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Principle:
The sound waves transmitted to a
liquid by the ultrasonic generator are
picked up by a piezoelectric ultra-
sonic pick-up and the signal from
transmitter and receiver compared
on an oscilloscope.
The wavelength is determined and
the phase velocity calculated from
the relative phase position of the
signals. The group velocity is deter-
mined from measurements of the
sound pulse delay time.
68 Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE Systeme GmbH & Co. KG D - 37070 Gttingen
LEP
Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids 1.5.11
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Fig. 1: Experimental set-up for investigating the velocity of propagation of ultrasonics in liquids.
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21511-00 1
LEP
1.5.11 Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
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2.1. The time base is calibrated with the known generator fre- When the sound frequency f is known, the phase velocity is
quency when the oscilloscope time base best suited to
the delay time has been estimated. cp = M f (4)
2.2. The oscilloscope is triggered externally by the synchro- The wavelength M is obtained from (3) as a slope of the regres-
nous signal of the generator which is set to the pulsed sion line.
mode. The ultrasonic pick-up is moved from its initial
position close to the generator, and the change in the Table 1 shows the wavelenghts M with the standard errors %M
pulse delay time determined from the displacement of the and the phase velocities calculated at a frequency f = 800 kHz
pulse edge on the oscillogram. The temperature of the liq- in accordance with (4). The error for the phase velocity %cp is
uid is measured. given by %M and the error for the frequency %f = +5 kHz.
The measurement is made for water, glycerol and sodium
chloride solution. Table 1
q l l cp cp
Liquid
C mm mm m>s m>s
Fig. 2: Detector displacement %l as a function of the number n Fig. 3: Change in sound path %l as a function of the change in
of wavelengths covered, for water, glycerol and sodium delay time %t, for water, glycerol and sodium chloride
chloride solution (temperature R = 25 C). solution (temperature R = 25 C).
2 21511-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen
LEP
Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids 1.5.11
-00
Table 2 shows the group velocities obtained as a slope of the Sound velocity are a function of temperature (see
regression line in accordance with equation (6) and with the Bibliography).
standard error %cG.
Table 2
q cG cG McG
Liquid
C m>s m>s m>s
The fact that the results cG = cp agree within the limits of meas-
urement error indicate that
dcp
=0
dl
Table 3
q c c>T
Liquid Source
C m>s m>s C
PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen 21511-00 3
LEP
1.5.11 Phase and group velocity of ultrasonics in liquids
-00
4 21511-00 PHYWE series of publications Laboratory Experiments Physics PHYWE SYSTEME GMBH & Co. KG D-37070 Gttingen