Lotus Tower Project

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
As undergraduates, we were given the opportunity to carry out a comprehensive design project
during our final year. This experience will benefit us in the future as professionals or when
carrying out further design projects. Therefore, we would like to express our sincere gratitude
to our CDP supervisor Prof. Priyan Dias, Department of civil Engineering, University of
Moratuwa for offering us with advise, continuous guidance, technical advice and immense
support to make this compreensive design project a success.
We are grateful to Prof. C. Jayasinghe, subject coordinator, for giving us this opportunity of a
CDP and Prof. M.T.R Jayasinghe, former Head, Department of Civil Engineering, University
of Moratuwa. Also we would like to convey our sincere gratitude to Prof. S.M.A Nanayakkara,
Head, Department of Civil Engineering, University of Moratuwa for providing us the
opportunity, necessary funding, facilities required and support to carry out this project without
any trouble.
And also not forgetting Dr. C. Mallikarachchi, Department of Civil Engineering, University of
Moratuwa and all the officials of the Colombo Lotus Tower project for their generous support
and help they offered when carrying out number of activities and analysis.
Finally we would like to thank our colleagues and parents for offering us with immense support
in various ways to make this project possible and a success.
i
CONTENTS
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .......................................................................................................... i
LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................vii
LIST OF TABLES .................................................................................................................... ix
1 Concept development of the project .................................................................................. 1
1.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 General details of the project ..................................................................................... 2
1.3 Functions of the tower ............................................................................................... 2
1.4 Location of the site..................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Alternative Concepts .................................................................................................. 4
2 Architectural concept and floor plans ................................................................................ 7
2.1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 7
2.2 Main structure & facade............................................................................................. 7
2.3 Other elements ........................................................................................................... 8
2.4 Tower functions ......................................................................................................... 9
2.5 Tower Base .............................................................................................................. 11
2.5.1 Ground floor shopping complex ....................................................................... 11
Floor space allocation ...................................................................................................... 11
Features ............................................................................................................................ 11
2.5.2 1st floor Exhibition centre and conference halls............................................... 12
Features ............................................................................................................................ 13
2.5.3 2nd floor Office spaces and museum ................................................................. 15
Features ............................................................................................................................ 16
2.5.4 Rooftop Rooftop garden ................................................................................... 16
Features ............................................................................................................................ 17
2.6 Tower Shaft .............................................................................................................. 18
2.7 Tower House ............................................................................................................ 18
2.7.1 1st floor Observation deck ................................................................................. 18
Features ............................................................................................................................ 19
ii
2.7.2 2nd floor Revolving restaurant ........................................................................... 19
Features ............................................................................................................................ 20
2.7.3 3rd floor Hotel .................................................................................................... 20
Features ............................................................................................................................ 21
2.8 Tower mast............................................................................................................... 22
2.9 Landscaping ............................................................................................................. 23
Floor space allocation .......................................................................................................... 23
Features ................................................................................................................................ 23
3 FEASIBILITY STUDY ................................................................................................... 25
3.1 Financial feasibility.................................................................................................. 25
3.1.1 Cost estimation..................................................................................................... 25
3.1.2 Revenue estimation .............................................................................................. 29
3.1.3 Feasibility parameters and calculations ............................................................... 35
3.1.4 Estimated completion percentages of Queen tower ............................................. 40
4 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) ....................................................................... 41
4.1 General ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 Whether an EIA/IEE is required or not? .................................................................. 42
4.3 Construction location ............................................................................................... 43
4.4 Features of the existing environment of the are ....................................................... 44
4.5 Environmental report ............................................................................................... 47
4.5.1 Anticipated impacts to the environment due to the construction activities ......... 47
4.5.2 Anticipated impacts when the tower is operating after the completion ............... 48
4.5.3 Mitigation measures ............................................................................................. 49
4.5.4 Monitoring programme ........................................................................................ 50
4.5.5 Conclusion ........................................................................................................... 51
5 TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT .............................................................................. 52
5.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 52
5.2 General data collection in existing conditions ......................................................... 52
5.2.1 Site Location and land use ................................................................................... 52
5.2.2 Existing Road Network ........................................................................................ 53
5.2.3 Traffic Flows ........................................................................................................ 53
iii
5.2.4 Capacity analysis of existing road ....................................................................... 55
5.2.5 Traffic management ............................................................................................. 58
5.2.6 Traffic and pedestrians safety consideration........................................................ 58
5.2.7 Public Transportation ........................................................................................... 59
5.3 Project Description................................................................................................... 59
5.3.1 Type of project ..................................................................................................... 59
5.3.2 Parking requirement and availability ................................................................... 60
5.3.3 Traffic / Trip generation....................................................................................... 60
5.4 Recommendations .................................................................................................... 61
5.4.1 Parking arrangement and onsite vehicle movement ............................................ 61
5.4.2 Offsite vehicle movement .................................................................................... 62
6 BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN ................................................................................... 63
6.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 63
6.2 Basic Engineering Assumptions .............................................................................. 64
6.3 Expected population................................................................................................. 64
6.4 Vertical Circulation of the tower ............................................................................. 65
6.4.1 Lift design for tower house .................................................................................. 65
6.4.2 Lifts design for roof top ....................................................................................... 66
6.4.3 Design details of escalators .................................................................................. 66
6.4.4 Stair case .............................................................................................................. 66
6.5 Water Supply System ............................................................................................... 67
6.6 Water demand calculation........................................................................................ 67
6.6.1 Water requirement for tower base (per day) ........................................................ 67
6.6.2 Capacity of the Sump ........................................................................................... 68
6.6.3 Capacity of the Break Pressure tank .................................................................... 69
6.6.4 Schematic diagram of water supply system ......................................................... 70
6.6.5 Design of appliances (British Standard 6465-1 2006) ......................................... 71
6.6.6 Design of pipes .................................................................................................... 72
6.7 Waste disposal system ............................................................................................. 80
6.7.1 Above ground waste water disposal system ...................................................... 80
6.7.2 Below ground waste disposal system .................................................................. 83
6.7.3 Solid waste disposal system ................................................................................. 86
6.7.4 Storm Water Drainage System............................................................................. 86
iv
6.8 Fire Fighting System ................................................................................................ 87
6.9 Installation of Fire and smoke detecting alarm ........................................................ 88
6.10 Wet riser ................................................................................................................... 88
6.11 Wet Sprinkler System .............................................................................................. 88
6.11.1 Sprinkler head spacing design ......................................................................... 89
6.11.2 Hose reels ......................................................................................................... 91
6.11.3 The refuge area ................................................................................................ 92
7 SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS ADAPTED IN THE PROJECT................................ 93
7.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................. 93
7.2 LEED 2009 .............................................................................................................. 94
7.3 Benefits Can Be Achieved in This Tower Project as a Green Project ..................... 95
7.3.1 Environmental Benefits ....................................................................................... 95
7.3.2 Economic Benefits ............................................................................................... 95
7.3.3 Social Benefits ..................................................................................................... 96
7.4 Sustainable Site Design............................................................................................ 96
1 D.R. Wijewardhana road.................................................................................................. 97
7.5 Materials and Resources ........................................................................................ 100
7.6 Water efficiency ..................................................................................................... 105
7.7 Energy efficiency ................................................................................................... 108
7.7.1 Preliminary calculation for solar energy ............................................................ 111
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS......................................................................................... 112
8.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 112
8.2 Tasks Carried Out .................................................................................................. 112
8.3 Idealization and Development of the Geometric Model ........................................ 112
8.4 Inputs to SAP2000 ................................................................................................. 114
8.4.1 Materials ............................................................................................................ 114
8.4.2 Sections .............................................................................................................. 115
8.4.3 Dead and Imposed Loads ................................................................................... 115
8.4.4 Wind Loads ........................................................................................................ 117
8.4.5 Earthquake Loads............................................................................................... 125
8.5 Load Cases Combinations...................................................................................... 127
8.6 Analysis and Interpretations .................................................................................. 127
9 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DESIGN OF SUPER STRUCTURE ....................... 129
v
9.1 Material Selection .................................................................................................. 129
9.2 Section Selection .................................................................................................... 129
9.3 Load Evaluation ..................................................................................................... 143
9.4 Design of the Super Structure ................................................................................ 145
9.4.1 Tower Base ........................................................................................................ 145
9.4.2 Design of the deep beams .................................................................................. 175
9.4.3 Design of the Fin ................................................................................................ 178
9.4.4 Tower House ...................................................................................................... 181
10 Foundation design .......................................................................................................... 186
10.1 Design of substructure ............................................................................................... 186
10.1.1 Introduction .................................................................................................... 186
10.1.2 Objectives of the Foundation Investigation ................................................... 186
10.2 Brief Introduction to the Ground Condition .......................................................... 191
10.2.1 Made Ground ................................................................................................. 191
10.2.2 Quaternary Lake Deposits.............................................................................. 191
10.2.3 Proterozoic Gneiss and Quartzite................................................................... 193
10.3 Alternative deign proposals for the foundation ..................................................... 194
10.3.1 First alternative .............................................................................................. 196
10.3.2 Second alternative .......................................................................................... 197
10.4 Design of piles ....................................................................................................... 197
10.4.1 Design of pile caps ......................................................................................... 200
10.4.2 Checks for shear ............................................................................................. 201
11 TENDER DOCUMENTS AND PREPARATION OF ENGINEERS ESTIMATE .... 203
11.1 Project Detail ......................................................................................................... 203
11.2 Introduction ............................................................................................................ 203
11.3 Tendering process and tender documents .............................................................. 203
11.3.1 Types of tender .............................................................................................. 203
11.4 Prequalification Procedure for tendering process .................................................. 204
11.5 Standard Bidding Documents ................................................................................ 204
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.1 Basic tower elements ................................................................................................ 2

Figure 1.2 Location map ............................................................................................................ 3
Figure 1.3 Architectural Design Concepts ................................................................................. 4
Figure 1.4 Alternative Tower Concepts ..................................................................................... 4
Figure 1.5 Comparison with the tallest towers in the world ...................................................... 6
Figure 2.1 Queen Chess piece / Figure 2.2 Queen Tower............................................. 7
Figure 2.3 Tower house faade and crown ................................................................................ 8
Figure 2.4 Tower base faade .................................................................................................... 8
Figure 2.5 Cross section of tower with functions .................................................................... 10
Figure 2.6 Shopping mall ......................................................................................................... 12
Figure 2.7 Conference hall arrangement .................................................................................. 14
Figure 2.8 Conference hall ....................................................................................................... 14
Figure 2.9 Office space Figure 2.10 Gem museum............................................................ 16
Figure 2.11 Roof top garden .................................................................................................... 17
Figure 2.12 Observation deck .................................................................................................. 18
Figure 2.13 Revolving restaurant ............................................................................................. 20
Figure 2.14 Double room ......................................................................................................... 21
Figure 2.15 Hotel room arrangement ....................................................................................... 22
Figure 2.16 Aerial view of the landscaping ............................................................................. 23
Figure 2.17 Parking area .......................................................................................................... 24
Figure 2.18 View of Beira Lake .............................................................................................. 24
Figure 3.1: NPV vs discount rate ............................................................................................. 40
Figure 4.1 Birds eye view of the construction site ................................................................. 43
Figure 4.2 Trees around the site ............................................................................................... 44
Figure 4.3 Koka identified from the site .................................................................................. 45
Figure 4.4 Peat soil .................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 4.5 Water in the lake ..................................................................................................... 47
Figure 6.1 schematic diagram of water supply system ............................................................ 70
Figure 6.2 arrangement of pipe network for tower base .......................................................... 72
Figure 6.3 arrangement of pipe network for tower house ........................................................ 76
Figure 6.4 sprinkler .................................................................................................................. 89
Figure 6.5 schematic diagram of water distribution for firefighting system ........................... 90
Figure 6.6 wet sprinkler arrangement ...................................................................................... 91
Figure 6.7 hose reels ................................................................................................................ 92
Figure 7.1: LEED rating system .............................................................................................. 94
Figure 7.2 Site Map.................................................................................................................. 97
Figure 7.4 Site plan .................................................................................................................. 98
Figure 7.5 Stack of top soil ..................................................................................................... 99
Figure 7.6 Light control at the site .......................................................................................... 99
vii
Figure 7.7 site safety and health instruction ......................................................................... 100
Figure 7.8 Water spraying at the site .................................................................................... 100
Figure 7.9 Few regional materials ........................................................................................ 101
Figure 7.10: CSE blocks and construction process ................................................................ 103
Figure 7.11: Dura panel ......................................................................................................... 103
Figure 7.12: CSE road and pavement .................................................................................... 103
Figure 7.13 Ready mix concrete ........................................................................................... 104
Figure 7.14 Cement in bulk ................................................................................................... 104
Figure 7.15 Sorting of waste .................................................................................................. 105
Figure 7.16: Kohomba, Pihibiya and Australian grass can be identified as landscaping plants
................................................................................................................................................ 106
Figure 7.17: dual flushing system .......................................................................................... 107
Figure 7.18 Faucets with on-demand sensors ........................................................................ 107
Figure 7.19 Use gray water in flushing system...................................................................... 108
Figure 7.20: Water efficient shower heads ............................................................................ 108
Figure 7.21: Demand responsive lighting system .................................................................. 108
Figure 7.22 T-8 and T-5 light systems ................................................................................... 109
Figure 7.23 Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority rating system .................................... 109
Figure 7.24: solar panel.......................................................................................................... 110
Figure 7.25: solar panel use in landscape lighting ................................................................. 110
Figure 7.26: Low fixtures light use solar energy ................................................................... 110
Figure 7.27: Evaporative cooling system can be used in this project .................................... 111
Figure 8.1 Tower House ........................................................................................................ 113
Figure 8.2 Model of the Tower .............................................................................................. 113
Figure 8.3 Fins and Mast ....................................................................................................... 113
Figure 8.4 Tower Base ........................................................................................................... 113
Figure 8.5 Response Spectrum Input to SAP2000................................................................. 126
Figure 10.1 : The Arrangement of the Boreholes and contour map of the depth of fresh
bedrock top............................................................................................................................. 189
Figure 10.2: Idealized soil profile .......................................................................................... 194
Figure 10.3: Layout of column locations and shaft ............................................................... 195
Figure 10.4 : proposed alternative 1 ...................................................................................... 196
Figure 10.5 : proposed alternative 2 ...................................................................................... 197
Figure 10.6: Designed dimensions ......................................................................................... 200
viii
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1.1 Location of tower functions in each tower ................................................................ 5

Table 2.1 Tower functions ......................................................................................................... 9
Table 2.2 Floor space allocation of ground floor of tower base .............................................. 11
Table 2.3 Floor space allocation of first floor of tower base ................................................... 13
Table 2.4 Floor space allocation of 2nd floor of tower base ................................................... 15
Table 2.5 Floor space allocation of rooftop of tower base ...................................................... 17
Table 2.6 Floor space allocation of first floor of tower house ................................................. 19
Table 2.7 Floor space allocation of second floor of tower house ............................................ 21
Table 2.8 Floor space allocation of third floor of tower house ................................................ 23
Table 3.1: Functions and the usable area ................................................................................. 26
Table 3.2: Cost estimation queen tower ................................................................................... 26
Table 3.3: Cost estimation Saturn tower .................................................................................. 27
Table 3.4: Cost estimation star tower ...................................................................................... 28
Table 3.5: Other revenues ........................................................................................................ 33
Table 3.6: NPV Queen tower ................................................................................................... 35
Table 3.7: NPV Saturn tower ................................................................................................... 36
Table 3.8: NPV star tower ....................................................................................................... 37
Table 3.9: Payback period........................................................................................................ 38
Table 3.10: Comparison of concepts ....................................................................................... 38
Table 3.11: IRR Queen tower .................................................................................................. 39
Table 3.12: Discount rate vs NPV ........................................................................................... 40
Table 3.13: Estimated completion percentages ....................................................................... 40
Table 4.1 Water quality ofhe lake from 1997 to 2009 ............................................................. 46
Table 6.5.1: Existing road network .......................................................................................... 53
Table 6.5.2: Traffic Survey data from Maradana to Fort ......................................................... 54
Table 6.5.3: Traffic Survey data from Fort to Maradana ......................................................... 54
Table 6.5.4: Details of road...................................................................................................... 55
Table 6.5.5: Vehicle amount in 15 minute intervals ................................................................ 55
Table 6.5.6: Trip generation..................................................................................................... 60
Table 6-1 expected population ................................................................................................. 64
Table 6-2 appliances for tower base and tower house ............................................................. 71
Table 6-3 loading unit calculation for tower base ................................................................... 72
Table 6-4 pipe resistance calculation for tower base ............................................................... 75
Table 6-5 pipe diameter calculation for tower base ................................................................. 75
Table 6-6 loading unit calculation for tower house ................................................................. 76
Table 6-7 pipe resistence calculation for tower house ............................................................. 79
Table 6-8 pipe diameter calculation for tower house............................................................... 80
Table 6-9 discharge loading value calculation......................................................................... 81
Table 6-10 pipe diameter of verticle stacks ............................................................................. 82
ix
Table 7.1 Sustainable materials ............................................................................................ 101
Table 7.2 Sustainable purchasing .......................................................................................... 104
Table 8.1Material Assignment ............................................................................................... 114
Table 8.2 Section Assignment ............................................................................................... 115
Table 8.3 Dead and Imposed Load Assignment .................................................................... 116
Table 8.4 Response Spectrum Used for the Study................................................................. 125
Table 10.1 : Ground surface level and ground water level .................................................... 190
Table 10.2: Calculated friction angle and cohesion and and factors ............................... 197
Table 10.3 : Calculated effective overburden pressure .......................................................... 198
Table 10.4 Skin friction calculation ....................................................................................... 198
Table 10.5 : Carrying capacities for different pile diameters ................................................ 199
x
1 CONCEPT DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROJECT
1.1 Introduction
Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka (TRCSL) has decided to

construct a Multipurpose Iconic Telecommunication Tower to facilitate the future
telecommunication demand. It is aimed to increase the tourist attraction by implementing
an entertainment centre inside the tower by means of different functions and iconic
features. After the completion, the tower will be an iconic symbol located in Colombo city
by being the tallest telecommunication tower in South Asia. In order to implement the
project, a consultancy team has been appointed as shown below.
1). H.C. Gunasekara& R.R. Fonseka - Conceptual Designs, Architectural /Detailed

