and
[c] denote, respectively mass, stiffness and damping matrices of the (N+3) degrees-of-
freedom oscillation system:
2 3
MNN f0gN1 fMgN1 fMZgN1
6 M TMD M TMD M TMD ZN 7
6 7
m 6 PN PN 7,
6 M 0 i1 M i M TMD i1 M i Z i M TMD Z N
7
4 PN 5
2 2
symmetry I 0 i1 I i M i Zi M TMD ZN
(2)

2 3
KNN fK TMD gN1 f0gN1 f0gN1
6 7
6 K TMD 0 0 7
k 6
6
7,
7 (3)
4 Ks 0 5
symmetry Kr

2 3
CNN fC TMD gN1 f0gN1 f0gN1
6 7
6 C TMD 0 0 7
c 6
6
7.
7 (4)
4 Cs 0 5
symmetry Cr
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Rayleigh proportional damping is considered in this research. Consequently, the

damping matrix of the N-story structure [C]N  N can be expressed as linear combination of
mass and stiffness matrices of the building:

CNN A0 MNN A1 KNN , (5)

where A0 and A1 are Rayleigh damping coefcients. Moreover, ff k tg (k x, y) can be

presented as
n XN XN oT
ff k tg fF k tgN1 ; 0; i1
F i k
t; i1
F i k
tZ i , (6)

where F ik t (k x, y) are dened as time histories of the wind load on the ith oor for the
building. fxk tg (k x, y) can be written as

fxk tg fX 1k t; X 2k t; . . . ; X ik t; . . . ; X N k t; X TMDk t; X 0k t; y0k tgT . (7)

To reduce the dominant vibration of the structure, optimal values of MTMD, CTMD and
KTMD correlated with the mass ratio m ( M TMD =M 1 , where M 1 is the generalized mass of
the rst mode for the building) are acquired based on parameters of the building in the
fundamental mode (Sadek et al., 1997). In addition, Cs, Cr, Ks and Kr can be obtained from
soil parameters (i.e., Poissons ratio ns, density rs, shear-wave velocity Vs and shear
modulus Gs) and radius of the foundation R0 (Wolf, 1994). In this paper, Davenports
along-wind load spectrum (Davenport, 1961) and Ohkuma and Kanayas across-wind load
spectrum (Ohkuma and Kanaya, 1978) are used. On the basis of these wind load spectra,
both F ik t (k x, y) can be evaluated using digital simulation techniques (Shinozuka and
Jan, 1972). Then X ik t (k x, y) are both calculated by using the Newmark integration
method (Newmark, 1959). Statistical approaches are also introduced to determine RMS
(peak) displacements on the ith oor of the building X 0i X^ ik (k x, y). The
k
0 ^

corresponding accelerations X X (k x, y) can be evaluated similarly.
ik ik

3. Numerical examples

To illustrate the analytical model proposed in Section 2, a 40-story building with a TMD
is chosen to calculate the structural responses in both the along-wind and the across-wind
directions. Foundation is assumed to be on three types of ground states, soft, medium and
dense soils. A structure with a xed base is also considered. The effectiveness of the TMD
is discussed for these conditions.
Breadth, depth and height of the building are 40, 40 and 160 m, respectively. Each story
is assumed to have a height of 4 m. Mi and Ii (i 1, 2, y, 40) are 9.80  105 kg and
1.31  108 kg m2, respectively. Ki linearly decreases as Zi increases. K1 and K40 are
2.13  109 and 9.98  108 N/m, respectively. A0 and A1 are 0 and 0.02, respectively. Table 1
shows the generalized parameters of the rst mode for the building (Liu et al., 2003). The
TMD is installed on the top of the building to suppress the structural vibration under wind
load. m ranging from 0.02 to 0.1 is used. Parameters of the TMDs are presented in Table 2.
A rigid circular foundation on the ground surface is adopted to explore SSI. R0, M0 and I0
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Table 1
Generalized parameters of the rst mode for the building

Mass, Damping, Stiffness, Natural frequency, Damping ratio,

 
(M 1 (kg)) (C 1 (N s/m)) (K 1 (N/m)) (o1 (rad/s)) x1

1.76  107 1.15  106 4.73  107 1.64 0.02

Table 2
Parameters of the TMDs

Mass ratio, Tuning ratio, Mass, Damping, Stiffness, Natural frequency, Damping ratio,
m d MTMD (kg) CTMD (N s/m) KTMD (N/m) oTMD (rad/s) xTMD

0.02 0.98 3.52  105 1.80  105 9.04  105 1.60 0.16
0.05 0.95 8.80  105 6.49  105 2.13  106 1.55 0.24
0.10 0.90 1.76  106 1.67  106 3.86  106 1.48 0.32

