SEKOLAH MENENGAH SERI TEMASIK

LESSON NOTE
SPM CHEMISTRY
5G
LESSON NO : 8 DATE: 21/7/2016

TIME : 12.30p.m.-1.30 p.m.

Topic/Subtopic : CHAPTER 4: Thermochemistry

Learning Objectives :
4.2 Understanding heat of precipitation
state what heat of reaction is,
state what heat of precipitation is,
determine the heat of precipitation for a reaction,
construct an energy level diagram for a precipitation reaction,
solve numerical problems related to heat of precipitation.

4.3 Understanding heat of displacement

state what heat of displacement is,
determine heat of displacement,
construct the energy level diagram for a displacement reaction,
solve numerical problems related to heat of displacement

Name : _________________________________________

Class : ____________________________________
4.2 Heat of reaction

1
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
1. The change in the amount of heat in a chemical reaction is called the heat of reaction.
The heat of reaction is given the symbol H. The unit for H is kJmol -1.

2. For specific reaction, the heat of reaction is given a specific name as shown in the table
Type of reaction Heat of reaction
Precipitation Heat of precipitation
Displacement Heat of displacement
Neutralisation Heat of neutralization
Combustion Heat of combustion

4.21 Determining heat of reaction

1. To determine the heat of reaction in the laboratory, aqueous solution is always involved.
2. The solution is the surroundings.
3. When a reaction occurs in a solution, heat is either absorbed from the solution or given to the
solution.
4. In an exothermic reaction:
Heat given out during the reaction = heat absorbed by the solution

Therefore, the temperature of the solution increases.

5. In an endothermic reaction:
Heat absorbed during the reaction = heat lost by the solution

Therefore, the temperature of the solution decreases.

6. When carrying out an experiment, we assume that no heat is lost to the surroundings. This can
be achieved by conducting the experiment in a plastic cup as plastic is a heat insulator.

7. The heat change in a reaction can be calculated using the following formula:

Heat change (H) = heat absorbed or given out by the aqueous solution

= MC

Where m= mass of the solution (in g)

c = specific heat capacity of the solution (in Jg-1C-1)

= temperature change in the solution (in C)

8. The following are the assumptions made during the calculation of heat of reaction.

a) The solution is dilute. It has the same density as water, which is 1 g cm -3.
b) the solution has the same specific heat capacity as water, which is 4.2 J g -1 C-1.
c) No heat is lost to or absorbed from the surroundings.
d) No heat is absorbed by the apparatus of the experiment.

2
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
When 30cm3 of potassium hydroxide solution is added to 25cm3 of nitric acid, the results are as
follows.
Initial temperature of potassium hydroxide solution= 28C
Initial temperature of nitric acid = 28C
Highest temperature of the mixture = 38C

Calculate the heat change in this reaction.

[Density of solution: 1g cm-3. Specific heat capacity of solution: 4.2 J g-1 C-1]

4.3 Heat of precipitation

1. When two aqueous solutions are added together and a precipitate is formed, this reaction is
called a precipitation reaction or double decomposition. This reaction is used to prepare insoluble
salts. (Chapter 8- salts)

2. Some examples of precipitation reactions are:

a) When barium chloride solution is added to sodium sulphate solution, a white

precipitate, barium sulphate is formed.

Equation:

b)When silver nitrate solution is added to hydrochloric acid, a white precipitate, silver
chloride is formed.

Equation:

c) When lead(II) nitrate solution is added to potassium iodide solution, a yellow

precipitate, lead(II) iodide, is formed.

3. The heat of precipitation is the heat change when one mole of a precipitate is formed from its
ions in aqueous solution.

When potassium sulphate solution and lead(II) nitrate solution are mixed, _____________ is
precipitated.

The thermochemical equation for the reaction can be written as follows.

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2SO4 (aq) -> PbSO4 (s) + 2KNO3 (aq) H = -50kJ mol-1

In this reaction, 50kL of heat is produced when one mole of ___________________ is formed.

Therefore, the heat of ____________, H for lead(II) sulphate is ______________.

3
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
The thermochemical equation can also be written in the ionic form as follows:

Equation:

The energy level diagram is shown below.