Drawings & 3D Modeling
2). M.B.C. Hemadasa Feasibility Studies
3). H.H.H.B.Herath Initial Environment Examination
4). T.H. Godagedara - Traffic Impact Assessment
5). G. Ganadhiepan Structural Analysis
6). A.A.S.U. Gunarathna Design of Superstructure
7). M.Y.S. Fonseka Design of Substructure
8). W.G.M. Fernando Design of Services
9). H.M.P.M.B. Herath Sustainability & Green Concepts
10). G.N.P. Fernando Tender Documents & Engineers Estimate
1
1.2 General details of the project
PROJECT NAME : Design of a Multi-purpose Iconic Telecommunication Tower
CLIENT :Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka
CONSULTANT : Design Group 3 (PVT) Ltd.
PROJECT VALUE : 14 Billion Rupees
DURATION : 30 Months
1.3 Functions of the tower
After the completion of the tower, it will be able to cater 50 TV channels, 20

telecommunication providers & 35 radio channels. This will help to get rid of the various
telecommunication towers which are innumerably located at various parts in the
Colombo city. Other than providing telecommunication facilities, it will be consisted
with a shopping complex, exhibition & conference halls, museum & office spaces,
observation deck, hotel & revolving restaurant to facilitate entertainment features. These
functions are to be located in different locations of the tower in order to manipulate
different concepts.
Figure 1.1 Basic tower elements
2
1.4 Location of the site
Project site is located in the heart of Colombo city so that it can be accessed from many
directions as shown in the figure below.
Figure 1.2 Location map
As it is shown in the above diagram, the main access to the project location is provided
by D.R. WijewardaneMawatha.Accordingly, general public can access the site via train
transportation using Fort and Maradana railway stations. It can be assessed that the trips
generated from this project may cause an impact on the traffic conditions of the D.R.
WijewardaneMawatha. Therefore, a traffic impact assessment will be carried out to find
the impact caused by this project and to come up with mitigation methods.
Since the site is situated in Beira Lake front and urbanized area, impact to the
environment will be measured by doing an environment impact assessment or an initial
environment examination if it is required.
3
1.5 Alternative Concepts
Three concepts were proposed for this project namely Star Tower, Saturn Tower &
Queen Tower.
Figure 1.3 Architectural Design Concepts
As shown in the figure 1.3, first concept was inspired by the view of the star. It is
incorporated in the plan view of the Star tower project when the architectural view is
considered. Then in the second concept, view of the Saturn planet was incorporated in
the tower house. Third concept was inspired by the queen chess piece so that the whole
tower will have the look of a standing queen. Based on the above mentioned factors, three
concepts were proposed as shown in the figure 1.4.
Figure 1.4 Alternative Tower Concepts
4
In order to differentiate the three concepts, locations of the functions were changed in each
concept. In the Star tower concepts, most of the functions were located in the tower base while
reducing the functions in the tower house. Then in the Saturn tower concepts, some functions
were taken to the tower shaft and tower house. In the queen tower concept, most of the tower
functions were located in the tower house. This scenario is shown in the table 1.1 which is
given below.
Table 1.1 Location of tower functions in each tower
Location Star tower Saturn tower Queen tower

Luxury hotel Luxury hotel Conference halls
Conference halls Conference halls Museum
Museum Museum Office space
Tower Office space Office space Shopping complex
Base Shopping complex Shopping Exhibition center
Exhibition center complex Rooftop garden
Restaurant Exhibition center
Rooftop garden Rooftop garden
Tower Elevators Elevators Elevators
Shaft Services Services Services
Middle Conference halls
- -
Section Restaurant
Observation deck Observation deck Observation deck
Telecommunication Telecommunication Luxury hotel
Tower equipment equipment Revolving
House restaurant
Telecommunicatio
n equipment
Even the location of functions were changed, same floor area was used for each function
in all three concepts. Then by conducting a feasibility study, the best concept was chosen based
on the factors such as financial feasibility, construction feasibility, uniqueness and aesthetic
appearance.
5
Queen Tower
(Colombo, Sri Lanka)
Figure 1.5 Comparison with the tallest towers in the world
It is decided to use the tower height of 352 m for this particular project. As shown in the figure
1.6 it can be seen that the Tokyo Sky tree is the tallest telecommunication tower in the world
with a height of 634 m. A height of that much is not required for this project since the required
demand can be provided with a height around 350 m.
After considering all the relevant factors, Queen Tower concept was chosen from the three
alternative concepts as the best concept. This concept was selected due to the unique and iconic
design, construction feasibility and functionality.
6
2 ARCHITECTURAL CONCEPT AND FLOOR PLANS
2.1 Introduction
In the game of Chess, of all the pieces in it, Queen is considered as the most valued and the
queen symbolizes beauty. Sri Lanka being one of the most beautiful countries in the world has
so many values of its own which can be given to the world. Considering the above attributes
the shape of tower has been designed to portray the Queen in Chess.
Figure 2.1 Queen Chess piece Figure 2.2 Queen Tower
2.2 Main structure & facade
The tower body consists of 4 main parts; tower base, tower shaft, tower house and tower mast.
The main structure of tower base and house will be of cylindrical shape. Shaft of the tower will
be conical. The tower house is covered with facades at two levels as shown in the below
diagram. The base is also covered with facades at two levels with one angling in and the other
out.
7
2.3 Other elements
The top of the tower house is fixed with a steel structure which portrays the crown of the queen.
The nodes of the crown will be fixed with gem shaped elements. These gems will be the colours
of the most popular gems found in Sri Lanka such as Ruby, Sapphire, Alexandrite, Zircon,
Moonstone, Star ruby etc.
Silver colour will be used for the facades with two horizontal gold coloured stripes and the
tower shaft with four vertical gold coloured stripes along the shaft.
Figure 2.3 Tower house faade and crown
Figure 2.4 Tower base faade
8
2.4 Tower functions
Table 2.1 Tower functions
Total floor
Section of tower Level Height Function
area
Basement -4m 0m Building services 4320 m2
1st floor 0m 6m Shopping complex 4320 m2
Exhibition centre
Tower Base 2nd floor 6m 13m 4320 m2
3 Conference halls
Office spaces
3rd floor 13m 17m 4320 m2
Museum
Roof top 17m Rooftop Garden 4320 m2
6 Elevators
Tower shaft 17m 223m
Services
1st floor 223m 228m Observation platform 817 m2
2nd floor 228m 233m Revolving restaurant 817 m2
3rd floor 233m 238m Hotel 817 m2

Tower House
TV, Radio &
4th floor 238m 243m 817 m2
Telecommunication equipment
5th floor 243m 248m Building services 817 m2
6th floor 248m 252m Machine Room 201 m2
Tower Mast 252m 352m Telecommunication antennas
9
Figure 2.5 Cross section of tower with functions
10
2.5 Tower Base
Tower base consists of 4 floors including the building services floor at the basement level.
Entrance to the tower is from tower base. It consists of two main entrances for general public
and two other entrances for VIP, office staff and services.
2.5.1 Ground floor shopping complex
The shopping complex located in the ground floor level will have a floor to floor height of 6m.
The purpose of having a high floor to floor height is to make the visitors feel that they are
entering a massive complex. It also helps the air circulation in the ground floor.
Floor space allocation
Table 2.2 Floor space allocation of ground floor of tower base
Percentage of total
Function No. Floor area (m2)
floor area
Shops Rentable area 25 2040 47.2%
Corridors - 1460 33.8%
Lobby area 1 423 9.8%
Washrooms 4 176 4.1%
Store rooms 2 88 2.0%
Cleaning staff rooms 1 44 1.0%
Administration office 1 44 1.0%
Ticketing and information
1 47 1.1%
centre
Features
Shopping complex accommodates,

o 20 shops - floor area 91 m2 (per shop)
o 5 shops floor area 44 m2 (per shop)
11
The 20 large shops will be located close to the out perimeter wall of the tower base
and the 5 smaller shops will be located close to the main shaft wall.
Corridor width of 6m is provided for the visitors to move freely through the complex
Washrooms have been provided at two locations with accessible toilets (for
differently abled persons)
Floor to floor height of 6m
Two escalators are located in the lobby area close to visitor entrances which will take
them to above floors
Figure 2.6 Shopping mall
2.5.2 1st floor Exhibition centre and conference halls
The exhibition centre and the 3 conference halls have been located in the same floor as both of
these functions need a high floor to floor height. Hence a floor to floor height of 7m has been
provided. A person who is using the escalator will arrive at the exhibition centre lobby from
there he or she will be able to attend to the exhibition centre straight away or can go to the
conference hall by going through the shaft. A person using the elevator can easily access both
conference hall and exhibition centre by exiting the shaft
12
Table 2.3 Floor space allocation of first floor of tower base
Percentage of total
floor area
Conference halls 3 864 20.0%
Exhibition centre 1 1400 32.4%
Cafeteria 2 72 1.7%
Features
Conference halls
o This floor contains 3 identical conference halls with 148 fixed seating capacity
each
o Conference halls will have tiered floors
o 4 entrances; 2 near the stage and 2 at the back
o A control room and a preparation room are located behind the stage
o Sound absorbing wall material is used for the walls
o A lobby area is provided in between two conference halls
Exhibition centre
o The exhibition centre will have 2 dedicated store rooms at either sides
o 5 doors will provide access to the exhibition centre
13
Figure 2.7 Conference hall arrangement
Figure 2.8 Conference hall
14
5m width corridors and lobby areas with 8m widths have been provided in order avoid
any congestion
Two escalators are located in the lobby area close to exhibition centre entrances
2.5.3 2nd floor Office spaces and museum
The two main functions of this floor are a museum and office spaces. A floor to floor height of
4m is used for this section of the tower base. A person who is using the escalator will arrive at
the museum lobby from there he or she will be able to attend to the museum straight away or
can go to the office space area by going through the shaft and entering either of the two office
lobbies. A person using the elevator can easily access both office space and the museum by
exiting the shaft.
Table 2.4 Floor space allocation of 2nd floor of tower base
Percentage of total
floor area
Office spaces 8 1736 40.2%
Museum 1 930 21.5%
Kitchen/Dinning area 1 88 2.0%
15
Features
Corridor width of 3.5m is provided to access the office spaces

2 lobby areas have been provided for office space where clients can wait
A common kitchen/dining area for office staff has been allocated
Two escalators are located in the lobby area close to the museum entrance which will
take them to the roof top
Figure 2.9 Office space Figure 2.10 Gem museum
2.5.4 Rooftop Rooftop garden
The top most floor of the tower base will accommodate a rooftop garden where the visitors can
enjoy a nice view of the tower from the base, in a naturally cooled environment. A person
accessing the rooftop using the escalator will enter into an enclosed area where the doors will
lead him or her out on to the garden. Person using the elevator can access the rooftop garden
by exiting the shaft from any of the 4 doors.
16
Table 2.5 Floor space allocation of rooftop of tower base
Percentage of total
floor area
Entrance area (escalator) 1 100 2.3%
Walk paths - 1377 31.8%
Seating area - 747 17.3%
Greenery - 2096 48.6%
Features
Seating areas will be provided in the rooftop garden for the visitors to relax
A safety railing is fixed along the perimeter of the garden
3m width walking paths have been provided
Figure 2.11 Roof top garden
17
2.6 Tower Shaft
Tower shaft consists of two components, inner shaft and outer shaft. Outer shaft is a tapering
shaft having a diameter of 30m at the bottom and 16m at the top. It acts as the supporting
structure of the tower house. Inner shaft has a constant diameter and contains 8 elevators, a
staircase and service ducts for air conditioning, wet riser, water supply etc. 2 of the 8 elevators
facilitates vertical movement only in the tower base.
2.7 Tower House
The lowest floor of the tower house rests at a level of 223m above ground. It consists of 5 floors
including the services floor (machine room excluded). The tower house having a diameter of
36m will be fixed to the shaft by 16 concrete fins. The tower house can be accessed by the
visitors using any of the 6 elevators apart from the service elevator.
2.7.1 1st floor Observation deck
The observation deck will provide the visitors a 360 degree scenic view of the Colombo city.
This floor will be at 223m above ground level.
Figure 2.12 Observation deck
18
The whole floor is allocated for viewing purpose.
Features
This floor will be equipped with 16 coin operated binoculars

Floor to floor height 5m
2.7.2 2nd floor Revolving restaurant
Revolving restaurant is located in the 2nd floor of the tower house which is at 228m above
ground.
Table 2.6 Floor space allocation of first floor of tower house
Percentage of total
floor area
Dining area 1 454 55.6%
Kitchen 1 85 10.4%
Washrooms 4 57 7.0%
Walk-in refrigerator 1 19 2.3%
Dry storage 1 14 1.7%
Store room 1 14 1.7%
Washing area 1 22 2.7%
Reception 1 3.5 0.4%
Managers room 1 4.5 0.5%
19
Features
Floor of the restaurant rotates at a speed of one full rotation per hour
Provides a 360 panoramic view of the Colombo skyline
Seating capacity 256
o Tables for 8 5
o Tables for 4 36
o Tables for 2 36
The restaurant serves both visitors and hotel guests as well
Floor to floor height is 5m
Figure 2.13 Revolving restaurant
2.7.3 3rd floor Hotel
The luxury hotel is located above the revolving restaurant at the 3rd floor of the tower house.
Meals for the hotel guests will be served at the revolving restaurant on the floor below. A guest
will first enter into the lobby area. The reception is located in the lobby where the guests can
check-in.
20
Table 2.7 Floor space allocation of second floor of tower house
Percentage of total
floor area
Double rooms 6 228 27.9%
Family rooms 6 228 27.9%
Staff washrooms 3 10 1.2%
Staff room 2 23 2.8%
Reception 1 13 1.6%
Managers office 1 13 1.6%
Kitchen 1 32 3.9%
Store room 1 29 3.5%
Lobby 1 60 7.3%
Features
The hotel consist of 12 luxury rooms

o 6 Family rooms 2 double beds
o 6 Double rooms 1 double bed
Floor area of a room 38m2
Figure 2.14 Double room
21
Figure 2.15 Hotel room arrangement
2 washrooms and 2 lounging rooms have been provided for the hotel staff at 2
different locations
The managers office is located behind the reception desk
A small kitchen for preparing tea and snacks
3m width hallway has been provided
Floor to floor height 5m
2.8 Tower mast
The tower mast is constructed using both steel and concrete. The bottom most part of the shaft
is a hollow concrete tube and the top parts are made of steel. It is fixed to the roof slab of the
machine room. The mast will support all the telecommunication antennas. The height of the
mast is 100m.
22
2.9 Landscaping
The total land area is 8 acres out of which about 1.3 acres have been covered by the tower base.
The landscaping has been done to provide the maximum number of parking spaces and
allocating sufficient ground area with trees and grass as well.
Table 2.8 Floor space allocation of third floor of tower house
Feature Area (m2) Percentage of total area

Tower 6647 20.8%
Greenery 5277 16.5%
Water features 200 0.6%
Parking 2830 8.8%
Paved areas 2870 8.9%
Roads 14176 44.3%
Figure 2.16 Aerial view of the landscaping
Features
A 10m width paved walking path will guide the visitors to the main entrance.
4 fountains will be in the middle of the path to improve the aesthetic appearance as well
as to cool the atmosphere.
Shady trees have been planted on the sides of the main walking path towards the tower
entrance.
23
Total of 229 parking spaces have been provided
o 57 for Office, VIP and services. These slots can be used by the public after
working hours and on holidays
o 167 for general public
o 5 for large buses and trucks
Benches have been fixed along the bank of Beira lake for the visitors to relax and enjoy
the scenery.
Figure 2.17 Parking area
Figure 2.18 View of Beira Lake
24
3 FEASIBILITY STUDY
3.1 Financial feasibility
3.1.1 Cost estimation
General
Under this section, total estimated project cost of the each three alternative tower concepts
has been presented. Three initial Budget Estimates are prepared for the three concepts
developed for proposed multipurpose iconic telecommunication tower and project cost
estimations have been done on the basis of 11,740 LKR per square feet per capital works.
Functions of the tower concepts
Aim of this study is to carry out a feasibility study on three tower concepts and select the
most feasible tower concept to be further developed. All three alternative concepts will
include the same functions with the same space (area) allocated for each function except for
the second concept (Saturn tower). Saturn tower will have a differed space allocation for two
functions, namely the museum and the restaurant.
Method
Certain unit cost items are being directly taken from the present market prices and others are
being manually calculated. General rate estimated per unit area has been used as a unit cost
for first and second floors. Afterwards, for every elevation increment of 20 meters, 5% of the
above mentioned basic unit rate has been added on and arrived at the unit cost for each floor.
Tower concepts
Three alternative tower concepts have been proposed for this project. Namely they are,
1. Queen tower
2. Saturn tower
3. Star tower
Both Queen tower and Star tower will have the same functions and the same usable area for
each function. For each tower functions selected and the usable area allocated are shown
below.
25
Table 3.1: Functions and the usable area
Function Usable area ( sq. meters)

Hotel 817
Restaurant 817
Office spaces 4320
Shopping complex 4320
Observation deck 817
Exhibition center 1400
Landscaping 19000
Building services 817
Machine room 201
Telecommunication equipment 817
Parking 3000
Conference hall 864
Museum 930
Basement 4320
Rooftop garden 4320
For Saturn tower, alterations are made for the function areas. Museum is located at the tower
house with a usable area of 817 m2 and the restaurant will be located at the tower base with a
usable area of 930 m2. Others functional areas will remain the same.
Cost estimations for each tower concept is given separately below.
Queen tower
Table 3.2: Cost estimation queen tower
Unit cost
Item No Description Unit (LKR) Quantity Cost ( LKR )
1 Land cost sq.m 336,101 30,000 10,083,030,000
2 Site Clearance sq.m 6,885 30,000 206,550,000
3 Excavation cu.m 500 75,000 37,500,000
4 Foundation
piles and pile caps nos 1,300,000 96 124,800,000
26
5 parking sq.m 1,800 3,000 5,400,000
6 basement sq.m 135,000 4,320 583,156,800
7 shopping complex sq.m 105,660 4320 456,451,200
8 exhibition centre sq.m 105,660 1400 147,924,000
9 office / museum sq.m 116,226 4,320 502,096,320
10 shaft 166,790,900 1 166,790,900
11 observation deck sq.m 350,000 817 285,950,000
12 restaurant sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
13 hotel sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
telecommunication
14 sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
equipment
15 machine room sq.m 169,056 201 33,980,256
16 building services sq.m 169,056 817 138,118,752
17 transmission tower nos 387,000,000 1 387,000,000
18 roof top garden sq.m 4,320 4,750 20,520,000
19 landscaping sq.m 1,100 19,000 20,900,000
20 convention hall nos 199,872,400 3 599,617,200
Total cost 14,201,193,051
Saturn tower
Table 3.3: Cost estimation Saturn tower
Unit cost
Item No Description Unit (LKR) Quantity Cost (LKR)
1 Land cost sq.m 336,101 30,000 10,083,030,000
3 Excavation cu.m 500 75,000 37,500,000
4 Foundation
piles and pile caps nos 1,300,000 96 124,800,000
5 parking sq.m 1,800 3,000 5,400,000
6 basement sq.m 135,000 4,320 583,200,000
7 shopping complex sq.m 105,660 4,320 456,451,200
27
8 exhibition centre sq.m 105,660 1,400 147,924,000
9 office / restaurant sq.m 116,226 4,320 502,096,320
10 Shaft 166,790,900 1 166,790,900
12 museum sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
13 hotel sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
telecommunication
14 sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
equipment
15 machine room sq.m 169,056 201 33,980,256
18 landscaping sq.m 1,100 19,000 20,900,000
19 convention hall nos 199,872,400 3 599,617,200
20 roof top garden sq. m 4,320 4,750 20,520,000
Total cost 14,383,486,251
Star tower
Table 3.4: Cost estimation star tower
Item No Description Unit Unit cost Quantity Cost (LKR)