Table 3
Parameters of the soils and the foundation

Soil type Poissons Soil density, Shear-wave Shear Swaying Rocking Swaying Rocking
ratio, (ns) rs (kg/m3) velocity, modulus, damping, damping, stiffness, stiffness,
Vs (m/s) Gs (N/m2) Cs (N s/m) Cr (N s m) Ks (N/m) Kr (N m)

Soft soil 0.49 1800.0 100.0 1.80  107 2.19  108 2.26  1010 1.91  109 7.53  1011
Medium 0.48 1900.0 300.0 1.71  108 6.90  108 7.02  1010 1.80  1010 7.02  1012
soil
Dense soil 0.33 2400.0 500.0 6.00  108 1.32  109 1.15  1011 5.75  1010 1.91  1013

4.0E+6 4.0E+6
F40 (t) (N)

F40 (t) (N)

0.0E+0 0.0E+0
x

-4.0E+6 -4.0E+6
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
t (sec) t (sec)

Fig. 2. Time histories of wind loads on the 40th oor of the building: (a) along-wind direction and (b) across-wind
direction.

are 20 m, 1.96  106 kg and 1.96  108 kg m2, respectively. Table 3 summarizes parameters
of the soils and the foundation.
As mentioned in the preceding section, Davenports along-wind load spectrum and
Ohkuma and Kanayas across-wind load spectrum are obtained. Furthermore, the
duration of the wind load is set equal to 600 s. Given these assumptions, the uctuating
wind load on each oor of the building can be calculated using digital simulation
techniques. Figs. 2(a) and (b) depict, respectively time histories of the along-wind load and
the across-wind load on the 40th oor of the building. In Fig. 2(a), F 40x t can be viewed as
 1098

Table 4
Responses on the 40th oor of the building under wind load when SSI is considered

Soil type RMS response Peak response

Along-wind direction Across-wind direction Along-wind direction Across-wind direction

Displacement, Acceleration, Displacement, Acceleration, Displacement, Acceleration, Displacement, Acceleration,

X 040x (m) X 0 40x (m/s2) X 040y (m) X 0 40y (m/s2) X^ 40x (m) X^ 40x (m/s2) X^ 40y (m) X^ 40y (m/s2)

Soft soil 0.1229 0.2151 0.1838 0.3516 0.4096 0.7856 0.5026 1.0849
Medium soil 0.1667 0.3590 0.2359 0.4603 0.5106 1.1120 0.6662 1.5357
ARTICLE IN PRESS

Dense soil 0.2244 0.4099 0.3153 0.5027 0.7104 1.3517 0.8873 1.8667
Fixed base 0.2266 0.4140 0.3185 0.5077 0.7175 1.3652 0.8962 1.8854
M.-Y. Liu et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 96 (2008) 10921102
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a superposition of broad-band waves attributed to the turbulence. By comparison, F 40y t

is a narrow-band uctuations due to the vortex shedding, as shown in Fig. 2(b).
The Newmark integration method with a time step 0.05 s is utilized to determine time
histories of structural oscillation. Then statistical approaches are introduced to
individually evaluate the RMS and the peak responses on the 40th oor of the building
under wind load when SSI is considered, as illustrated in Table 4. X 040 , X 0 40k , X^ 40k
k

and X ^
(k x, y) with the xed base conform closely to those in which the foundation is
40k

Displacement on soft soil Displacement on medium soil Displacement on dense soil

Displacement on fixed base Acceleration on soft soil Acceleration on medium soil
Acceleration on dense soil Acceleration on fixed base

100.0 100.0

90.0 90.0

80.0 80.0
R (%)

R (%)

70.0 70.0

60.0 60.0

50.0 50.0

40.0 40.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

100.0 100.0

90.0 90.0

80.0 80.0
R (%)

R (%)

70.0 70.0

60.0 60.0

50.0 50.0

40.0 40.0
0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.06 0.08 0.10 0.12

Fig. 3. Relationships between response ratios on the 40th oor of the building and mass ratios for a variety of soil
types: (a) RMS responses in the along-wind direction, (b) RMS responses in the across-wind direction, (c) peak
responses in the along-wind direction and (d) peak responses in the across-wind direction.
 ARTICLE IN PRESS
1100 M.-Y. Liu et al. / J. Wind Eng. Ind. Aerodyn. 96 (2008) 10921102

