Introduction to Communication Systems

Theories of Human Communication Shannon-Weaver Theory and Roman Jacobson

Theory
The process that takes place in transmitter Encoding, Compression and error-correcting
operations, modulation process
ELF 3-30 Hz
SLF 30-300 Hz
ULF 300-3000Hz
VLF 3-30 kHz
LF 30-300 kHz
MF 300-3000 kHz
HF 3-30 MHz
VHF 30-300 MHz
UHF 300-3000 MHz
SHF 3-30 GHz
EHF 30-300 GHz
Wavelength Formula Lambda=Vp/f
Vp=velocity of propagation
F=frequency
Bandwidth Formula f2-f1=fr/Q
f2=upper cut-off frequency, Hz
f1=lower cut-off frequency, Hz
fr=resonant frequency, Hz
Q=quality factor
What is the unit of information? Binary digit (bit)
Formula of amount of information I=log2(n)
Where n=number of coding levels
Who founded the information theory? Claude E. Shannon, 1948
Hartleys Law C=2BWlog2(n)
Shannon-Hartley theorem C=BWlog2(1+S/N)
Note: S/N in abosolute value, not in Db
Total Information Sent H=Ct
H=bits
C=channel capacity
T=time in seconds
Signal (or noise) Power P=I^2R
Power Required to send Information Pn/P2=(n-1)^2
 Noise
It is introduced in the transmitting medium or External Noise
channel
Noise that normally occurs at 600 MHz Industrial or Man-made Noise
Sources of Industrial or Man-made noise Fluorescent lights, ignition systems of engines,
switching equipment, commutator of electric
motors, leakage from high voltage transmission
lines
Usually caused by lightning discharges Atmospheric Noise
Atmospheric Noise level formula Fa=En-20logf+65.5, dB
En=rms noise field strength in a 1kHz bandwidth
in dB above 1uV/m
F=frequency in MHz

The range of frequency of space noise 8MHz-1.5GHz

Sources of Extraterrestrial/Space noise Sun(solar Noise)
Stars(cosmic Noise)
Galaxies(galactic Noise)
What is the year cycle of Corona flares and 11 year
sunspots?
Antenna Noise Temperature Ta=0.82Tmain+0.13(Tside-Te)
Tmain=sky brightness temperature within main
lobe
Tside= sky brightness temperature within side
lobe
Te=effective temperature of earth (290K)
It is produced and introduced at the receiver by Internal noise
the components that make up the receiver like
resistors, diodes, transistors and even wires
What is the primary source of thermal noise? The rapid and random motion of charge carriers
inside a resistive component when heated
RMS noise voltage formula Vn=sqrt(4BkRT) mnemonics:For BrookerT
K=boltzman constant (calcu constant 25)
T=temperature in Kelvin
B=Bandwidth
R=resistive component
Maximum available noise power formula N=kTBW
It is caused by random fluctuations of electric Shot Noise
current in an electric conductor, due to the fact
that current is carried by discrete charges
It is caused by random variations in the arrival of Shot effect
electrons or holes at the output of an amplifying
device
Shot noise formula for temperature-limited In=sqrt(2BIq)
vaccum-tube diode I=current, A
 B=bandwidth, Hz
Q=electrical charge, C (calc constant 23)
Shot noise for PN-Junction semiconductor diode In=sqrt(2(Idc+2Is)qB)
Idc=Is(e^(qv/kT)-1)
Idc=direct diode current
Is=reverse saturation current
It is Caused by transit-time effect Transit-time Noise
What is transit-time effect? The time taken by an electron from the emitter to
the collector. It has greater effect on microwave
region
Noise found at the low audio frequency in Flicker Noise
transistors
Other terms of flicker noise Modulation noise, excess noise, a/f noise or pink
noise
It occurs whenever current is divided between Partition Noise
two electrodes and results to random
fluctuations
Noise that appears as a series of bursts at two or Burst Noise
more level. Also called as popcorn noise
It is a large noise spike present in the avalanche Avalanche Noise
current due to oscillation
Equivalent Noise Resistance Req=R1+R2/G1+R3/G1G2+R4/G1G2G3
G=power gain == A^2
Signal to Noise Ratio formulas S/N=Signal Power/ Noise Power
S/N(decibels)=10log(Ps/Pn)=20log(Vs/Vn)
What is the satisfactory telephone service S/N 30Db OR 1000
What is the satisfactory S/N for video and data? 45/15 decibels respectively
It is used to specify how noisy a device is. Noise factor
Noise Factor Formula NF=(S/N input)/(S/N output)
Noise Figure formula 10log(NoiseFactor)
Equivalent Noise Temperature Formula Te=To(NF-1)
Te=equivalent noise temperature, K
To=reference Temperature, 290 K
NF=Noise Factor
Excess Noise Ratio 10log((Th-Tc)/Tc)
Friis Formula for overall noise factor NF=NF1+(NF2-1)/G1+(NF3-1)/G1G2

Friis Formula for overall noise Temperature Te=Te1+(Te2)/G1+(Te3-1)/G1G2

Total Noise power output formula No=Gtk(T+Te)BW

Collection of offending sounds to which humans Environmental Noise
are involuntary exposed. This type of noise is
usually referred to as noise pollution
In broadcast systems, it refers to the residual low Audio Noise
level sound that is heard in quiet periods of the
program/ unwanted residual electronic noise
signal
The inference picked up between transmitter and Radio Noise
receiver output, often refered to as static
The random dot pattern superimposed on the Video Noise
picture as a result of electric noise
A signal with flat frequency spectrum in linear White Noise
space. It has the same power in any linear band Same power in 40-60 Hz as with 4000-4020Hz
It has a flat frequency response in the logarithmic Pink noise
space Same power from 40-60Hz as with 4000-6000Hz
It is similar to pink noise but with a power density Brown or red Noise
decrease of 6dB per octave with increasing
frequency
Noise wherein its power density increases 3dB Blue (or Azure) Noise
per octave with increasing frequency
Noise where its power density increases 6dB per Purple or violet noise
octave with increasing frequency
It is a noise subjected to a psychoacoustic equal Grey Noise
loudness curve
It is supposedly the background noise of the Green Noise
world

Amplitude Modulation
ITU designation of double sideband full carrier A3E
ITU designation of Single Sideband reduced R3E
carrier
ITU designation of Single Sideband Full Carier H3E
ITU designation of Single Sideband suppressed J3E
carrier
ITU designation of independent sideband B8E
emission
ITU designation of Vestigial sideband C3F
It is a system of modulation in which the Amplitude modulation
amplitude of the carrier is mode proportional to
the instantenous amplitude of the modulating
voltage
He invented the radio that could transmit Guglielmo Marconi
telegraph code
AM Carrier signal equation ec=Ec*sin(wt+theta) or Ec*sin(2*pi*f+theta)

AM modulating signal equation Em=Em*sin(wmt)=Em*sin(2*pi*f)

How is AM signal generated mathematically?