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Critical Theory is one of the theoretical perspectives derived from different thoughts such as
Aristotle's thought, Foucault, Gadamer, Hegel, Marx, Kant, Wittgenstein and other thoughts. These
different ideas are unified by a the same theoretical orientation or spirit that is the spirit to
emancipate.
This theory uses reflective methods by continuously criticizing existing social, political or
economic order or institutions, which tend not to be conducive to the attainment of freedom, justice
and equality. Critical theory is thick with the defense of the weak
The purpose of critical theory is to eliminate various forms of domination and encourage
freedom, justice and equality. This theory uses reflective methods by constantly criticizing existing
social, political or economic order or institutions, which tend not to be conducive to the attainment
Critical Theory is often also discussed as a separate paradigm and does not always deal with
the development and testing of theory, but also with the methodology, ideology, and social ethics
developed by the Frankfurt School (Institut fur Sozialforschung in Frankfurt, Germany). The Institute
was established to specifically examine Immanuel Kant's teachings from the perspective of Marxism.
Based on Marx's thought, critical social theory describes the relationship between the
structure and man dialectically. Although the structure conditions everyday experience, knowledge
of structures can help people change their social conditions. Critical social theory builds this
1. Marxism, the original Marxian doctrine, as the basis that inspires the critical tradition
2. The Critical Theory of the Frankfurt School, which permeates the foundation of Marx's
3. Postmodernism, as a large stream, along with its branches, namely: Cultural Studies,
Poststructuralism, Postkolonialism.
4. Feminism, which is speci fi cally studying the "assortment of sex" that exists in various
social lives.
CRITICALIST
Criticalisti is A detective that attempts to use her or his work as a form of social or cultural
relations;
Facts cannot be isolated from the domain of values or removed from some form of ideological
inscription;
The relationship between concept and object and between signifier and signified is never stable or
fixed and is often constructed and mediated by social relations of capitalist production and
consumption.
AIM OF CRITICAL RESEARCH :
- DECONSTRUCTION
Deconstruction is his rejection of logocentrism and phonocentrism which in whole gave rise
to binary opposition and other dichotomous hierarchical ways of thinking. Deconstruction comes
from the word de + construktio (latin). In general de means down, subtraction, or regardless of.
While the word Construktio means form, arrangement, arranging things, regulating things.
Deconstruction can be interpreted as a reduction or decrease in the intensity of the form that has
and Lacanian psychoanalysis. Deconstruction task, disclose the problematics of the discourses are
centered, on the other hand dismantle metaphysics by changing its boundaries conceptually. While
the purpose of the deconstruction method is to show the ineffectiveness of the absolute truth
preservation effort, and to expose the hidden agenda that contains many weaknesses and behind
the texts.
Critical theories analyze the social structures that arise in threats that occur in society, such
as forms of domination, with a view to addressing those threats. The purpose of analyzing this is to
understand emancipation in the modern world. Critical theory places politics as a field related to the
Its oriented towards emancipatory politics. Critical theory is one of three emancipatory in
international relations other than post-modern theory and feminism. Emancipation here means the
liberation of human thought from other shackling thinking, because the goal of critical theory itself is
to criticize what has been considered true, things that can not be resisted again, criticize the things
that have become the trend and the mainstream in society . The main contribution of this theory is
to reveal the political nature that is very influential in the formation of knowledge.
According to Richard Ashley (1981: 227) there are things that society should not know about
the political order that ultimately limits one's mobility, dominating relationships and conditions of
communication and misperception, eliminates the capacity of man to decide his own future
accordingly will and will because of political shackles. It also causes human limitations to be free,
self-determining, or the capacity to act. The critical theory here plays a role in eliminating both
physical and mental violence, to analyze the underlying social structure that produces such violence.
Critical theory defies the domination of the state in driving the lives of its people, because the people
are considered to have autonomy and freedom to determine and live their lives. Critical theory has
the assumption that previous perspectives gave rise to violence and injustice in all aspects of
community life, which in turn also gave birth to the form of a strong and weak state as a condition