on the dense soil. These data suggest that SSI can be neglected when the soil is stiff.
Moreover, these responses decrease with a decrease in the soil stiffness. Consequently,
structural vibrations will be overestimated for small soil stiffness if SSI is ignored. These
results agree well with theoretical research (Novak and El Hifnawy, 1988), indicating that
this model can reasonably reect soil characteristics. In addition, it can more accurately
predict structural oscillations than xed-base models. Table 4 also conrms that
X 0 X 0 40y is higher than X 0 X 0 40x . Similarly, X^ 40y X^ 40y is greater than X^ 40x X^ 40x .
40y 40x
Therefore, across-wind vibration mitigation is more important for the wind resistant
design of high-rise buildings.
The response ratio R dened as the proportion of the controlled to the uncontrolled
oscillations of the structure is employed to assess the effectiveness of the TMD. The
effectiveness of the TMD increases as R decreases. Relationships between R on the 40th
oor of the building and m for a variety of soil types are explored to assess the effectiveness
of the TMD for suppressing RMS (peak) responses in both the along-wind and the across-
wind directions, as shown in Figs. 3(a)(d). These four diagrams imply that R with the
xed base is close to that where the foundation is on dense soil. Furthermore, R decreases
as the soil stiffness increases. These data reveal that SSI can reasonably be neglected and
TMDs have signicant advantages of the vibration control when the soil is stiff. On the
other hand, SSI cannot be ignored for small soil stiffness. Otherwise, the effectiveness of
the TMDs will be underestimated, which affects both the structural safety and the comfort
of occupants. Consequently, TMDs more effectively suppress structural oscillations for the
higher soil stiffness. These results coincide with analytical research (Xu and Kwok, 1992).
Moreover, an increase in m leads to a decrease in R. This reduction is associated with
greater inertial force and higher damping effect, both caused by the incremental mass of
the TMD. In other word, TMDs with greater mass are more effective in controlling
structural responses under wind loads. They are also more useful for suppressing across-
wind vibrations than along-wind oscillations. These results are consistent with
experimental investigations (Xu et al., 1992; Xu and Kwok, 1994). Figs. 3(a)(d) also
suggest that TMDs are more advantageous in reducing the accelerations than the
displacements of buildings. The present result is in substantial agreement with theoretical
studies (Kawaguchi et al., 1992; Tsukagoshi et al., 1993).

without TMD with TMD

1.0 2.0
X40 (t) (m)

(m/sec2)
X40 (t)
x

0.0 0.0
x

..

-1.0 -2.0
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
t (sec) t (sec)

1.0 2.0
X40 (t) (m)

(m/sec2)
X40 (t)
y

0.0 0.0
y

..

-1.0 -2.0
0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0 0.0 100.0 200.0 300.0 400.0 500.0 600.0
t (sec) t (sec)

Fig. 4. Time histories of responses on the 40th oor of the building for m 0.1 when the foundation is on the
dense soil: (a) displacement in the along-wind direction, (b) acceleration in the along-wind direction, (c)
displacement in the across-wind direction and (d) acceleration in the across-wind direction.
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Figs. 4(a)(d) depict time histories of displacements (accelerations) on the 40th oor of
the building for m 0.1 in both the along-wind and the across-wind directions when the
foundation is on the dense soil. The corresponding responses associated with the without
TMD case are also illustrated in these four diagrams. These data indicate that the TMD
can effectively suppress X 40x t, X 40x t, X 40y t and X 40y t. Our ndings provide evidence
that TMDs are benecial devices for the wind-induced vibration mitigation of tall
buildings.

4. Conclusions

The objective of this research is to develop a mathematical model for predicting the
wind-induced vibration of a high-rise building with a TMD when SSI is considered. This
model is based on time-domain analyses. Numerical examples are used to assess the
effectiveness of the TMD in reducing the structural oscillation. Several conclusions can be
drawn from this investigation:

1. This model can reasonably reect soil characteristics. In addition, it can more accurately
calculate wind-induced responses of a building with a TMD than xed-base models.
2. Across-wind vibrations are greater than along-wind oscillations for a variety of soil
types. Furthermore, SSI can be ignored and TMDs have signicant advantages for
vibration control when the soil is stiff. On the other hand, SSI cannot be neglected for
small soil stiffness. Otherwise, wind-induced responses will be overestimated and the
effectiveness of TMDs will be underestimated. TMDs more effectively suppress
structural oscillations for the higher soil stiffness and SSI is required for accurate
predictions with low soil stiffness.
3. TMDs with greater mass are more useful in reducing structural responses under wind
loads. They are also more benecial in controlling across-wind vibrations than along-
wind oscillations. Moreover, TMDs are more advantageous for suppressing accelera-
tions than displacements of buildings. Consequently, TMDs are effective devices for the
wind-induced vibration mitigation of high-rise buildings.
4. This study will help researchers better understand mechanisms of wind-induced
responses for a building with a TMD when SSI is taken into account. It will also
improve the understanding of wind resistant designs for high-rise buildings.

Acknowledgment

The authors gratefully acknowledge the support provided by National Science Council
of Taiwan through Grant no. NSC 90-2211-E-008-063.

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