1 Land cost sq.m 336,101 30,000 10,083,030,000
3 Excavation cu.m 500 75,000 37,500,000
4 Foundation
Piles/pile caps nos 1,300,000 96 124,800,000
5 Parking sq.m 1,800 3,000 5,400,000
6 steel structure tonn 122,000 20,000 2,440,000,000
7 shopping complex sq.m 105,660 4,320 456,451,200
8 exhibition centre sq.m 105,660 1,400 147,924,000
9 office / museum sq.m 116,226 4,320 502,096,320
10 Shaft 166,790,900 1 166,790,900
28
12 restaurant sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
13 hotel sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
telecommunication
14 sq.m 163,773 817 133,802,541
equipment
15 basement sq.m 135,000 4,320 583,200,000
17 machine room sq.m 169,056 201 33,980,256
19 landscaping sq.m 1,100 19000 20,900,000
20 conference hall nos 199,872,400 3 599,617,200
21 rooftop garden sq.m 4,320 4,750 20,520,000
Total cost 16,823,486,251
3.1.2 Revenue estimation
Revenue estimation can be considered as an important and a sensitive activity area for
financial feasibility study of the tower project. When estimating the revenue for the tower
functions, premium pricing strategy was used. Revenues for each revenue center will be
generated as follows.
Tower house hotel, telecommunication tower, conference halls and the revolving restaurant
will be operated and maintained by the government. Other functions such as office spaces,
exhibition/convention hall, shopping complex space and museum space will be rented out for
a third party. Observation deck will be open for the public, and for visitors a ticket will be
issued
Revenue centers
Hotels
Hotel is located at the 4 th floor in the tower house. Hotel expands up to 817 m2 of usable
area and there are 12 rooms in the hotel. All rooms are considered to be luxury rooms and a
room occupancy of 60% is estimated. Profit markup is estimated as 40%.
29
Price of a room = 42,000 LKR
No. of rooms = 12
Room occupancy = 60 %
Estimated rooms occupied per day =12 x 60% = 7
Estimated revenue per day = 7 x 42,000 = 294,000 LKR per day
Estimated revenue per year = 294,000 x 365 = 107,310,000 LKR
Profit per year = 107,310,000 x 40% = 42,924,000 LKR
Factors that influence hotel room related assumptions
Tower head is the upper part of the tower and 4th floor of the tower house is located at
an elevation of 233 m above ground level. This factor is the main reason behind its
attractiveness.
All rooms are considered to be luxury. Hence the comfort level is high and a higher
price can be charged.
Its a symbol of prestige and an unique experience. In addition to that, the view from
the tower head may attract buyers.
Restaurants
Restaurant is located at the 2nd floor of the tower head at an elevation of 228 m. It has a total
usable area of 817 m2. Capacity of the restaurant is considered to be 256 persons and
occupancy level is estimated to be 60%. Profit markup is estimated to be 40%.
Estimated price per person = 6,750 LKR
Capacity = 256
Occupancy = 60%
Estimated number of people per day = 256 x 60% = 153
Estimated revenue per day = 153 x 6,750 = 1,032,750 LKR
30
Estimated revenue per year = 1,032,750 x 365 = 376,953,750 LKR
Factors influence restaurant prices
Tower house is the upper part of the tower and 2nd floor of the tower head is located
at an elevation of 228 m above ground level and it is a revolving restaurant. This
factor is the main reason behind its attractiveness, much like the hotel.
Restaurant is considered to be luxury. Hence the service and meals offered is luxury
and a premium price can be charged.
Its a unique experience. In addition to that, the view from the tower head may attract
customers as well as foreigners.
Shopping complex
Shopping complex is located at the 1st floor in the tower base. It has a total usable area of
4320 m2. It is a luxury shopping complex where customers can buy everything under one
roof. Profit markup is 40%.
Rent per sq.ft per month = 1,500 LKR
Rent per sq. meter per month = 13,500 LKR
Total area = 4320 m2
Revenue per year = 4320 x 13,500 x 12 = 699,840,000

LKR
Profit per year = 699,840,000 x 40%
= 279,936,000 LKR
Factors influence the prices
This shopping complex is a luxury shopping complex. Hence the rent charged will be
higher than the normal.
31
Being located at the only iconic tower in the country
There will be local and foreign customers
Office spaces and museum
Office spaces and museum have a total usable area of 4320 m2. Profit markup is considered
to be 40 %.
Rent per sq.ft per month = 1500 LKR
Revenue per year = 4320 x 13,500 x 12 = 699,840,000 LKR
Profit per year = 699,840,000x 40% = 279,936,000 LKR
Observation deck
Ticket price = 300 LKR
Estimated visitors per day = 400
Revenue per day = 300 x 400 = 120,000 LKR
Revenue per year = 120,000 x 365 = 43,800,000 LKR
32
Other revenues
Table 3.5: Other revenues
Rent ( LKR) No. of Revenue per Profit per year

functions per year ( LKR) (LKR)
year
Exhibition/convention 450,000 100 45,000,000 18,000,000
hall
Communication 2,600,000,000 1,040,000,000
tower
conference hall 1,000,000 180 180,000,000 72,000,000
Total estimated net revenue per year
Hotel = Rs. 42,924,000
Restaurant = Rs. 150,781,500
Shopping complex = Rs. 279,936,000
Office spaces = Rs. 279,936,000
Observation deck = Rs. 17,520,000
Convention hall = Rs. 18,000,000
Communication tower = Rs. 1,040,000,000
Conference hall = Rs. 72,000,000
Total net revenue = Rs. 1,901,097,500
33
For Saturn tower,
Altered revenues are show below.
Museum space
Total area = 930 m2
Restaurant
Estimated price per person = 2,250 LKR
Capacity = 290
Occupancy = 60%
Estimated number of people per day = 290 x 60% = 174
Estimated revenue per day = 174 x 2,250 = 391,500 LKR
Estimated revenue per year = 391,500 x 365 = 142,897,500 LKR
Office spaces
34
Other revenue items remains the same. Hence total net income per year for Saturn tower adds
up to 1,722,091,280 LKR.
3.1.3 Feasibility parameters and calculations
For financial feasibility calculations, below parameters are used.
Net present value

Payback period
IRR
Net Present value calculation
Net present value table for each tower concept has been shown below. Discounting rate used
for the NPV calculation is 10%. Values have been discounted for 20 years time period.
Queen tower
Table 3.6: NPV Queen tower
year Amount (LKR) d/f PV (LKR)

0 -14,201,193,051 1 -14,201,193,051
1 1,901,097,500 0.909 1,728,097,628
2 1,901,097,500 0.8264 1,571,066,974
3 1,901,097,500 0.7513 1,428,294,552
4 1,901,097,500 0.683 1,298,449,593
5 1,901,097,500 0.6209 1,180,391,438
6 1,901,097,500 0.5644 1,072,979,429
7 1,901,097,500 0.5131 975,453,127.3
8 1,901,097,500 0.4665 886,861,983.8
9 1,901,097,500 0.424 806,065,340
10 1,901,097,500 0.3855 732,873,086.3
11 1,901,097,500 0.3505 666,334,673.8
12 1,901,097,500 0.3186 605,689,663.5
13 1,901,097,500 0.2896 550,557,836
35
14 1,901,097,500 0.2633 500,558,971.8
15 1,901,097,500 0.2393 454,932,631.8
16 1,901,097,500 0.2176 413,734,206
17 1,901,097,500 0.1978 376,122,005.4
18 1,901,097,500 0.1799 341,929,095.8
19 1,901,097,500 0.1635 310,844,632.6
20 1,901,097,500 0.1486 282,586,029.6
NPV 1,982,629,845
Saturn tower
Table 3.7: NPV Saturn tower

0 -14,383,486,251 1 -14,383,486,251
1 1,722,091,280 0.909 1,565,380,974
2 1,722,091,280 0.8264 1,423,136,234
3 1,722,091,280 0.7513 1,293,807,179
4 1,722,091,280 0.683 1,176,188,344
5 1,722,091,280 0.6209 1,069,246,476
6 1,722,091,280 0.5644 971,948,318.4
7 1,722,091,280 0.5131 883,605,035.8
8 1,722,091,280 0.4665 803,355,582.1
9 1,722,091,280 0.424 730,166,702.7
10 1,722,091,280 0.3855 663,866,188.4
11 1,722,091,280 0.3505 603,592,993.6
12 1,722,091,280 0.3186 548,658,281.8
13 1,722,091,280 0.2896 498,717,634.7
14 1,722,091,280 0.2633 453,426,634
15 1,722,091,280 0.2393 412,096,443.3
16 1,722,091,280 0.2176 374,777,237
17 1,722,091,280 0.1978 340,706,579.1
36
18 1,722,091,280 0.1799 309,733,253.7
19 1,722,091,280 0.1635 281,575,685.2
20 1,722,091,280 0.1486 255,977,895.6
NPV 276,477,420
Star tower
Table 3.8: NPV star tower

0 -16,823,486,251 1 -16,823,486,251
1 1,901,097,500 0.909 1,728,097,628
2 1,901,097,500 0.8264 1,571,066,974
3 1,901,097,500 0.7513 1,428,294,552
4 1,901,097,500 0.683 1,298,449,593
5 1,901,097,500 0.6209 1,180,391,438
6 1,901,097,500 0.5644 1,072,979,429
7 1,901,097,500 0.5131 975,453,127.3
8 1,901,097,500 0.4665 886,861,983.8
9 1,901,097,500 0.424 806,065,340
10 1,901,097,500 0.3855 732,873,086.3
11 1,901,097,500 0.3505 666,334,673.8
12 1,901,097,500 0.3186 605,689,663.5
13 1,901,097,500 0.2896 550,557,836
14 1,901,097,500 0.2633 500,558,971.8
15 1,901,097,500 0.2393 454,932,631.8
16 1,901,097,500 0.2176 413,734,206
17 1,901,097,500 0.1978 376,122,005.4
18 1,901,097,500 0.1798 341,929,095.8
19 1,901,097,500 0.1635 310,844,632.6
20 1,901,097,500 0.1486 282,586,029.6
NPV -639663355
37
Payback period calculation
Table 3.9: Payback period
Tower initial investment Net income per year Payback period

Queen 14,201,193,051 1,901,097,500 7.5
Saturn 14,383,486,251 1,722,091,280 8.4
Construction periods are estimated as below;
Concept 1: Queen Tower 2.5 years

Concept 2: Saturn Tower 3.5years
Concept 3: Star Tower 4 years
Comparison of three concepts
Table 3.10: Comparison of concepts
Tower Concept Estimated cost NPV (LKR) Construction period

(LKR)
Queen tower 14,201,193,051 1,982,629,845 2.5 years
Saturn tower 14,412,286,251 247,677,420 3.5 years
Star tower 16,852,286,251 -668,463,355 4 years
Queen tower has the lowest estimated cost, construction duration and the highest net present
value. Construction cost of the Star tower is the highest and also it shows a negative net
present value. Saturn tower also has a positive net present value but not high as Queen
towers net present value. In addition to that, Queen tower has the lowest payback period of
7.5 years.
When comparing the above parameters, Queen tower can be selected as the most feasible and
financially worthwhile alternative for further development.
38
IRR calculation
IRR calculation has been done for Queen Tower for further confirmation. Considered rates
are 10% and 13%. NPV relationship is considered as linear.
Table 3.11: IRR Queen tower
year Amount (LKR) d/f (10%) PV d/f (13%) PV

0 -14,201,193,051 1 -14,201,193051 1 -14,201,193,051
1 1,901,097,500 0.909 1,728,097,628 0.8849 1,682,387,168
2 1,901,097,500 0.8264 1,571,066,974 0.7831 1,488,838,202
3 1,901,097,500 0.7513 1,428,294,552 0.6930 1,317,555,931
4 1,901,097,500 0.683 1,298,449,593 0.6133 1,165,978,700
5 1,901,097,500 0.6209 1,180,391,438 0.5427 1,031,839,557
6 1,901,097,500 0.5644 1,072,979,429 0.4803 913,132,351.7
7 1,901,097,500 0.5131 975,453,127.3 0.4250 808,081,727.2
8 1,901,097,500 0.4665 886,861,983.8 0.3761 715,116,572.7
9 1,901,097,500 0.424 806,065,340 0.3328 632,846,524.5
10 1,901,097,500 0.3855 732,873,086.3 0.2945 560,041,172.2
11 1,901,097,500 0.3505 666,334,673.8 0.2606 495,611,656.8
12 1,901,097,500 0.3186 605,689,663.5 0.2307 438,594,386.5
13 1,901,097,500 0.2896 550,557,836 0.2041 388,136,625.2
14 1,901,097,500 0.2633 500,558,971.8 0.1806 343,483,739.2
15 1,901,097,500 0.2393 454,932,631.8 0.1598 303,967,910.8
16 1,901,097,500 0.2176 413,734,206 0.1414 268,998,151.1
17 1,901,097,500 0.1978 376,122,005.4 0.1252 238,051,461.2
18 1,901,097,500 0.1798 341,929,095.8 0.1108 210,665,009.9
19 1,901,097,500 0.1635 310,844,632.6 0.0980 186,429,212.3
20 1,901,097,500 0.1486 282,586,029.6 0.0867 164,981,603.8
NPV 1982629845 NPV -846455388
39
Discounting factor and NPV relationship
Table 3.12: Discount rate vs NPV
Discount rate NPV (LKR)

10 %
1982629845
13 %
-846455388
IRR = 10 + (1982629845/(1982629845+846455388)) x 3
= 10 + 2.1
= 12.1 %
2.5E+09
2E+09
1.5E+09
1E+09
NPV
NPV
500000000 Linear (NPV)
0
0% 2% 4% 6% 8% 10% 12% 14%
-5E+08
-1E+09
discount rate
Figure 3.1: NPV vs discount rate
3.1.4 Estimated completion percentages of Queen tower
Table 3.13: Estimated completion percentages
Elapsed time Percentage completed

1 year 30%
2 year 90%
2.5 year 100%
40
4 ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
4.1 General
Approval from the Central Environmental Authority (CEA) is a major requirement for a project
to proceed with the works. To get the approval from the CEA, project proponent needs to submit
an EIA or IEE (Initial Environmental Examination) or none. This will depend on the governing
laws and by the committee appointed by the CEA. In the EIA process it is required to conduct a
comprehensive evaluation of the environmental issues that would generate due to the project.
Each and every issue need to be address in detail to convince what are the most critical issues
and how they are going to be treated, whether this method of addressing the issue is adequate to
minimise the adverse impacts. For and EIA it is required to evaluate few alternatives as well.
Alternatives in terms of the location for the project, method of construction, available other
alternatives rather than the accepted project and etc. For each and every alternative it is required
to carry out evaluation in terms of the environmental impacts, social impacts and etc. Appropriate
mitigation methods also need to be address for the approval of EIA. Not only the mitigation
methods but also the monitoring programmes need to be mentioned and implement, because
mitigation methods are no use if they do not function well. Therefore, method of monitoring the
mitigation methods is an important part in the EIA. Finally the approved EIA report should
publish to the public. The content of the EIA will be decided by the committee appointed by the
CEA. Committee will decide which area to be evaluate comprehensively and which area to be
evaluate a little.
EIA is the top most action that in the process of addressing the environmental issues due to the
project. If the impact is not too much severe, it is enough to prepare an IEE instead of an EIA.
Whether to go for an IEE or EIA will be decided by the committee appointed by the CEA. IEE
process is same as the EIA process, but not comprehensive as EIA process. No need of evaluating
the alternatives for IEE process. What to include in the IEE will be discussed by the committee
during the scoping sessions. IEE need no to be published to the public.
There are some projects which an EIA or IEE is not required to process. Then for these projects
sometimes it is enough to prepare an environmental report.
Somehow it is clear that it is very important to consider about the impacts to the environment
due to the project and address the issues appropriately to mitigate the issues.
41
4.2 Whether an EIA/IEE is required or not?
According to the CEA, EIA process will be applied only to Prescribe Projects (PP) as specified
in Gazette Extra-Ordinary No. 772/22 of 24th June 1993 and No. 1104/22 dated 5th November
1999 (List of prescribe projects was amended by the later Gazette).
Above mentioned Gazettes describes the Prescribe Projects under three sections. Those are as
follows.
Schedule part 1
This part of the schedule includes the Coast conservation act No.57 of 1981 and it describes
32 facts. This tower project does not comes under the projects describe in the part 1 of the
schedule.
Schedule part 2
Part 2 of the schedule contains the industries that need to consider for an EIA.
Schedule part 3
Part 3 of the schedule contains the areas described for the consideration of the EIA process.
The projects describes in the Part 2 need to lie wholly or partly with in the areas described in
the schedule part 3 to carry out the EIA process.
Above mentioned facts are legally binding to do an EIA. But apart from that the committee
appointed by the CEA can decide whether to proceed with an EIA /IEE. If there is no need of
EIA process, an environmental report may be prepared.
The existing project is not a Prescribed Project. Hence there is no need of an EIA or IEE. But it
is decided to prepare an environmental report after considering the available environment with
in the area and expected construction methods and activities.
Finally an environmental report is going to considering the following areas.
Existing environment of the area. ( Existing trees and animals)

Construction activities and impacts to the existing environment due to the construction
activities
Impacts to the environment after starting the processing of the project.
42
Mitigation measures to overcome the impacts to the environment
Monitoring programme to make sure the proper processing of the mitigation measures
Prior to the process it is important to have an overall idea about the construction location.
4.3 Construction location
Construction location
Figure 4.1 Birds eye view of the construction site
According to the above figure, it is sure that the construction location is bounded by the Baere
lake from one side of the site and other areas are highly congested with the building roads and
railway tracks. Though this is a congested are, still considerable amount of large trees can be
identified with in the area.
Since one boundary of the site is Beira Lake, lots of habitats can be expected from the area.
Therefore it is worthwhile to consider the existing flora and fauna of the area in the report. Socio
economic factors also need to be address since the site is located in congested area.
Based on the above observations, neighbouring buildings need to be protected during the
construction period. Actions need to be taken to protect any habitats available and considerable
amount of other factors also need to be address as described in the later sections.
43
4.4 Features of the existing environment of the are
1.) Identifies flora of the area