4.31 Refer to experiment notes: Heat of precipitation of silver chloride

4.32 Solving numerical problems related to heat of precipitation

1. In an experiment, 50cm3 of 1 mol dm-3 hydrochloric acid is added to 50cm3 of 1 moldm-3 silver
nitrate solution. The reacting mixture is stirred and the highest temperature obtained is recorded.
The results of the experiment are shown below.
Steps
Equation:
i) Calculate the number
Initial temperature of HCl = 28.0C of moles of precipitate
Initial temperature of AgNO3 = 29.0C formed.
Highest temperature of the mixture = 35.5C ii) Calculate the heat
change in this reaction
Calculate the heat of precipitation of silver chloride. (mc)
[Specific heat capacity of solution, 4.2Jg-1C-1; Density of solution, 1gcm-3] iii) Calculate the heat of
precipitation, H

2. The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of calcium carbonate is given below.

Ca2+ (aq) + CO32- (aq) -> CaCO3 (s) H= +12.6kJ mol-1

In an experiment, calcium carbonate is precipitated when 100cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 calcium

chloride solution is added to 100cm3 of 1.0mol dm-3 sodium carbonate solution.

What is the temperature change in the reaction mixture? Steps

[Specific heat capacity of solution, 4.2Jg-1C-1; Density of solution, 1gcm-3] i) Calculate the number
of moles of precipitate
formed.
ii) Calculate the heat
change in this reaction
by using H
iii) Calculate the temperature
change by using heat
change (mc)

3. When 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 lead(II)nitrate solution is added to 50cm3 of 2.0moldm-3

potassium sulphate solution, there is an increase of 10 C in the temperature. What is the change
in temperature if

4
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
a) 100cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 100cm 3 of 2.0moldm-3 potassium
sulphate solution?

b) 50cm3 of 1.0moldm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50cm 3 of 1.0moldm-3 potassium

sulphate solution?

c) 50cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 lead(II) nitrate solution is added to 50cm3 of 1.0moldm -3 potassium

sulphate solution?

d) 50cm3 of 2.0 moldm-3 potassium sulphate solution is replaced by 50cm3 of 2.0moldm-3 sodium
sulphate solution?

4. The thermochemical equation for the precipitation of lead(II) sulphate is:

Pb(NO3)2 (aq) + K2SO4(aq) -> PbSO4(s) + 2KNO3(aq) H= -50kJ mol-1

a) What is meant by H= -50kJ mol-1?

b) Draw the energy level diagram for the reaction.

c) How much of heat is given out when 101g of lead(II) sulphate is precipitated? [Relative
atomic mass: 0, 16; S, 32; Pb, 207]

4.4 Heat of Displacement

1. In a displacement reaction of a metal, a more electropositive metal is able to displace a less

electropositive metal from a solution of its salt. (refer to electrochemical series)

5
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
2. The heat of displacement is the heat change, when one mole of a metal is displaced from its
salt solution by a more electropositive metal.

3. The reaction for the displacement reaction of copper by zinc can be represented as follows.

Zn(s) + CuSO4 (aq) + Cu (s) H= -210kJ mol-1

a) When one mole of copper is displaced from its salt solution by zinc, 210kJ of heat is
given out.
b) The heat of displacement of copper by zinc is -210kJmol -1
c) The energy level diagram for the displacement reaction of copper by zinc is shown in

4. The heat of displacement of a metal can be determined by measuring the heat change occurred
when a more electropositive metal is added to a known quantity of a salt solution of a less
electropositive metal.

5. The heat of displacement of a metal is different when it is displaced by different metals in the
electrochemical series.

For example, the heat of displacement of silver by magnesium is higher than the heat of
displacement of silver by zinc. This is because magnesium is more electropositive than zinc.

13.41 Refer to experiment 4.2: Comparing heats of displacement of copper by different

metals

13.42 Solving numerical problems related to heat of displacement

1. In an experiment to determine the heat of displacement of iron by magnesium, excess

magnesium powder is added to 50cm3 of 0.2 moldm-3 iron(II) sulphate solution. The results of
the experiment are as shown below.

Initial temperature of iron(II) sulphate solution =30.5 C

Highest temperature of the mixture = 40.0C

Calculate the heat of displacement of iron by magnesium.

[Specific heat capacity of solution, 4.2Jg-1C-1; Density of solution, 1gcm-3] -199kJmol-1

i) Calculate the number of moles of iron displaced

ii) Calculate the heat change in this reaction
iii) Calculate the heat of displacement of iron by magnesium

6
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
2. 1.4g of iron powder is added to 200cm3 of 0.5moldm-3 copper(II) sulphate solution at an initial
temperature of 29.0C

The thermochemical equation is as follows.

Fe(s) + CuSO4 (aq) -> FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) H= -150kJ mol-1

What is the highest temperature of the mixture?

[Specific heat capacity of solution, 4.2Jg-1C-1; Density of solution, 1gcm-3, Relative atomic mass:
Fe, 56] 33.5C

i) Calculate the number

of moles of copper
displaced
ii) Calculate the heat
change in this reaction
using H
iii) Calculate the highest
temperature reached
using heat change

7
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui
 8
Prepared by: Mr. Benjamin Tee Xin Rui