Mango (Mangifera indica)
Coconut trees (Cocos nucifera)
Kottan (Terminalia catappa)
Weta Mara (Gliricidia sepium)
Ipil Ipil (Leucaena leucocephala)
Kohomba (Azadirachta indica)
Pehimbiya (Filicium decipiens)
Araliya (Plumeria obtuse)
Bo trees(Ficus religiosa)
Mai mara (Delonix regia)
Wara (Calotropis gigantiea)
Gandapana (Lantana camara)
Figure 4.2 Trees around the site
2.) Identified birds in the area

Indian Robin Saxicoloides fulicata
Oriental Magpie Robin (Copsychus saularis)
Common Mayna (Acridotheres tristis)
44
Spotted Dove (Streptopelia chinensis)
Spot Billed Pelicon (Pelecanus philippensis)
Indian Pond Heron (Ardeola grayii)
Brahmani kite (Haliaspur indus)
Laya Sudu Pilihuduwa (Halcyon smyrnnsis)
Cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis)
Domestic pigeon (Colubma livia)
Common Swallow (Hirundo rustica)
White breasted water hen (Amaurornis thoenicurus)
Figure 4.3 Koka identified from the

site
3.) Identified fishes in the lake

Tilapia is dominating in the lake and other types also available
4.) Identified soil types in the site

Sandy clay
Muck
Silty clay
Sand ( Fine to medium)
Quartzite
Peat
Figure 4.4 Peat soil
Peaty clay
Clay
45
5.) Water quality of the lake from 1997 to 2009
Table 4.1 Water quality ofhe lake from 1997 to 2009
Parameter Water Quality (during 1997-2009)
pH 5.6 7.3
Conductivity(dS/m) 0.17-3.3
Turbidity(NTU) 2-7
Ammonia (mg/l) 0.8-4.2
Nitrates (mg/l) 0.3-3.1
Phosphates (mg/l) 0.4-3.4
DO (mg/l) 1.2-4.5
BOD (mg/l) 10-38
COD (mg/l) 23-75
Due to time availability not only the site investigations but the literature reviews also done to
identify the important environmental features within the area. Base on those studies above
mentioned plants and animals were found. Soil types of the area also identified and it is manly
the peat soil. Based on the investigation done based on the literature reviews and site
investigations, following conclusions can be obtained.
Lots of trees can be found near the site area

Considerable amount of habitats are located along the bank of the Baere lake
Important buildings are located near the site
Water from the lake cannot be used for drinking purposes
Main purpose of the lake is to drain the flood water from the area
Though the water from the lake does not use for the drinking purposes, various kind of
fishes are there in the lake they need to be protected
Main soil type of the site is peat soil which is having a low soil strength
46
Above identified factors were used when finalising the environmental report for the project.
Figure 4.5 Water in the lake
4.5 Environmental report
4.5.1 Anticipated impacts to the environment due to the construction activities
Investigations and literature reviews revealed the important environmental features in the area.
When considering these environmental features, few possible impacts can be anticipated due to
the construction activities that going to occur during the construction phase of the project. Those
impacts can be identified as follows,
1.) Dust generation due to vehicle movement within the site and due heavy machine
operation
There are lots of buildings around the site. When dust generates due to construction
activities, those neighbouring buildings can be disturbed by the dust. Activities within
the building will be affected due to dust since it makes people uncomfortable. Not only
the neighbouring buildings but the road nearby also gets affected by the dust. It makes
pedestrians uncomfortable. Not only to the society, but the nature also may be affected.
If the dust reaches the lake it may affect the fish species in the lake. As per the
investigations there are lots of habitats along the lake bank. Therefore when dust
generates, animals will get affected and they will lose their habitats which makes a
serious situation.
47
2.) Lose of tree due to construction
As per the data available there are lots of big trees around the site. Within the site also
there are few big trees. These trees surely removed by the construction activities. Prior to
the removal of these trees some precaution should be prepared to minimise the effect to
the trees of come up with a new suggestion as solution for the impact
3.) Lose of habitats near the bank of the lake due to construction activities
Information reveals that there are considerable amount of species with in the lake and
along the bank. That means there are lots of habitats along the bank. When construction
activities proceed near to the bank of the lake, those species will lose their habitats. Hence
species will be swept out from the area. Therefore it is a serious issue to address.
4.) Noise and vibration generation due to heavy vehicle movement

There can be a huge noise since lots of heavy vehicles are to be operated during the
construction. This will affect the routines of the neighbouring buildings. Hence this
problem also needs to be address.
5.) Impacts due to in proper waste disposal.

Construction site is a place where lots of wastes generate. Construction wastes can be
identified as excessive concrete and mortar, steel, wood, packing attached with materials,
chemicals use in the constructions and etc. Other waste types can be identified as wastes
generates due to human activities. Since the labour camp is inside the site this waste
generation is high and this issue needs to be address very carefully. Excavated soil also
will be construction waste which needs to be taken care. All these waste can affect the
fishes as well as the other animals and habitats near to the lake.
4.5.2 Anticipated impacts when the tower is operating after the completion
Mainly the attention should be drawn towards the waste generation with in the tower. Because
there are lots of office spaces and there is hotel and a restaurant as well. There for the waste
generation should be considered carefully and appropriate actions should be taken. Other impact
that can be anticipated is, harm to the lake due to human activities. People can throw things to
the lake and dispose can be added to the lake. Other than this the major impacts that can be
48
anticipated is traffic generation due to the tower. Since there are lots habitats near to the lake,
animals can be put in to a danger situation due to human activities. When considering the social
impacts due to the project, there may be a possibility of considerable social impacts like loss of
houses, impacts to the culture of the area since there are lots of activities in the tower and etc.
Therefore it is very important to consider the impacts when the tower starts its operations.
4.5.3 Mitigation measures
After analysing and discussing with relevant parties, mitigation actions for above impacts have
been finalised. Those mitigation actions can be identified as follows,
1.) To prevent dust generation water is to be sprayed at least twice per day. Water spraying
times will be decided according to the requirement. To protect the neighbouring buildings from
the dust, a wall which is higher than the roof level of the single storey buildings is to be installed
around the site.
2.) Only two or three trees are there in the site. One of it is going to cut for the constructions.
For that 5 more plants are going to plant along the bank. Since dust generation has reduced,
impacts to the trees from the dust will be minimised.
3.) Since there are lots of habitats very close to the bank, an area which is 5m towards the
land from the lake is to be prohibited for any activities. Moving to that area also strictly
prohibited.
4.) Noise and the vibration due heavy vehicle movement is the other problem with the site.
To reduce the noise moving out to the site an insulation method is to be installed with the wall
which is going to construct for dust protection. For piling purposes a silent piling machine is to
be used. To reduce the vibration that experience by the other buildings due to heavy vehicle
movement, project is going to plan in a way that the heavy vehicle movements are minimum.
5.) Waste disposal is the most critical issue to discuss and pay more attention. To address
the construction waste, a waste management plan is to be prepared and implemented by
addressing the following matters.
49
a. How to dispose excess concrete and how to reduce concrete waste
i. Method of buying bulk quantities rather buying materials with packaging
materials
b. The method of disposing used lubricants
c. Availability of recycling the waste metal
d. Arrangement to separately stack the construction wastes
e. Proper plan to minimise the construction waste generation and etc.
Special waste management plan is to be implemented to prevent the lake contaminated

with various chemical wastes and other contaminants.
When considering the human waste most suitable and appropriate method to control
waste generated by human is to implement the 5S philosophy within the site and strictly
manage that system by having a fine system for the people who do not comply with it.
6.) Since there are no residential buildings no rehabilitation is required. It seems like some
cultural effect may occur in the society due to foreign arrival to the hotel at the tower.
But currently there are 5stars hotels around the area, which means lots of foreigners in
the area from the past. But there are no such cultural issues in the area. Instead
infrastructure facility in the area will increase and land price will be increase. This is a
positive impact of the project. Therefore social impact is somewhat minimum due to the
project.
4.5.4 Monitoring programme
Following simple steps have been decided as the monitoring steps to ensure the proper processing
of mitigation methods.
1.) Basic step is to document the mitigation methods and mage a date records for each
mitigation action and monitor the records to check whether the intended outcome is
achieved.
2.) To prevent the water in the lake get contaminated, it is proposed to test the water samples
from at least three places of the lake at the beginning of the project and keep it as the
reference and then check the water quality periodically from those three points. If any
adverse results are there remedial actions need to be taken.
50
3.) Animals in the area should be determined prior to the project. During the construction
process after required actions has been taken to protect animals, statics of the animals in
the area should be checked with the relevant authorities. If the animals are reducing there
a mistake in the protecting method and remedial actions need to be taken.
4.) 5S concept should be checked daily and records should be maintained regarding the
process.
4.5.5 Conclusion
All these impacts and mitigation methods are pre-identified items. Wen proceeding with the
project there may be various new situations which harm the environment badly. These impacts
needs to be address at that moment and required remedial actions should be taken to mitigate the
impact. Relevant monitoring methods also need to be implemented and maintain. If these impacts
are minimised adverse effects to the environment can be reduced to a considerable level.
51
5 TRAFFIC IMPACT ASSESSMENT
5.1 Introduction
The TIA is a complete assessment of how the moving of vehicles due to the proposed
development might affect the road network in the vicinity of the development. A traffic impact
assessment was done to forecast the traffic behavior of the road network in the D.R.
Wijewardena road with respect to the proposed development of Multipurpose Iconic
Telecommunication Tower. This was done to discuss the positive impacts as well as negative
impacts due to the proposed development.
5.2 General data collection in existing conditions
The following surveys were carried out to review the existing condition of the road net work
in the vicinity of the proposed development. In a TIA it is recommended to consider up to 500m
away from the development for the assessment.
Site location and land use
Existing traffic conditions and road network
Traffic flows
Traffic management
Traffic and pedestrian safety consideration
Public transport
5.2.1 Site Location and land use
Legend:
(4) (1)-proposed tower
(2)-Site
(2) (3)Bere Lake

(4)Neighbor project
(1)
(3)
52
The site is located close by the D.R.Wijewardena road (type AC road, AC 006) and back side
boundary is Bere Lake. Access to the tower will provide by this road and necessary detail of
site location will give the map attached in Annex A. The land around the proposed site for
tower
Can be considered as developed area and there are some development projects happening
vicinity to the proposed site.
5.2.2 Existing Road Network
D.R.Wijewardena road is one of the major arterial roads which connect Maradana and Fort
and normally it is congested during the mornings and the evenings. The road section vicinity
to the proposed development is not controlled by traffic signals. But there are sign boards to
control the traffic and direct the drivers. There are four lanes in the road and it is a two
directional road. There is approximately 155 cm width center meridian which separate both
sides provide two lanes for one side.
Table 6.5.1: Existing road network
Road No. of lanes Classification Authority

D.R.Wijewardena road Two way two lane Type AC road Colombo
highway with AC-006 municipal
average lane with of council
3.5 m
5.2.3 Traffic Flows
Traffic volumes on D.R.Wijewardena road near to the proposed multi-purpose iconic tower
site were collected in order to identify the present traffic condition on the existing road. Manual
traffic counts undertaken on 07th of November 2013. Traffic counts were conducted from 7.45
am to 9.30 am and traffic count was taken considering both directions that are form Maradana
side to fort and fort side to Maradana. Details of the traffic survey can be given as follows.
53
From: Maradana Date: 07-11-2013
To: Fort
Table 6.5.2: Traffic Survey data from Maradana to Fort
Time Light Vehicle Heavy Vehicle Others

Motor Three Car/ Van/Jeep/ Buses Freight R.V.
Vehicles/
Cycle Wheel Saloon Pick-up
Lorries
7.45- 95 46 95 54 29 2 -
8.00
8.00- 96 37 115 30 25 2 -
8.15
8.15- 117 44 109 21 22 3 -
8.30
8.30- 133 58 137 31 27 5 -
8.45
8.45- 93 62 104 44 32 12 -
9.00
9.00- 89 70 143 57 32 6 -
9.15
9.15- 80 57 115 61 25 13 -
9.30
703 374 818 298 192 43 Total=2431
From: Fort Date: 07-11-2013

To: Maradana
Table 6.5.3: Traffic Survey data from Fort to Maradana
Time Light Vehicle Heavy Vehicle Others

Motor Three Car/ Van/Jeep/ Buses Freight R.V.
Vehicles/
Cycle Wheel Saloon Pick-up
Lorries
7.45- 19 25 23 35 30 10
8.00
8.00- 30 39 42 31 28 7
8.15
8.15- 18 22 41 38 37 11
8.30
8.30- 18 40 49 33 30 9
8.45
8.45- 21 33 48 42 23 9
9.00
9.00- 23 47 46 27 33 12
9.15
54
9.15- 25 47 52 47 25 8
9.30
154 253 301 253 206 66 Total=1223
Directional Split = 67/33
According to the traffic survey data it can be clearly stated that the high amount of traffic is
generated by the privet cars (33.6%). Also the traffic generated by the motor cycles (29%) and
three wheels (15.4%) are considerable. The amount of heavy freight vehicles (1.7%) and
recreational vehicles are comparatively very low and the traffic generated due to the buses
(7.9%) is also considerable.
5.2.4 Capacity analysis of existing road
Table 6.5.4: Details of road
Description Value
Number of lanes 4 lanes, 2 lanes per each direction
Lane width 3.5m
Shoulder width 4.6m
Terrain type Level terrain
Directional split 67/33
Table 6.5.5: Vehicle amount in 15 minute intervals
Time slot Number of

vehicles
7.45 am-8.00 am 321
8.00 am-8.15 am 305
8.15 am-8.30 am 316
8.30 am-8.45 am 391
8.45 am-9.00 am 347
9.00 am-9.15 am 397
9.15 am-9.30 am 351
55
Peak hour = 8.30 am-9.30 am
Volume = 1486 veh/hr
V 15 = 397
Calculation of Peak Hour Factor (PHF)

V15 = 397
V = 1486
PHF = V/ (V15 x 4)
=1486/(397 x 4)
= 0.934
=0.94
FFS=BFFS-fLW-fLC-fN-fID
BFFS= 110 km/hr (Urban-HCM 2000)
Lane Width = 3.5m

fLW = 1.0 km/hr (Exhibit 21.4;HCM 2000)
Shoulder Width (Avg.) = 4.7m

fLC = 0.0 (Exhibit 21.4;HCM 2000)
Since there are no interchanges in considered road segment take,

fID =0.0
Number of lanes (one direction) =2

fN = 7.3 km/hr
FFS =110-1.0-7.3
=101.7 km/h
V
VP =
PHF N fHV fP
fp=1.0 , N=2, PHF = 0.94, V=1486
56
1
fHV =
1 + PT (ET 1) + PR (ER 1)
PR = 0
PT = 209/2431 =0.0859
ET = 1.5 (level terrain)
1
fHV =
1 + 0.0859 (1.5 1)
fHV = 0.96
1486
=
0.94 2 0.96 1
Vp = 823.34 pc/hr/ln
FFS = 63.19 mph

3400 30FFS = 1504.3 > Vp
S = FFS
S = 101.7 km/hr
D = 824/101.7 = 8.10
LOS = B
So existing level of service of the road is B
Maximum service rate at LOS E
FFS Vp
110 2350
101.7 Vp
100 2300
Vp = 2308.5 = 2309 pc/hr/ln

V
2309 =
0.94x2x0.96x1
V = 4168 veh/hr
So another 2186 vehicles can be added before it reaches it maximum service rate.
57
5.2.5 Traffic management
The traffic on the D.R.Wijewardena road which is four lane highways, two lanes per each
direction is managed well by the separation the two ways by a center meridian which is having
a width of approximately 155 cm along its full length of the road segment. U turning is allowed
in only few locations of the road. There are pedestrian crossings nearby the site which can ease
for the pedestrians to cross the road and come to the tower. Normally in peak hours the traffic
is controlled by the police and there are sign boards available along the road. There are
restrictions for on-street parking and there are few parking spaces available at the edge of the
road. The average shoulder width of the road segment is 4.6 m and it supports to easy and safe
moving to the pedestrians and also if there is an emergency case of breakdown of a vehicle this
space will be really helpful not to occur traffic congestions due to those mentioned problems.
5.2.6 Traffic and pedestrians safety consideration
Normally road markings and sign boards are maintaining well in this road and it will leads the
proper safe of pedestrians as same as drivers. The shoulder is very large having average width
of 4.6 m and it will verify the safer moving of the pedestrians. Also it is an advantage for the
drivers because they do not want to highly think about the pedestrians moving close by the
road. The drainage system is properly maintained and there wont be any issues related to
drainage system. Parking on the street is not allowed and there are few parking spaces adjacent
to the road which each can easily accommodate for five or six cars at once.
Condition of the existing road surface is comparatively good enough for comfortable travel.
There are few places that the road surface deteriorated but all of them are not to be highly
considered. Since this road is belongs to Colombo municipal council, they are properly
maintaining this road and it is the reason for good road pavement.
The only major issue that we encountered throughout the survey is there are no proper bus stop
sign boards at some bus stopping places. Also bus drivers stops there buses everywhere to
pickup and drop people and it will be a big issue for the other drivers.
From the above mentioned factors it can be clearly stated that there were no considerable
58
amount of safety issues related to the road users and authorities maintaining those conditions
of the road, walkways, drainage, sign boards well which is leads to comfortable and safe travel
along the road.
5.2.7 Public Transportation
Public transportation in this area basically satisfies by two methods that is bus transportation
and railway transportation. When consider the D.R. Wijewardena road there are several buses
representing several bus routes in operation. The bus routes operating in this road are, Fort-
Nugegoda/Udahamulla (113), Pettah- Horana/ Piliyandala/ Kesbewa (120), Pettah-
Awissawella (122), Pettah- Padukka/ Ingiriya (125), Pettah- Bandaragama (162). There are two
bus halts along the road vicinity to the proposed tower site and most of the busses travel in both
directions tends to stop at both bus halts in order to people get in and get down.
Considering about the railway transportation the Maradana railway station is the nearest
railway station to the proposed site and from there people can take a bus or they can have a
walk to come to the tower for their purposes. Or else people can use Fort railway station in they
can easily pick bus from there.
5.3 Project Description
5.3.1 Type of project
Propose multipurpose iconic telecommunication tower project is spread over the 33000 m2 of
the land including tower area, parking area, recreational area, roads etc. But the tower base area
is 17278m2. Since this tower is multipurpose tower it is not only focusing for the
telecommunication purposes but also for other purposes. Mainly this tower is use for office
spaces, hotels, restaurants, museum, exhibition hall, conference halls, reception halls and
observation flat form. Also ground area is use for recreational purposes and parking.
59
5.3.2 Parking requirement and availability
According to City of Colombo Development Plan; annexure ii of schedule iii, parking

requirement can be calculate. For a telecommunication tower like our project, there are no
proper regulations provided on that plan. Since this is a multipurpose telecommunication tower
this facilitates lot of functions on it. By considering those functions parking can be design for
the standard vehicles, commercial vehicles and multi axel commercial vehicles like trucks.
According to the calculations given in Annex C there should be 242 parking slots for standard
vehicles, 13 slots for commercial vehicles and 2 parking slots for trucks. Minimum bay size
for a car is 2.5m4.8m for a commercial vehicle it is 3.6m10m and for a truck it should be
3.6m18m, therefore considering minimum requirements the minimum parking bay area
would be 3501.2 m2.
There were few assumptions that I had made in calculations.
For exhibition center I have assumed that as office category and conference hall as
auditorium.
There are only 13 rooms in the hotel and here we provided 13 slots for standard vehicles.
There is no requirement of slots for trucks according to the calculations but here we
provided 2 parking slots for trucks concerning about the building services etc.
5.3.3 Traffic / Trip generation
Trip generation is given in the following table.
Table 6.5.6: Trip generation
Units Parkin Trips/day Maximum no of

g (to and from) trips
spaces
Shopping 88 4-6 6*88 528
complex
Exhibition 33 2 2*33 66
center
Office and 22 2 2*22 44
museum
Conference 16 2 2*16 32
hall
Observation 10 2-4 4*10 40
deck
60
Restaurants 51 2-4 4*51 204
Hotel 14 2 2*14 28
Radio and 5 2 2*5 10
telecommunic
ation
equipment
room
Building 5 2 2*5 10
service room
(Top)
Machine room 5 2 2*5 10
Building 6 2 2*6 12
service room
(Bottom)
Additional 2 2 2*2 4
The total trip generation to and from the tower are 988 per day
The total two way traffic volume in the highway road = 25478
The existing 12 hour traffic flow on D.R.Wijewardena road is 25478 vehicles. Future demand
due to proposed multi-purpose telecommunication tower will be 988 vehicles/day. This is
around 3.9% of the existing traffic on D.R.Wijewardena road. Under current conditions
D.R.Wijewardena road has the capability of 2084 vehicles/lane/hour. So the future traffic
demands due to the proposed tower project will be treated effectively.
5.4 Recommendations
5.4.1 Parking arrangement and onsite vehicle movement
According to the City of Colombo Plan Annexure ii of schedule iii there should be 257 parking
slots have to be provided. Due to the tower arrangement, land escaping, road network inside,
recreational space providing the required parking slots is a difficult task. We can only provide
227 parking spaces. Hence another 30 parking slots should be provide in the adjacent land area
outside the tower site.
61
Considering the lad availability and the aesthetic appearance inside the site we have permitted
only one way circulation inside the site. The in and out to the tower can be provided from
D.R.Wijewardena road. Proper signal boards should be provide to inform drivers to move
around and inform about the relevant parking areas. The parking on the internal road should be
highly restricted.
Other recommendation to maintain better parking and circulation;
Separate parking slots as VIP parking and public parking to maintain a proper
service inside the site.
Well trained people should employ for the control and facilitate the vehicular
movement.
Use smart features like parking slot indicator at the entrance.
5.4.2 Offsite vehicle movement
Since we are going to provide entrance and the exit from the D.R.Wijewardena road it is
important to consider about the vehicular movement in that road. So that significant disturbance
to the main flow can occur due to that. Vehicles willing to travel Pettah direction can flow the
road itself and vehicles willing to travel Maradana direction can use the U turn facility
provided.
Suggestions control the offsite vehicular movement
Roads signs and road markings in nearby roads should be updated and maintained.
Bus halts should be shift away from the entrance and exit to the site.
Provide pedestrian walkway with a protective guard rails because this development
will increase the number of pedestrians.
Provide fly over across the road to cross the road.
62
6 BUILDING SERVICES DESIGN
6.1 Introduction
Design of building services also one of the important parts to be designed properly in high rise
tower. Building services should be provided in a way to satisfy the people needs inside the
tower without distracting their day to day activities. It was designed the following building
services to our telecommunication tower.
1) Vertical Circulation of the building
a) Lift system
b) Escalator
c) Stair way
2) Water supply system.
3) Waste disposal system
a) Above ground Waste disposal system
b) Below ground Waste disposal
c) Solid waste disposal system
4) Storm water collection
5) Firefighting system
6) Electricity supply system
7) Air-conditioning system
8) Security facilities design
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6.2 Basic Engineering Assumptions
Hotel = 2 people per room
Conference Hall = 2 m2 per person
Exhibition center = 4 m2 per person
Shopping complex = 2 m2 per person
Museum = 5 m2 per person
Offices = 10 m2 per person
Observation deck = 4 m2 per person
6.3 Expected population
Table 6-1 expected population
floor population
Tower base Ground floor 1500
1st floor 800
2nd floor 450
3rd floor 800
Tower house 1st floor 200
2nd floor 250
3rd floor 50
4th floor 50
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6.4 Vertical Circulation of the tower
This tower consists of two main sections. They are tower base and tower house. Design the lift
system for tall towers like this is most difficult and more critical.We planned to use lifts,
escalators and stair cases to provide more efficient system. There are two lift zones. First zone
will carry people and goods to the tower house. Another lift system will carry people to the
roof top of tower base. People can use escalators to move from ground floor to 3 rd floor of
tower base. Stair case is provided for an emergency situation.
6.4.1 Lift design for tower house
Total population
1. Observation platform- 200

2. Revolving restaurant- 250
3. Hotel- 50
4. Radio equipment -50
% population in 5 minutes
1. Observation platform= 16*200/100 =32

2. Revolving restaurant= 12*250/100 =30
3. Hotel = 12*50/100 =6
4. Radio equipment =12*50/100 =6
Total population in 5 minutes =74
Interval should between 30-45 s
Select capacity as 12 with an interval of 37 s
Round trip time with a speed of 4m/s = 60+ (5-3.6)*2*4/4 + 221*2/4 = 173.3 s
Number of lifts = 173.3/37 = 4.7 lifts
Provide 5 lifts + 1 lift for services
Total number of lifts = 6
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6.4.2 Lifts design for roof top
Extimated number of people =800

Total population in 5 minutes =800*16/100 = 128
Interval should between 30-45 s
Select capacity as 20 with an interval of 38 s
Lift speed = 4m/s
Round trip time with a speed of 4m/s = 70+ (7-3.6)*2/4 + (6-3.6)*2/4 + (4-3.6)*2/4
= 73.1s
Number of lifts = 73.1/38 = 1.92 lifts
Provide 2 lifts
Lift wall thickness = 200mm
6.4.3 Design details of escalators
Use for ground floor to 3nd floor floor to floor height 7m

Estimated number of people = 2050
Escalator speed select as 0.5m/s
Escalator angel select as 300
Step width = 1m
Nominal truss width = 1.53m
Pit width = 1.6m
Rise = 100mm
Going = 250mm
6.4.4 Stair case
Stair width = 1.2m

Sair case angle = 30o
Stair case length = 12.1m (floor to floor height 7m)
Rise = 150mm
Going = 150mm
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6.5 Water Supply System
Water supply to the high rise towers is expected to provide from an underground sump.
Initially the water from sump is pumped to the break pressure tanks and distribute to the pipe
line.
6.6 Water demand calculation
Basic engineering assumptions
Observation deck = 45 l per person per day
Shopping complex, museum, exhibition centre = 30 l per person per day
Offices = 45 l per person per day
Restaurant = 25 1 per meal
Hotels = 240 l per person per day
6.6.1 Water requirement for tower base (per day)
Ground floor
Population = 1500
Daily requirement of water = 1500*30 = 45000 l
1st floor
Population = 800
2nd floor
Population = 450
Daily requirement of water = 200*45 + 250*30 = 16500 l
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3rd floor
Population = 800
7.1.1.1 Water requirement for tower house (per day)

1st floor
Population = 200
2nd floor
Population = 250
3rd floor
Population = 50
4th floor
Population = 50
Total water demand = 169750 l = 170 m3
6.6.2 Capacity of the Sump
Usually the capacity of the Sump is designed to satisfy the two day demand of water.
The water demand = 170 m3 per day.
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Two day demand = 340 m3
The height of the Sump = 4m
The floor area = 340/4 =85 m2
The dimension of the sump = 8m x 11m
6.6.3 Capacity of the Break Pressure tank
The capacity of the break pressure tank is considered as the half day water demand. The break
pressure tanks are located at 3rd floor of tower base and 5th floor of tower house. It can serve
for below floors at the same time.
Water requirement per day for tower base = 121.5 m3
Half a day water demand = 61 m3
The height of the break pressure tank = 3m
The floor area = 61/3 = 20.33 m2
The dimension of the tank = 4.6m x 4.6m
Water requirement per day for tower house = 48.25 m3
Half a day water demand = 24.13 m3
The height of the break pressure tank = 3m
The floor area =24.13/3 = 8.05 m2
The dimension of the tank = 3m x 3m
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6.6.4 Schematic diagram of water supply system
Figure 6.1 schematic diagram of water supply system
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6.6.5 Design of appliances (British Standard 6465-1 2006)
Male: female = 1:1
Tower base
Table 6-2 appliances for tower base and tower house
floor Appliances males females

ground Water closets 8 12
Urinals 6 0
Wash basins 10 12
Cleaners sink 1 1
1 Water closets 8 10
Urinals 6 0
Wash basins 10 10
Cleaners sink 1 1
2 Water closets 8 10
Urinals 6 0
Wash basins 8 10
Cleaners sink 1 1
Tower house
floor Appliances males females

1 Water closets 2 3
Urinals 2 0
Wash basins 2 3
Cleaners sink 1 1
2 Water closets 4 6
Urinals 4 0
Wash basins 6 6
Cleaners sink 1 1
4 Water closets 2 2
Urinals 2 0
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Wash basins 2 2
Cleaners sink 1 1
Hotel (3rd floor)
12 wash rooms with a bath, shower, water closet, wash basin
6.6.6 Design of pipes
6.6.6.1 Tower base

Considering water supply from a break pressure tank located at tower base 3rd floor level
Figure 6.2 arrangement of pipe network for tower base
Table 6-3 loading unit calculation for tower base
Pipe Appliances Loading units

1 Water closets-56,wash 316
basin-60,cleaners sink-
6,urinals-18
2,3 Water closets-9,wash basin- 49
9,cleaners sink-1,urinals-3
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4,urinals-12
2,urinals-6
8,9 Water closets-10,wash 57
basin-11,cleaners sink-1,
urinals-3
6.6.6.2 Calculation of flow rates
Pipe 1
Total loading unit = 316
Flow rate = 2.8 l/s
For urinal flushing flow rate = 4.5l/20min
Total flow rate = 2.8 + 4.5/(20*60)*18 = 2.87 l/s
Pipe 2, 3
Flow rate = 0.8 l/s
Pipe 4
Flow rate = 2.35 l/s
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Pipe 5,6
Pipe 7
Flow rate = 1.4 l/s
Pipe 8,9
Flow rate = 0.9 l/s
Total flow rate = 0.9 + 4.5/(20*60)*3 = 0.911l/s
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6.6.6.2.1 Pipe resistance calculation
Table 6-4 pipe resistance calculation for tower base
Pipe no Estimated Meter run Number Number Actual Length of pipe

diameter(mm) pipe of of pipe length equal to all
L T elbows tees (m) resistances(m)
1 62 3 4.5 1 1 4.5 12.5
2,3 35 1.4 2 1 21 5 48.4
4 54 2.3 3.5 0 1 7 10.5
5,6 35 1.4 2 1 22 5 50.4
7 42 1.7 2.5 0 1 6 8.5
8,9 35 1.4 2 1 24 5 54.4
6.6.6.2.2 Pipe diameter calculation
Table 6-5 pipe diameter calculation for tower base
Pip Loadin Flo Estimate Effective Loss of Head Cumulativ Final

e no g unit w d pipe length(m head(m consume e head diamete
rate diameter ) ) d r
(l/s)
1 316 2.87 62 12.5 0.012 0.15 0.15 62
2,3 49 0.81 35 48.4 0.018 0.871 1.021 35
4 218 2.4 54 10.5 0.028 0.294 1.315 54
5,6 52 0.83 35 50.4 0.018 0.907 2.222 35
7 114 1.42 42 8.5 0.03 0.255 2.477 42
8,9 57 0.91 35 54.4 0.026 1.414 3.891 35
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6.6.6.3 Tower house
Considering water supply from a break pressure tank located at tower house roof top level
Figure 6.3 arrangement of pipe network for tower house
Table 6-6 loading unit calculation for tower house
Pipe Appliances Loading units

8,urinals-20,bath-12,shower-
12
6,urinals-18,bath-12,shower-
12
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6,cleaners sink-1,urinals-
6,bath-6,shower-6
4,urinals-6
10 Water closets-6,wash basin- 38
6.6.6.3.1 Calculation of flow rates

Pipe 1
Flow rate = 3.1 l/s
Total flow rate = 3.1 + (4.5/20*60)*20 = 3.18 l/s
Pipe 2,3
Pipe 4
Flow rate = 3 l/s
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Total flow rate = 3 + 4.5/(20*60)*18 = 3.07 l/s
Pipe 5,6
Flow rate = 1.4 l/s
Pipe 7
Total flow rate = 1.25 + 4.5/(20*60) *6 = 1.27 l/s
Pipe 8,9
Flow rate = 0.6 l/s
Pipe 10
Flow rate = 0.7 l/s
Pipe 11,12
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6.6.6.3.2 Pipe resistance calculation
Table 6-7 pipe resistence calculation for tower house
Pipe no Estimated Meter Number Number Actual Length of pipe

diameter(mm) run of of elbows of pipe lenth equal to all
pipe tees (m) resistances(m)
Tee
elbow
1 62 3 1 1 10.5 18
4.5
2,3 22 0.8 1 1 5 4 9.8
4 54 2.3 0 1 5 8.5
3.5
5,6 62 3 1 30 8 146
4.5
7 35 1.4 2 0 1 5 7
8,9 28 1 1 12 4 23
1.5
10 28 1 0 1 5 6.5
1.5
11,12 22 0.8 1 1 7 4 11.8
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6.6.6.3.3 Pipe diameter calculation
Table 6-8 pipe diameter calculation for tower house
Pipe Loading Flow Estimate Effective Loss of Head Cummulati Final

no unit rate d pipe length(m) head consume ve head diameter
(l/s) diameter (/m) d
1 348 3.18 62 18 0.016 0.288 0.288 62
2,3 14 0.38 22 9.8 0.16 1.56 1.848 22
4 320 3.07 54 8.5 0.04 0.34 2.188 54
5,6 112 1.42 62 146 0.005 0.73 2.918 62
7 96 1.27 35 7 0.09 0.63 3.548 35
8,9 29 0.61 28 23 0.07 1.61 5.158 28
10 38 0.71 28 6.5 0.085 0.55 5.708 28
11,1 19 0.48 22 11.8 0.2 2.36 8.068 28
2
6.7 Waste disposal system
6.7.1 Above ground waste water disposal system
The soil and waste pipe systems should be designed to carry away the discharges from
sanitary fittings quickly and quietly without the risk of injury to the health of the occupants of
the tower. The two pipe system was introduced for this tower. In this system black water and
gray water are collected in separate stacks. It is because to reduce the volume of the water to
be treated. All the ventilating or anti siphon pipes connect into ventilating stack.
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6.7.1.1 Determination of the diameter of main waste and soil stack system
Table 6-9 discharge loading value calculation
Floor Appliances No of Discharge Total discharge

appliances unit value value
Tower base Ground Wash basins 22 10 220
floor Water closets 20 10 200
Urinals 6 2 12
sinks 2 10 20
1st floor Wash basins 20 10 200
Water closets 18 10 180
Urinals 6 2 12
sinks 2 10 20
2nd floor Wash basins 18 10 180
Urinals 6 2 12
sinks 2 10 20
Tower house 1st floor Wash basins 5 10 50
Urinals 2 2 4
sinks 2 10 20
2nd floor Wash basins 12 10 120
Urinals 4 2 8
sinks 2 10 20
3rd floor Wash basins 11 10 110
Urinals 11 2 22
Sinks 11 10 110
Bath tubs 11 30 330
4th floor Wash basins 4 10 40
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Urinals 2 2 4
sinks 2 10 20
6.7.1.2 Pipe diameter of vertical stacks

Black water pipes collect all the waste water from water closets and urinals. Gray water pipes
collect waste water from all other appliances.
Table 6-10 pipe diameter of verticle stacks
Floor Type of Discharge unit Internal diameter of

water stack (mm)
Tower base Ground floor Black water 212 100
Gray water 240 89
1st floor Black water 192 100
Gray water 220 89
2nd floor Black water 192 100
Gray water 200 89
Tower house 1st floor Black water 54 100
Gray water 70 76
2nd floor Black water 108 100
Gray water 140 76
3rd floor Black water 132 100
Gray water 550 100
4th floor Black water 44 100
Gray water 60 76
Total black water discharge units = 934
Black water riser internal diameter = 125mm
Total gray water discharge units = 1480
Gray water riser internal diameter = 125mm
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6.7.2 Below ground waste disposal system
A separate system is planned to use for this tower. A separate waste water disposal system is
provided in order to treat the black water and dispose. It is more economical.
6.7.2.1 Average waste water per day

The usage of the Water Closet by a male is once a day and Urinals twice a day
The usage of the Water Closet by a female is three times a day Office
Tower base
Ground floor
Visitors = 1500
black water = 1500*10 = 15000l/day
gray water = 1500*10 = 15000l/day
1st floor
Visitors = 800
gray water = 800*10 = 8000l/day
2nd floor
Office workers = 200
Museum = 250
black water = 250*10 + 30*200 = 8500l/day
gray water = 250*10 + 20*200 = 6500l/day
3rd floor
Visitors = 800

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Tower house
1st floor
Visitors =200
black water =200*10 = 2000l/day
2nd floor
Customers = 1000 meals per day
Workers = 50
black water = 1000*10 + 30*50 = 11500l/day
Gray water = 1000*15 + 20*50 = 16000l/day
3rd floor
Visitors = 50
4th floor
People= 50
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6.7.2.2 Black water
waste water generated in 12hours
Total average black water = 57500l/day =0.0013m3/s
Assume peak discharge is 5 times of average discharge
Peak discharge = 0.0013*5 = 0.0067m3/s
Velocity assumed as 0.8m/s ana peak discharge occurs in pipe half flow condition
Q=AV
0.0067=D2*0.8/8
D=0.146m = 146mm
Select 150mm diameter pipe
V = C (mi)0.5
0.8 = 55(0.15*i/4)0.5 for PVC, C=55
i = 0.00564
Slope =1/178
Use 1/160 slope
7.4.1.1 Gray water
Waste water generate in 12 hours
Total average gray water = 65500l/day =0.00152m3/s
Assume peak discharge is 5 times of average discharge
Peak discharge = 0.00152*5 = 0.00758m3/s
Velocity assumed as 0.8m/s ana peak discharge occurs in pipe half flow condition
85
Q=AV
0.00758=D2*0.8/8
D=0.155m = 155mm
Use 175 mm diameter pipe
V = C (mi)0.5
0.8 = 55(0.175*i/4)0.5 for PVC, C=55
i = 0.0048
Slope =1/208
Slope select as 1/200
6.7.3 Solid waste disposal system
Solid waste management for a high rise tower is crucial. As the tower located in a middle of
the Colombo city, it is very important to collect the solid waste and dump without any issues.
Refuse chutes are used to collect solid waste in this tower. In Sri Lanka it is one major challenge
due to soar city of land. People dump solid, where they can easily and economically dump
waste. This will affect health of people and environment.
Refuse chutes should be constructed with fire resisting materials since there is a possibility for
fire to occur. Resistance to acid is also important. Therefore good quality material such as tiles
may be used as a lining. In this tower refuse chutes are provided separately for every floor level
to collect solid waste and they remove at ground level.
6.7.4 Storm Water Drainage System
Following assumptions will be considered for missing parameters in calculation
Intensity of rainfall is 50 mm/hr
Impermeability factor where appropriate 0.9
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Rainfall occurs in one hour
Area of the roof = 3267 m2
Expected rain water Q = CIA
= 3267 * 0.05 * 0.9
= 147.015 m3/hr
= 40.8 l/s
Q=A*V
Self cleansing velocity V = 0.8 m/s
Q = D2/8 * 0.8
0.0408 = D2*.1
D = 360mm
Diameter for storm water pipe is 375mm
From Chezys formula V = C (mi) 0.5 For PVC pipe C will be 55
0.8 = 55 x (0.375/4 x i)0.5
i = 0.0023
slope = 1/434
slope select as 1/400
6.8 Fire Fighting System
Fire is the most serious threat to a structure and its occupants. This is a comprehensive fire
control program should be well thought out for every structure. This tower is categorized under
extra light hazard due to non industrial occupants. It comprises hotel, offices , shopping
complex, conference halls and so on. In this tower it was decided to put fire detectors, alarm
and sprinkler system. Hose reels for each floor as well.
87
A fire is supported by three essential ingredients: fuel, heat and oxygen. The absence of anyone
of these causes an established fire to be extinguished. The fire fighting system must be
appropriate to the location of the fire and preferably limited to that area in order to minimize
damage to materials, plant and the building structure. Radiation from a fire may provoke
damage or combustion of materials at a distance.
The system of fire fighting employed depends upon the total combustible content of building
(fire load), the type of fire risk classification and the degree of involvement by the occupants.
Fire escape design where children, the elderly or infirm are present needs particular care so that
sufficient time is provided in the fire resistance of doors and partitions for the slower evacuation
encountered.
6.9 Installation of Fire and smoke detecting alarm
Detection of a potentially dangerous rise in air temperature or pressure or the presence of

smoke is required at the earliest possible moment to start an alarm. Evacuation of the tower
and manual or automatic contact with the fire brigade monitoring switchboard should take
place before people are risk. Means of detection can be combined with security surveillance.
6.10 Wet riser
It is a vertical pipeline (dia. depends on the floor area of the building) connected to a bottom
tank. Diameter of riser will be 150mm and for each 1000m2 floor area or its part one riser shall
be provided. So we need 5 wet risers for tower base and 1 wet riser for tower house.
6.11 Wet Sprinkler System
High fire risk public and manufacturing towers are protected by automatic sprinklers. These
may be a statutory requirement if the tower exceeds a volume of 7000 m3. Loss of life is very
unlikely in a sprinkler-protected tower. Sprinkler water outlets are located at about 3 m centre,
usually at ceiling level, and spray water in a circular pattern. A detector plate directs the water
jet over the hazard or onto walls or the structure.
88
Figure 6.4 sprinkler
6.11.1 Sprinkler head spacing design
Standard spacing of sprinkler heads where the distance between the heads for extra light hazard.
S = 4.5 m < 4.6 m

D = 4.5 m < 4.6 m
S x D = 20.25 m2 < 21 m2
Sprinkler orifice diameter = 15mm
Sprinkler water releasing velocity = 6m/s
Water requirement for a sprinkler = *.0152*6/4 = 0.001m3/s
Total sprinklers = 20*4 + 50*4 =280
Total water requirement = .001*280 = 0.28 m3/s = 1008m3/hour
Break pressure tank = 504m3
Dimensions of break pressure tank is 10m * 10m * 5m
Dimensions of sump is 23m * 11m * 4m
89
Figure 6.5 schematic diagram of water distribution for firefighting system
90
Figure 6.6 wet sprinkler arrangement
6.11.2 Hose reels
This is the fire fighting systems suitable for hotels and apartments buildings because of the
easiness of handling the equipment. These should be located near to the stair case where
emergency exit could be available. Outlets of the pipe should be located in each floor.
Sufficient water supply is provided from tanks to fulfill the requirement when fire occurs.
At every landing twin outlet each of 63mm diameter pipe shall be provided
(one should be connected to hose reel & another should be to hose & branch).
Length of hose should be reach at the last point of floor area.
Minimum two courtyard hydrants shall be provided (courtyard hydrant will be
an extention to riser).
Hose reel hose of 12mm diameter pipe shall be provided from landing valve to
wet-riser at each floor.
91
Figure 6.7 hose reels
6.11.3 The refuge area
People can come out of the shaft staircase stay safely during fire in this area. Must allocate a
room at each floor level of tower house and at a 15m intervals in the shaft where there will be
floors with rooms into which smoke cannot enter. Generally Oxygen will be supplied to these
rooms. Fire fighters should be able to enter this area from outside. Therefore these should have
external entrances.
92
7 SUSTAINABILITY CONCEPTS ADAPTED IN THE PROJECT
7.1 Introduction
Sustainability is Development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet their own needs
Development that is confined to economic development is not sustainable. Sustainable

Development focuses on the quality of life of the future generations as well as the present
generations. Sustainable concepts are different from area to area. The way they achieve may
different. The important thing is to grab the features to the particular project which are very
much suitable. With the development of the world resources are going to be limited and the
answer will be the sustainable development. Mainly it is focusing on green projects/
buildings.
LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) is a voluntary, consensus-based,

market-driven certification program that provides third-party verification of green buildings.
Today, LEED consists of a suite of nine rating systems for the design, construction and
operation of buildings, homes and neighbourhoods.
Green Building Design & Construction
LEED for New Construction
LEED for Core & Shell
LEED for Schools
LEED for Retail: New Construction and Major Renovations
LEED for Healthcare
Green Interior Design & Construction
LEED for Commercial Interiors
LEED for Retail: Commercial Interiors
Green Building Operations & Maintenance
LEED for Existing Buildings: Operations & Maintenance
Green Neighbourhood Development
LEED for Neighbourhood Development
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7.2 LEED 2009
Allocation of points will be based on the potential environmental impacts and human benefits.
According to the requirement checklist we can gain the points and according to that points the
building will be categorized as bellow
In LEED 2009 there are 100 possible base points distributed across five major credit categories:
Sustainable Sites, Water Efficiency, Energy and Atmosphere, Materials and Resources, Indoor
Environmental Quality, plus an additional 6 points for Innovation in Design and an additional
4 points for Regional Priority. Buildings can qualify for four levels of certification:
Points allocated
Certified: 4049 points
Silver: 5059 points
Gold: 6079 points
Platinum: 80 points and above
Figure 7.1: LEED rating system

Themes in LEED 2009 and Possible Points for each Theme
1. Sustainable Sites (SS): 26 Points
2. Water Efficiency (WE): 10 Points
3. Energy and Atmosphere (EA): 35 Points
4. Materials and Resources (MR): 14 Points
5. Indoor Environmental Quality (IEQ): 15 Points
6. Innovation in Design (ID): 06 Points
7. Regional priority: 04 Points
94
7.3 Benefits Can Be Achieved in This Tower Project as a Green Project
7.3.1 Environmental Benefits
Emission reduction. Harmful pollutants released by fossil fuel fired electricity

contribute to global climate change, cause air quality issues such as acid rain and
smog, and pose risks to human health. Using green building techniques like solar
powering, day lighting, and facilitation of public transport increase energy
efficiency and reduce harmful emissions.
Water Conservation. Water can be saved and preserved portable water by
recycling grey water for purposes like urinal flow, slushing, and landscape
irrigation.
Storm water Management. Waterway erosion, flooding, and carry pollutants into
water sources such a things happen because of storm water runoff., Building
surfaces with permeable materials, using green roof and harvesting and redirecting
storm water can control and utilize overflow.
Temperature Moderation. Material such as concrete and asphalt and the heat
retention properties of the tall structures are the primary causes of urban heat island
effect. Site selection and designing, selection of alternative materials and planning
of landscape are the solution of such heat island effect.
7.3.2 Economic Benefits
Energy and Water Savings. The resource and energy efficiency provided by green
design and technology leads to drastic reductions in operation costs that quickly
recoup any additional project costs and continue to offer dramatic long-term
savings. Money previously directed toward utility costs may be used for other
purposes.
Increased Property Values. Low operational cost, easy maintenance and energy
efficient features of the tower make for lower vacancy rates, higher demand and
higher property values.
Improved Employee Attendance. Proper ventilation. Thermal comfort, use of
natural lighting and view of surrounding that improve employee health and improve
employee productivity.
95
7.3.3 Social Benefits
Improved Health. Poor indoor environmental quality (IEQ) resulting from

insufficient air circulation, poor lighting, mold build up, temperature variances,
carpeting and furniture materials, pesticides, toxic adhesives and paints, and high
concentration of pollutants (typically 10 to 100 times higher than outdoors)
contribute widely to respiratory problems, allergies, nausea, headaches, and skin
rashes. Green building emphasizes ventilation and non-toxic, low emitting
materials that create healthier and more comfortable living and working
environments.
Healthier Lifestyles and Recreation. A key element of sustainable design is the
preservation of natural environments, which afford a variety of recreation and
exercise opportunities. Green buildings also seek to facilitate alternatives to driving,
such as bicycling and public transport, which eases local traffic while encouraging
personal health and fitness.
7.4 Sustainable Site Design
Already developed areas and public transport

It is faced to the D. R.Wijewardena road and it is a well-known main road of the
Colombo city and any vehicle or any person easily access to the site.(see Figure
7.2)
This surrounding area is highly developed and main base points in Sri Lanka are
placed in this surrounding area. And also main offices, banks, hotels and
restaurants, schools and universities are near by the site.
96
Most of public transportation are passing this site. As examples bus route numbers
120,115,122,170 etc. therefore people can easily access by using public
transportations.
D.R. Wijewardhana Mawatha

1 D.R.
SITE
Figure 7.2 Site Map
Maximize open areas with multi-story construction

This construction can be considered as multi-story construction. Although it is land
mark telecommunication tower there are lot functions and facilities such as offices,
hotels, restaurants, museum, gallery, telecommunication services etc.(see planes)
There are landscaping areas and we have view of bare lake as well. So open areas
are provided.(see figure 11.3)
97
D.R. Wijewardhana road
Natural shading trees
Landscaping area
Bare lake view
Figure 7.3 Site plan
Minimize impact of construction on storm water

Optimize the use of on-site storm water treatment and ground water recharge.
Minimize the boundaries of the construction area, avoid needless compaction of
existing topsoil, and provide effective sedimentation and silt control during all
phases of site development and construction.
Reduce heat island effects

Provide natural shading and paved area with trees and other landscape features. (
see figure 11.3)
Reduce the urban heat island effect by reducing the building and site development
footprint maximizing the use of pervious surface, and using green roof, light
coloured roofs, paving and walkways.
98
Stacked the top soil
Top soil of the site can be used for the land escape or green roof as planting
medium because top soil enrich with organic fertilizer. Therefore no need to
transport the soil from another location and it reduce the soil pollution.
Figure 7.4 Stack of top soil
Reduce light pollution

Reduce night-time light pollution by avoiding over-illumination of the site
Exterior lighting fixtures which direct light downward, not upward and outward.
Figure 7.5 Light control at the site
Health and safety

Make sure the safety instruction at the site (sign boards).
Make sure the environmental quality at the site whether it is good for humans.
Maintaining the site quality by frequently observation.
Always use and wear the particular equipment for work to make sure the safety of
the people.
99
Figure 7.6 site safety and health instruction
Dust control
Take action for the dust control such as spraying the water to reduce the generation
of dust. Water efficient sprinklers must be used.
Provide the speed limitation for the vehicles inside the site to avoid spreading of
dust particles.
Figure 7.7 Water spraying at the site
7.5 Materials and Resources
Material optimization
Optimize the use of engineered materials which make use of proven engineering
principles such as composite materials and structural systems (reinforced concrete,
masonry), precast elements (shell, beams,..), engineered trusses etc.
100
Use of regional materials
Recognize that transportation becomes part of a product or building materials
embodied energy.
Where practical, specify and use locally harvested, mined and manufactured
materials such as cement, sand, course materials, steel and products to support the
regional economy and to reduce transportation cost, energy use and emissions.
Figure 7.8 Few regional materials
Use of alternative materials which has less embodied energy

Table 7.1 Sustainable materials
Alternative Material Replaced material Item Remark

CSE Block Burnt brick or cement Wall panel Thermal comfort
blocks
Dura panel Burnt brick Partitioning Reusability, less
labor, eco friendly
101
Cement Stabilized Paving Block, concrete or Road, foot paths, Cooler type
Earth Paving tar walk ways etc pavement, reduce out
door heat island
effect.
Water based paint Chemical based paint Painting walls and Reduce VOC level
other structures
Rammed earth wall - Retaining structure

for land escaping
Certified timber Aluminum, steel and other Doors, Windows, Renewable material
metallic structures Furnishers, Flooring
Recycled steel Non-recycled steel Reinforcement bars, Reduced the

beams and columns embodied energy of
of tower house, steel
Tower mast, and
some other steel
structures
Polyethylene pipe (PE PVC pipe Plumbing and
pipe) sanitary
Ready mix plastering Cement sand plastering Wall plaster Reduce the operation
at the site
Ready mix concrete Hand or machine mix Structural Reduce the operation
concrete components at the site
102
Figure 7.9: CSE blocks and construction process
Figure 7.10: Dura panel
Figure 7.11: CSE road and pavement
103
Sustainable purchasing
Identify the most sustainable ways of purchasing of materials and services to reduce
the waste generation, reduce site operations, reduce the transportation and improve
the sustainability.
Table 7.2 Sustainable purchasing
Item Remark
Bulk cement Reduce the waste generation at the
site
Ready mix plaster Reduce the site operations
Ready mix concrete Reduce the site operations
Hire the regional vehicles (nearby Reduce the transportation distance
site)
Energy rated machine and Energy saving and reduce
appliances environmental impact
Fuel efficient machine Reduce the emissions
Figure 7.13 Cement in bulk
Figure 7.12 Ready mix concrete
104
Use of rapidly renewable materials
Identify the rapidly renewable materials that can be used in this tower project.
Timber is most rapidly renewable material that can be used in this project.
Reduce the waste generation at the site and sorting of the waste
Identify ways to reduce the amount of materials used and reduce the amount of
waste generated through the implementation of a construction waste reduction plan.
Packages and coverings of goods should be removed carefully and they can be used
for another purposes.
Implement an aggressive construction waste recycling program and provide
separate, clearly labelled dumpsters for each recycled material. Train all crews and
subcontractors on the policy and enforce.
Separation of waste at the site can be categories as timber, steel, paper, cardboard,
canes, glass, plastic and rubber etc.
Figure 7.14 Sorting of waste
7.6 Water efficiency
Minimize water usage for landscaping

Choose plants that needs less water or go native.
Group plant according to their water needs. Grouping vegetation with similar
watering needs into specific hydrozones reduces water use by allowing you water
to each zones specific needs
105
Maintain healthy soil. they effectively cycle nutrients, minimize runoff, retain
water, and absorb excess nutrients, sediments, and pollutants
Provide regular maintenance. Replace mulch around shrubs and garden plants at
least once per six month, and remove weeds and thatch as necessary.
Use automatic irrigation system for the watering of landscape.
Use grey water from kitchen, laundry, and bath and treated waste water for the
watering of the landscape.
Figure 7.15: Kohomba, Pihibiya and Australian grass can be identified as

landscaping plants
Reduce water usage in building with efficient fixtures

Minimize the water leakages of the plumbing system. Detecting and repairing
leaking fixtures forms a good starting point for efficiency improvements. By
conducting regular checks and routine maintenance, considerable amounts of
water can potentially be saved.
Use low volume or dual flushing system for the toilet flushing. Dual-mode flush
systems can reduce this amount to 4.5 liters per full flush and 3 liters per partial
flush.
106
Figure 7.16: dual flushing system
Urinals with on demand sensors. The users departure from the detection zone
activates flushing. These units use no more than 1 to 1.5 liters of water per flush.
Water efficient faucets and tap adaptors. Simple devices that mix water and air can
reduce both water flow rates and splashing while increasing areas of coverage and
wetting efficiency. For example, faucet aerators can save water use by up to 50%
during hand-washing.
Faucets with on-demand sensors. On-demand faucet units rely on infrared sensors
to trigger water flow. With the use of such systems, water use in wash basins can
be reduced considerably.
Figure 7.17 Faucets with on-demand

sensors
Use water efficient showers and taps. Use WELS (Water Efficiency Labelling and
Standards) scheme products.
Water efficient shower heads. Efficient shower heads operate by mixing water flow
with an air jet. Whereas a five minute shower with a normal shower head can use
around 100 litters of water, a water efficient shower head consumes a modest 35
litters.
107
Figure 7.19: Water efficient shower Figure 7.18 Use gray water in flushing system
heads
Use innovative wastewater technologies.

Use gray water in flushing system. Water consumed in showers, wash basins, and
laundry operations can be reused (see figure 7.20)
Grey water from laundry operations can be subjected to basic treatment and made
suitable for reuse. It can also be used for outdoor irrigation.
Early design and measure
Infrastructure for water re-use. As mentioned earlier, grey water produced by certain
uses in buildings such as showers, wash basins, and laundry rooms can be of
suited for use in toilet systems or in landscaping. To facilitate the use of grey water,
it is key to include in the early design phase a system for collecting, treating, and
storing treated grey water. This system may include a separate drainage network, an
on-site simple treatment unit.
Water distribution networks. Design the internal water distribution network with
clearly independent sectors, defined by both the area of the building and the type of
water consumption.
7.7 Energy efficiency
Minimization of energy usage

Demand responsive lighting system is provided. Thermal sensors can be used in this
kind system. In rooms
and office we can use this
systems.
Figure 7.20: Demand responsive lighting system
108
Use energy efficient T-8 and T-5 bulbs, high efficiency electronic ballasts, and
lighting controls.
Figure 7.21 T-8 and T-5 light systems
Incorporate sensors and controls and design circuits so that lighting along perimeter
zones and offices can be switched off independently from other interior lights when
day lighting is sufficient in perimeter areas.
Demand responsive A/C system is provided. By using thermal sensors we can
automatically identify the required A/C load and system will automatically adjusted
according to the demand.
Light color wall painting is used in interior walls and partitioning. Therefore it can
be achieved maximum use of lights.
Use Energy Star certified energy efficient appliances and office equipment.
Figure 7.22 Sri Lanka Sustainable Energy Authority rating system
Use of solar energy (solar panel)

In this project we are planning to provide some solar panel at the top of the tower
house roof slab. Therefore power from the solar panel can be used for the tower
house lighting and for the telecommunication equipment.
109
Figure 7.23: solar panel
And also for the landscape lighting, we use taller fixtures - Spreads the light over
larger areas and used in garden and walkways.
Figure 7.24: solar panel use in landscape lighting
Low fixture lights. Contains the light close to the ground, landscape borders and
driveways.
Figure 7.25: Low fixtures light use solar energy
110
Proper usage of refrigerants
Avoid the use of HCFC and Halon based refrigeration, cooling and fire suppression
systems.
Use of evaporative cooling system for the air conditioning

Use up to 75% less electricity than normal air conditioning system
Lower installation and maintenance cost than normal A/C system.
Figure 7.26: Evaporative cooling system can be used in this project
7.7.1 Preliminary calculation for solar energy
Solar cells generate power only 8 hours per day.

80w/m2 generation of solar power
Assume 40 watts bulbs used for lighting (around 12 hrs per day).
Required area of solar panels = 40x12(80x8)
= 0.75m2
Area of roof slab of the tower house = 817m2

Number of bulbs can be lighted (use only 80% of the above area)
= 872 bulbs
Tower house can be lighted using solar power
111
8 STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
8.1 Introduction
Finite element method can be very useful and more accurate in the analysis of complicated
structures of this kind where dynamic effects predominate. Although modelling of the structure
and input of data could be tedious, once completed it can be very efficient.
In this project, the analysis of the structure was carried out using computer aided finite element
analysis using SAP2000. This software is capable of analysing complicated structures under
both static and dynamic conditions and widely used due to its simplicity. Although SAP2000
was used for the analysis of the tower, manual calculations were also carried out at certain
points. The following sections describe the work carried out in detail.
8.2 Tasks Carried Out
The following tasks were carried out in the process of developing and analysing the model
using SAP2000:
Development of the Geometric Model according to the architectural drawings

Idealization
Input of material and section properties
Calculation of loads acting on the structure
Definition of load cases and combinations
Analysis
Interpretation of the results
8.3 Idealization and Development of the Geometric Model
The structure was modelled as an assembly of straight frame elements and plane shell elements
connected to each other properly at node points. The tapering circular shaft was also modelled
using rectangular plane shells of sufficient sizes.
112
Figure 8.1 Tower House
Figure 8.3 Fins and Mast
Figure 8.2 Model of the Tower
Figure 8.4 Tower Base
113
Triangular shell elements were used to model the fins and the shaft-mast connections. The
beams and columns of the tower base members were modelled using rectangular frames
whereas those of the tower house were modelled using I frame sections. The tower mast was
modelled using tubular frame elements. The slab members at each floor were modelled using
shell elements. In this tower, the tower base is connected to the tower shaft only by pinned
connections and this was simulated in the model by releasing all three rotational degrees of
freedom at the beam shaft joints. The tower base footings were isolated from the tower shaft
footing. Figure 8.1 shows the model developed model.
8.4 Inputs to SAP2000
8.4.1 Materials
Concrete and steel are the two main materials used in this tower. Grades 30, 35 and 50 were
used for the concrete elements and Grade 355 Steel was used for the tower house members.
of to Table 8.1 summarizes the members and material assignments in SAP2000.
Table 8.1Material Assignment
Location Member Material
Tower House Slab Grade 30 Concrete

( Roof Slab ) Grade 35 Concrete
Beams Grade 355 Steel
Columns Grade 355 Steel
Tower Base Slab Grade 30 Concrete
Beams Grade 30 Concrete
Columns Grade 30 Concrete
Shaft Shaft Grade 50 Concrete
Fins Grade 50 Concrete
Inner Shaft Inner Shaft and Core Grade 30 Concrete
Footings Footings and Piles Grade 30 Concrete
114
8.4.2 Sections
Rectangular sections were used for the concrete frame elements and I sections were used for
the steel frame elements. Constant thickness plate elements were used for the shell elements.
The mast which is mounted at the top of the tower was modelled using a set of tube frame
sections. The sections assigned in the SAP2000 model have been summarized in Table 8.2.
Table 8.2 Section Assignment
Location Member Sections / Dimensions
Tower House Slab 150 mm thick
Beams Grade 355 Steel
Columns Grade 355 Steel
Tower Base Slab 150 mm
Beams 900 mm x 600 mm

600 mm x 300 mm
500 mm x 300 mm
Columns 650 mm x 650 mm
600 mm x 600 mm
Shaft Shaft 800 mm thick
Shaft Fins 800 mm thick
Inner Shaft and Core Inner Shaft 200 mm thick
Mast Mast 4000 mm diameter

2000 mm diameter
1200 mm diameter
600 mm diameter
8.4.3 Dead and Imposed Loads
Dead loads include the self weight and the superimposed dead loads acting on the structure.
These were calculated and the imposed loads were obtained from BS 6399 Part1. The values
115
were input to the software using unit load method. In this method the load transfer from slabs
to beams when unit udl is acting on slabs is calculated using the method specified in BS 8110
: 1985 and the actual load values at each level is obtained by multiplying the unit load values
by the actual udl acting on the slab at that level. Table 8.3 gives the summary of the dead and
imposed loads acting on the structure.
Table 8.3 Dead and Imposed Load Assignment
Location Floor Use Dead Load Imposed Load

(kN/m2) (kN/m2)
Tower Base Basement Building services 11.6 7.5
Ground Floor Shopping Complex 5.6 5
First Floor Exhibition Center 7.6 5
Conference Hall 7.6 5
Second Floor Offices 5.6 2.5
Museum 5.6 4
Roof Top Roof Top Garden 17.3 3
Tower House Tower House Observation Deck 5.6 5
Tower House Revolving 5.6 3

Restaurant
Tower House Hotel 9.6 3
Tower House Communication 12.1 7.5

Room
Tower House Building Services 12.1 7.5
116
8.4.4 Wind Loads
The wind effects on a tower of this height are very high and the tower should be analysed
under wind loads. In this project the AS1170.2-1989, the Australian standard for wind loads
were used for the evaluation of the wind loads acting on the tower. A dynamic analysis is
carried out to study the behaviour of the tower under wind loads. The calculations of wind
forces acting on this structure has been given here.
Reference Description Remarks

AS1170.2 Calculation of the Wind Speed
1989 Vz = V M(z,cat) Ms Mt Mi
Where,
Vz = The design hourly mean wind speed at height z (m/s)
V = The basic wind speed = 38 m/s in Sri Lanka.
M(z,cat) = Hourly mean wind speed multiplier for a terrain
category at height z V=38ms-1
Ms = Shielding multiplier
Mt = Topographic multiplier
Mi = Structure importance multiplier
Terrain Category 4 was chosen. ( Terrain with numerous
large, high closely spaced obstructions such as large city
centres and well developed industrial complexes.
At different heights of the tower,
Height Z (m) M(Z,cat)

4.2.4
0 0.35
17 0.35
20 0.35
30 0.38
Table
40 0.4
4.2.5.1
50 0.42
60 0.456
70 0.492
117
80 0.518
90 0.534
100 0.55
110 0.564
120 0.578
130 0.592
140 0.606
150 0.62
160 0.63
170 0.64
180 0.65
190 0.66
200 0.67
211 0.679
223 0.689
228 0.692
233 0.696
238 0.7
243 0.704
248 0.708
252 0.711
262 0.717
272 0.723
282 0.729
292 0.735
302 0.741
312 0.748
322 0.755
332 0.762
342 0.769
352 0.776
118
D>12
Where D is the building spacing parameter, since the
height of other buildings surrounding the structure are
negligible
Shielding Multiplier Ms=1.0
= H/(2Lu)
Where,
= The upwind slope
For the considered building, we can assume
4.2.7 < 0.05
Since the structure is located in a flat area.
Topographic multiplier Mt = 1.0

Structural Importance multiplier Mi=1.1 for Structures
which have special post disaster functions.
Table Vz = V M(z,cat) Ms Mt Mi Ms=1.0
4.2.7
Height Z (m) Vz (ms-1)
0 14.63
4.2.8 17 14.63
20 14.63
30 15.88
40 16.72
50 17.56
60 19.06
70 20.57
80 21.65
90 22.32
100 22.99
Mt=1.0
110 23.58
119
120 24.16
Table 130 24.75
4.2.9 140 25.33
150 25.92
160 26.33
170 26.75
180 27.17
190 27.59
200 28.01
211 28.38
223 28.80
228 28.93
233 29.09
238 29.26
243 29.43
248 29.59
252 29.72
262 29.97
272 30.22
282 30.47
292 30.72
302 30.97
312 31.27
322 31.56
332 31.85
342 32.14
352 32.44
qz=0.6*Vz2*10-3
Where
qz = The free-stream hourly mean dynamic wind pressure
at height z (kilo pascals)
120
Vz = Design hourly mean dynamic wind speed as
calculated above.
Height Z (m) Vz (ms-1) qz (N/m2)
0 14.63 128.4221
17 14.63 128.4221
20 14.63 128.4221
30 15.88 151.3809
40 16.72 167.735
50 17.56 184.9279
60 19.06 217.9885
70 20.57 253.7663
80 21.65 281.2959
90 22.32 298.9416
100 22.99 317.1241
110 23.58 333.474
120 24.16 350.235
130 24.75 367.4068
140 25.33 384.9897
150 25.92 402.9834
160 26.33 416.0877
170 26.75 429.4017
180 27.17 442.9253
190 27.59 456.6586
200 28.01 470.6016
211 28.38 483.3296
223 28.80 497.6709
228 28.93 502.0142
4.3
233 29.09 507.8346
238 29.26 513.6886
243 29.43 519.5761
248 29.59 525.4971
252 29.72 529.9599
121
262 29.97 538.9421
272 30.22 547.9998
282 30.47 557.133
292 30.72 566.3416
302 30.97 575.6258
312 31.27 586.5527
322 31.56 597.5823
332 31.85 608.7147
342 32.14 619.9498
352 32.44 631.2876
Gust Factor Calculations

G = 1+ r [(gv2B(1+w)2 + gf2(SE/)]
Where,
r = Roughness factor
gv = Peak factor for the upwind velocity fluctuation
B = Background factor for the fluctuation by the lower
frequency wind speed variations.
gf= Peak factor for the cross wind direction
w = Factor for the second order effects of turbulence
intensity
S = Size factor for the correction of pressures
E = A spectrum of turbulence in the approaching wind
stream
= Structural damping capacity
r = 2(v/V)/Mt
At 352 m
For terrain 4 v/V=0.164
Mt=1.0
r= 0.328
gv = 3.7
B = 1/{1+[(36h2 + 64b2)]/Lh}
122
Where,
B = Horizontal breadth of the structure perpendicular to
the wind direction
h = Height of the structure(352m)
Lh- A measure of the effective turbulence scale(m)
=1000(h/10)0.25
=2436
B = 0.536
w = (gv r B)/4
=0.222
na = 0.289
gf = (2loge(3600na))0.5
= 3.728
S =1/{[1+(3.5nah/Vh)][1+(4nab/Vh)]}
= 0.079
E = 0.47N/(2+N2)5/6
Table = 0.0588
4.2.5.3 N = Effective reduced frequency = naLh/Vh
= 22.51
=0.01
Gust Factor at 352 m =2.369
Windward Pressure Calculations

Cpe = 0.8
Leeward Pressure Calculation

d/b<=1
Therefore Cpe=-0.5
Windward Leeward
Height z (m) Pressure ( N/m2) Pressur ( N/m2)
0 102.74 -64.21
123
Table 17 102.74 -64.21
4.4.2.2 20 102.74 -64.21
30 121.10 -75.69
40 134.19 -83.87
50 147.94 -92.46
60 174.39 -108.99
70 203.01 -126.88 r=0.328
80 225.04 -140.65 gv=3.7
90 239.15 -149.47
100 253.70 -158.56
110 266.78 -166.74
120 280.19 -175.12
130 293.93 -183.70
140 307.99 -192.49
150 322.39 -201.49
160 332.87 -208.04
170 343.52 -214.70
180 354.34 -221.46
190 365.33 -228.33
Lh=2436
200 376.48 -235.30
m
211 386.66 -241.66
223 398.14 -248.84
228 401.61 -251.01
233 406.27 -253.92
W=0.222
238 410.95 -256.84
243 415.66 -259.79
248 420.40 -262.75
252 423.97 -264.98
Table
262 431.15 -269.47
4.4.2.1
272 438.40 -274.00
282 445.71 -278.57
292 453.07 -283.17 =0.01
124
302 460.50 -287.81
312 469.24 -293.28
322 478.07 -298.79
332 486.97 -304.36
342 495.96 -309.97
352 505.03 -315.64
Since the loads can only be applied at node points the calculated pressures were multiplied by
the representative node areas and the loads were applied to the model. Since the structure is
symmetric consideration of only one pattern is sufficient for the analysis.
8.4.5 Earthquake Loads
Consideration to earthquake is very essential nowadays even though Sri Lanka is not in a
frequent earthquake region. The earthquakes in Sri Lanka are not very severe but a very
important structure like this has to be checked for its performance under earthquake.
A dynamic analysis was carried out using the SAP2000 model for this project. According to
the Australian code AS1170.4 1993 the analysis can be carried out using design response
spectra developed for the specific site taking into account the structural importance and
ductility (Clause 7.2 (b)). The code allows two types of dynamic analyses and response
spectrum method is used for this study using a spectrum developed for this project. This
response spectrum (given in Table 8.4) was used as an input to SAP2000 to study the behaviour
of the structure under dynamic loads.
Table 8.4 Response Spectrum Used for the Study
T (s) a (m/s2)
0.04 1.20
0.06 1.80
0.08 2.40
0.10 3.24
125
0.30 3.24
0.50 1.80
0.70 1.30
1.00 0.90
2.00 0.40
3.00 0.24
5.00 0.15
7.00 0.10
10.00 0.07
Figure 8.5 Response Spectrum Input to SAP2000
126
8.5 Load Cases Combinations
The types of loads acting on the structure are Dead (GK), Imposed (QK), Wind (WK), Seismic
Loads (EQ) and Thermal loads (T). The following load combinations are considered for the
analysis.
1.4 Gk + 1.6 Qk
1.0 Gk + 1.4 Wk
0.8 Gk + 0.3 EQ
1.2 Gk + 1.2 Qk + 1.2 Wk
1.2 Gk + 1.2 Qk + 1.3 EQ + 0.28 W
1.4Gk + 1.6Qk 1.4T
8.6 Analysis and Interpretations
The above inputs were given for the model and the analysis was carried out. Various results
were obtained from the analysis and these results were used for the design thereafter. Some of
the important results have been summarized in this section of the report.
8.6.1 Modal Analysis
Modal analysis is carried out for two main purposes, one the determination of dynamic
properties of the structure such as natural period of vibration and the other ensuring the integrity
of the model. The modal analysis of the tower model showed that there are no connectivity
related issues and the model is free from unforeseen flaws.
The natural period of vibration was found to be 4.55 s. The subsequent modes of vibration were
found to occur at 3.30 s and 0.86 s which are fairly apart. This means that the structure is not
susceptible for coupling of two or more modes of vibrations which is not desirable.
127
8.6.2 Effect of Elastic Shortening
Elastic shortening is an important phenomenon in tall structures. The shortening of the tower
was calculated during maximum vertical load case and was found to be 0.0162m at the top of
the mast shaft connection.
8.6.3 Lateral deflection due to wind
The results of the analysis show that the maximum serviceability deflection due to wind of the
top of the mast is 146.3 mm and that of the top of the tower house is 35.7 mm. According to
Indian Code IS 11233-1985, the limiting deflection of the mast top is 3.07 m ( /H < 0.5) and
according to Chinese Institute of Engineers, it can be 3.57 m ( /H < 1%) in both cases the mast
will be ok.
When considering the deflection of the top of the tower house, the limiting value as per BS
8110 : Part2 is 504 mm ( H/500). But the actual deflection is only 35.7 mm. Hence the tower
will be safe under serviceability.
128
9 PRELIMINARY DESIGN AND DESIGN OF SUPER STRUCTURE
9.1 Material Selection
Main elements of the telecommunication tower are tower base, tower shaft and tower house.
When selecting the material for these elements, load to be carried, erection and location of each
element is considered.
Therefore all the elements in the tower base are to be constructed with concrete. Because it is
only 17m high with 4m basement the pouring and handling of the concrete would not be hard.
The selected grade of the concrete of roof top is Grade 35 concrete with water proofing
admixture, because there is a roof top coming at the top of the tower base. Hence the seepage
of the water from the roof top garden has to be stopped. Therefore Grade 35 concrete with a
water proofing admixture is suitable at roof top level. For the all other elements; slabs, beams
and columns, the grade would be Grade 30.
Tower shaft is the very critical element because it conveys the load of the tower house and the
tower mast to the foundation level. Hence special care has to be shown when selecting material
to the tower shaft. It could carry the load, it should withstand the lateral and it should not buckle
under the load. Considering the entire facts shaft is to be constructed with pre-stressed concrete
with Grade 50.
When considering the tower house the main difficulty is the elevation of the tower house. It is
located at elevation 0f 211m from the ground level. Hence conveyance and handling of
concrete at the higher elevations such that. Hence beams and columns of the tower house is to
be constructed with steel and the slabs to be constructed with concrete. Also steel is a
sustainable material when comparing to concrete because of its recyclability and reusability.
Also steel improves the quality of construction while offering the less maintenance cost.
9.2 Section Selection
When deciding the section sizes for concrete section BS 8110 and for the steel sections BS
5950.
For slabs and beams the governing factor considered is deflection. For slab Span/ effective
depth selected is 40 and for beams Span/ effective depth selected is 20. All the slabs are two
way spanning slabs. From that the depth is selected and then for beams the width is selected
usually taken as half of the depth.
When deciding columns the sections selection is such that the columns should be braced short
columns. The other governing factor considered is the axial load capacity. Therefore section is
selected such that Ac>N/0.4fcu.
129
Reference Calculations Remarks
General Arrangement of Tower Base
6
4
5
3
C
2
1 B
i ii ii
i
Slab A
BS 8110 lx=(3.35+6.15)/2=4.75m ly=8m
Table 3.4 ly/lx=1.68<2m
Slab A is a two way slab.
Span/ effective depth = 40
Span =4.75m Mild condition,
Effective depth =0.119m Grade 30
Cover needed = 20mm
Diameter of the r/f member to be used = 10mm
Therefore thickness of the slab= 119+20+10/2
=144mm
Therefore thickness of the slab is 150mm.
BS 8110 Slab B
Table 3.4 lx=4.25m ly=7.8 ly/lx=1.83m<2
Slab B is a two spanning slab.
Span/ effective depth = 40 Mild condition,
Span =4.25m Grade 30
Effective depth =0.107m
Cover needed = 20mm
=132mm
Slab C
lx=(5.195+4.18)/2=4.6875m ly=8m ly/lx=1.7m<2
130
BS 8110 Slab C is a Two spanning slab.
Table 3.4 Span/ effective depth = 40
Span =4.6875m
Effective depth =0.117m Mild condition,
Cover needed = 20mm Grade 30
=142mm
Slab thicknesses for lightly loaded slabs = 150mm
Beam 1
BS 8110 Span =8.94m
Table 3.4 Effective depth =0.447m
Cover needed = 30mm
Therefore thickness of the beam= 447+30+25/2 Therefore the beam
=489.5mm size = 300x600
Therefore the beam size = 300x600
Beam2
BS 8110 Span =6.15m
Cover needed = 30mm
Therefore thickness of the beam= 307.5+30+25/2
=350mm Therefore the beam
Therefore the beam size = 300x500 size 300x500
Beam3
BS 8110 Span =8.36m
Cover needed = 30mm
Diameter of the r/f member to be used = 25mm Therefore the beam
Therefore thickness of the beam= 418+30+25/2 size = 300x500
=460.5mm
Therefore the beam size = 300x500
Beam4
BS 8110 Span =10.39m
Cover needed = 30mm
131
Therefore thickness of the beam= 519.5+30+25/2
=562mm Therefore the beam
Therefore the beam size = 300x600 size = 300x600
Beam5
BS 8110 Span =7.24m
Cover needed = 30mm
Therefore thickness of the beam= 362+30+25/2 Therefore the beam
=404.5mm size = 300x500
Therefore the beam size =300x500
Beam6
BS 8110 Span/ effective depth = 20
Table 3.4 Span =7.67m
Effective depth =0.3835m
Cover needed = 30mm
Therefore thickness of the beam= 383.5+30+25/2 Therefore the beam
=426mm size = 300x500
Therefore the beam size in first three floors is=
300x500
Columns
Column(i)
For upper two floors
A=(3.35+5.57)/2X(8+7.5)/2 =34.565m2
l=7-0.3-0.5=6.2
This is an unbraced column.
BS 8110 =1.5(End condition 2)
Table le=1.5x6.2=9.3m
3.21 To be short column,
le/h<15
h>620mm
N=(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x34.565x2+1.4x22x34.565+
1.4x(5.57*(0.4+0.15)+7.75*(1.7+0.18))
=2430.4119kN
Ac=N/0.4fcu=173.6*103mm2
b=650mm
h=267.07mm
Therefore column size=650mmx650mm
For first two floors,
132
l=6-0.3-0.6=5.1m
le=5.1x1.3=6.63m
To be a short column,
le/h<15 h>442mm
N=2430.4119+(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x34.565x2+
1.4x(5.57*0.15+7.75*0.18)=3777.8
Ac=N/0.4fcu, b=415.14mm
Therefore column size=650mmx650mm Therefore column
size=650mmx650mm
Column(ii)
A=(7.66+5.57)/2X(8+7.5)/2 =51.266m2
BS 8110 l=7-0.3-0.5=6.2
Table This is an unbraced column.
3.21 =1.5(End condition 2)
le=1.5x6.2=9.3m
To be short column,
le/h<15
h>620mm
N=(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x51.266x2+1.4x22x51.266+
1.4x(7.66*(0.4+0.15)+7.75*(1.7+0.18))
=3594.41kN
Ac=N/0.4fcu=256.74*103mm2
b=650mm
h=395mm
l=6-0.3-0.6=5.1m
le=5.1x1.3=6.63m
le/h<15 h>442mm
N=3594.41+(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x51.266x2+
1.4x(5.57*0.15+7.75*0.18)=5586.65kN
Ac=N/0.4fcu, h=613.92mm
Column(iii) size=650mmx650mm
A=(9.88+8.77)/2X8/2 =37.3m2
l=7-0.3-0.5=6.2
BS 8110 This is a braced column.
Table =0.85(End condition 2)
3.21 le=0.85x6.2=5.27m
133
To be short column,
le/h<15
h>351mm
N=(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x37.3x2+1.4x22x37.3+
1.4x(9.88*(0.4+0.15)+4*(1.7+0.18))
=2614.2kN
Ac=N/0.4fcu=186.73*103mm2
b=400mm
h=466.825mm
l=6-0.3-0.6=5.1m
le=5.1x1.3=6.63m
le/h<15 h>442mm
N=2614.2+(1.4x(6+1)+1.6x(5+1))x51.266x2+
1.4x(5.57*0.15+7.75*0.18)=4064.522kN
Ac=N/0.4fcu, if b=500mm h=580.648mm
size=600mmx600mm
When considering the steel beam sections in the tower house moment capacity was considered.

=

Hence beam section selected such that Z > M/ .
For the column, section is selected such that pc Ag > Pc and the section to be class 1 so that
buckling was avoided.
134
Referenc Calculations Remark
e s
Tower House
Dead load,
Finishes (top and bottom)= 1kN/m2
Self-weight =24*0.15=3.6kN/m2
Total dead load = 4.6kN/m
Impose load,
Partitions =1kN/m2
Impose load = 10kN/m2 (Machinery room)
= 7.5kN/m2 (Transmission room/ Building
services room)
=5kN/m2 (Observation deck)
=3kN/m2 (Hotel and Restaurant)
For hotel and observation deck
Slab A
135
Span =(5.27+2.97)/2=4.12m
Effective depth =103mm
Cover needed = 20mm
Thickness of the slab= 103+20+10/2 =128mm
lx=4.12, ly=5.9 ly/lx=1.43<2
Therefore Slab A is two way spanning slab
One long edge discontinuous,
Continuous edge vx=0.476
Discontinuous edge vx=0.313
T 3.16 vy=0.36
n=1.4x4.6+1.6x6=16.04 kN/m2
Load on Beam 3=vx*n*lx
=0.476*16.04*4.129=31.525kN/m
Load on Beam1= vy*n*lx
=0.36*16.04*4.129=23.84kN/m
Slab B
Span =4.3m
Effective depth =107.5mm
Cover needed = 20mm
Therefore thickness of the slab= 107.5+20+10/2 =132.5mm
136
lx=4.3, ly=6.11 ly/lx=1.42<2
Therefore Slab B is two way spanning slab
One short edge discontinuous,
vx=0.458
Continuous edge vy=0.36
Discontinuous edge vy=0.324
n=1.4x4.6+1.6x6=16.04 kN/m2
Load on Beam 1=vy*n*lx
=0.36*16.04*4=23.0976kN/m
=0.324*16.04*4=20.8kN/m
Load on Beam3= vx*n*lx
=0.458*16.04*4=29.4kN/m
For machinery floor
Slab A
Span =4.12m
Effective depth =108.4mm
Cover needed = 20mm
Thickness of the slab= 108.4+20+10/2 =133.4mm
lx=4.12, ly=5.9 ly/lx=1.43<2
Therefore Slab A is two way spanning slab
One long edge discontinuous,
137
Continuous edge vx=0.476
Discontinuous edge vx=0.313
vy=0.36
n=1.4x4.6+1.6x11=24.04 kN/m2
=0.476*24.04*4.129=47.25kN/m
=0.36*24.04*4.129=35.73kN/m
Slab B
Span =4.3m
Effective depth =113mm
Cover needed = 20mm
Therefore thickness of the slab= 113+20+10/2 =138mm
lx=4.3, ly=6.11 ly/lx=1.42<2
Therefore Slab B is two way spanning slab
One short edge discontinuous,
vx=0.458
Continuous edge vy=0.36
Discontinuous edge vy=0.24
n=1.4x4.6+1.6x11=24.04 kN/m2
138
=0.36*24.04*4=34.62kN/m
Load on Beam2= vx*n*lx
=0.324*24.04*4=31.16kN/m
=0.458*24.04*4=44.4kN/m

=

In steel =275N/mm2
But could not bear that much compression,
Therefore =175N/mm2
Beam1
Considering Hotel and Restaurant
Maximum moment=wl2/8=(47*5.272)/8=163.12kNm
163.2
139

=

163.2 10^6
=
175
= 0.93257 10^6^3
Therefore the suitable section would be= UB356x171x67
(1071cm3)
Considering Machinery floor, Transmission Floor and building

services floor
Maximum moment=wl2/8=(70.34*5.272)/8=244.2kNm
Reaction=(70.34+67x9.81x1.4x10^-3)x5.27/2=187.98kN
244.2

=

230 10^6
=
175
= 1.395 10^6^3
Therefore the suitable section would be=UB457x152x74
(1414cm3)
140
Beam2
125.6

=

125.6 10^6
=
175
= 0.718 10^6^3
(930cm3)

services floor
188.1

=

188.14 10^6
=
175
= 1.0751 10^6^3
(1122cm3)
141
Beam3

=

274.34 10^6
=
175
= 1.57 10^6^3
(1611cm3)

services floor
Maximum moment=wl2/8=(94.5*10.2^2)/8+188x5.9/2=1717.8kNm

=

1718 10^6
=
175
= 9.82 10^6^3
(2477cm3)
Column
Dead load on the column = 30.32x(5.6x2+9.6+12.1x2+6.1)
+65.274+63.22
=1677.85kN
Live load =30.32x(3x3+7.5x2+5) = 879.28kN
Design Load =1.4x1677.85+1.6x879.28= 3755.84kN
= 3800kN
Lets consider 305x305x283 ;To connect the UB selected
UB914x305x253
142
Table 9 b/T=322.2/2x44.1=3.65< 9 = 9x(275/265)1/2 = 9.17
Table 11 Class 1
Ag= 360cm2 =360x102mm2
= Le/r
=5/0.148=33.78
Table 23 Curve b
Table 24 pc=248.464 N/mm2
Pc=pcxAg
Pc=248.464x360x102
=8944.7kN>3800kN
Section is suitable
9.3 Load Evaluation
Floor Dead load Impose

(kN/m2) load(kN/m2)
Tower Basement Building services From slab-3.6 7.5
Base Finishes - 1
Partitions-7
Total D.L -11.6
Ground Shopping complex From slab-3.6 5
floor Finishes -1
Partitions-1
Total D.L -5.6
First floor Exhibition center and From slab-3.6 5
Conference hall Finishes -1
Partitions-3
Total D.L -7.6
143
Second Office spaces From slab-3.6 2.5
floor Finishes -1
Partitions-1
Total D.L -5.6
Museum From slab- 3.6 4
Finishes -1
Partitions-1
Total D.L -5.6
Roof top Roof top garden From slab- 4.8 3
Finishes -1.5
Partitions-1
Sand -10
Total D.L -17.3
Tower Observation deck From slab- 3.6 5
house Finishes -1
Partitions-1
Total D.L -5.6
Revolving restaurant From slab- 3.6 3
Finishes -1
Partitions-1
Total D.L -5.6
Hotel From slab- 3.6 3
Finishes -1
Partitions-5
Total D.L -9.6
Telecommunication From slab- 3.6 7.5
equipments Finishes -1.5
Partitions-7
Total D.L -12.1
Building services From slab- 3.6 7.5
Finishes -1.5
Partitions-7
Total D.L -12.1
144
By considering the load evaluation we come to the conclusion that most critical floor in the
tower base is the roof top and the critical floors at the tower house are the Telecommunication
equipment floor and Building services floor.
9.4 Design of the Super Structure
In this stage concrete design aspects and steel design aspects are to be used. Hence at the
design process BS 8110 and BS 5950 are used.
To obtain Bending moment diagram and the shear force diagrams beams are analyzed in the
PROKON software as monolithic structure with columns. Because of that the moments at the
beam span is reduced and it is shared with moments at the support. To get the moments at the
slabs BS 8110 is used and for columns 3-D model was used.
9.4.1 Tower Base
As discussed before the critical floor is roof top garden.
Dead load
From slab- 4.8 kN/m2
Finishes -1.5 kN/m2
Partitions-1 kN/m2
Sand -10 kN/m2
Total D.L -17.3 kN/m2
Impose load 3 kN/m2
145
Slab Coefficients- Tower Base
Slab A
6.15m
0.0638 lx=4.965m
0.037
0.504
0.36
ly/lx=1.8
One short edge

0.0476
discontinuous
0.028
0.0638
3.78m 8.94m 0.504
0.24
Slab B-1
0.032
0.33 lx=4.21m
ly=6.695m
ly/lx=1.6
0.024
7.24m
0.041 0.0554
6 0.462
6.15m
0.0554
0.462
4.21m
0.032
o.33
146
Slab B-2 0.032
0.33
lx=4.29m
ly=7.8m
ly/lx=1.8
0.024
7.24m
0.045 0.0606
6 0.488
6.15m
0.0606
0.488
4.21m
0.032
o.33
Slab C
lx=4.685m
5.19m
0.24 ly=7.69m
ly/lx=1.64
One short edge
0.061
0.0452
0.487 7.69m
4
0.061
0.487
0.028
4.18m
0.037
0.36
147
Reference Calculations Out Put
A
B-1
B-2
BS 8110: Part
1: 1985
Slab A
lx=4.965m
ly/lx=1.8 ; Two way spanning
One short edge discontinuous
Design load= 1.4x17.3+1.6x3= 29.02kN/m2
d=150-20-10/2=125mm
Bending moments
Table 3.15
Short way
edge=0.0638x4.9652x29.02=45.64kNm/m
Short way
span=0.0476x4.9652x29.02=34.05kNm/m
Long way edge=0.037x4.9652x29.02=26.47kNm/m
Long way span=0.028x4.9652x29.02=20.03kNm/m
Chart 3
3.12.11.2.7 Design of reinforcement
Table 3.27
Short way mid span Short way mid span
T10 @100mm
M/bd2=(34.05x106)/(1000x1252)=2.18
148
100As/bd=0.55
As=0.55x1000x125/100=687.5mm2/m
T10 @100mm(As=780mm2) < 3d =375mm
Table 3.11 100As/Ac=100x780/1000x150=0.52>0.13
Table 3.10
Checking for deflection
M/bd2=(34.05x106)/(1000x1252)=2.18 Deflection O.K

fs=(5x460x687.5)/(8x780)=253
=1.55
Allowable span/depth=26x1.55=40.3
Chart 3 Actual span/depth=4965/125=39.72
3.12.11.2.7
Table 3.27 Short way edge Short way edge
M/bd2=(45.64x106)/(1000x1252)=2.88 T10@100mm
100As/bd=0.6
As=0.6x1000x125/100=750mm2/m
Chart 3 T10 @100mm(As=780mm2) <3d = 375mm
3.12.11.2.7 100As/Ac=100x780/1000x150=0.52>0.13
Table 3.27
Long way edge
Long way edge
2 6 2
M/bd =(26.74x10 )/(1000x115 )=2.02 T10@125mm
100As/bd=0.5
As=0.5x1000x115/100=575mm2/m
Chart 3 T10 @125mm(As=624mm2) < 3d = 375mm
3.12.11.2.7 100As/Ac=100x7624/1000x150=0.416>0.13
Table 3.27
Long way span
M/bd2=(20.03x106)/(1000x1152)=1.5 Long way span

100As/bd=0.4 T10@150mm
3.5.3.5 As=0.4x1000x115/100=460mm2/m
T10 @150mm(As=546mm2) < 3d=375mm
100As/Ac=100x546/1000x150=0.364>0.13
Edge strip
Edge strips T10@350mm
Table 3.16
100As/Ac=0.13
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
Table 3.9 T10@400mm> 3d=375
T10@350mm
Table 3.16 Check for Shear No shear r/f needed

Short way Support
Table 3.9 V=0.504x29.02x4.965=72.62kN/m
v=72.62x103/1000x125=0.581 N/mm2
100As/bd=0.6
vc=0.71N/mm2> 0.581 N/mm2 Hence O. K
149
No shear r/f needed
Long way Support
V=0.36x29.09x4.965=52kN/m
v=52x103/1000x115=0.45 N/mm2
100As/bd=0.5
Slab B-1 Interior Panel
d(mm) lx(m) M M/bd2 100As/bd As(req) As

(kNm/m) mm2 (provided)
mm2
Short 125 4.21 0.0456 23.45 1.5 0.4 500 As=546
way T10@150
span
Short 125 4.21 0.0606 31.17 1.99 0.53 662.5 As=780
way T10@100
edge
Long 115 4.21 0.032 16.46 1.24 0.35 402.5 As=546
way T10@150
edge
Long 115 4.21 0.024 12.34 0.93 0.25 287.5 As=312
way T10@250
span
Edge strips
100As/Ac=0.13
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
T10@400mm> 3d=375mm
T10@350mm
M/bd2= (23.45x106)/(1000x1252)=1.5
fs=(5x460x500)/(8x546)=263
150
=1.38
Actual span/depth=4210/125=33.68
Check for Shear
d(mm lx(mm V(kN/m v(N/mm2 100As/bd vc(N/mm2) Shear r/f

) ) ) )
Short 125 4.21 0.46 56.44 0.45 0.53 0.682 No need
way edge 2
Long 115 4.21 0.33 40.3 0.351 0.35 0.586 No need
way edge
Slab B-2 Interior Panel
d(mm) lx(m) M M/bd2 100As/bd As(req) As (provided)

(kNm/m) mm2 mm2
Short way 125 4.29 0.0456 24.41 1.56 0.41 513 As=546
span T10@150
Short way 125 4.29 0.0606 32.44 2.1 0.55 687.5 As=780
edge T10@100
Long way 115 4.29 0.032 17.13 1.3 0.35 402.5 As=546
edge T10@150
Long way 115 4.29 0.024 12.85 0.97 0.28 322 As=390
span T10@200
151
Edge strips
100As/Ac=0.13
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
T10@400mm> 3d=375mm
T10@350mm
M/bd2= (24.41x106)/(1000x1252)=1.56
fs=(5x460x513)/(8x546)=270
=1.38
Check for Shear

) ) ) )
Short 125 4.29 0.48 61 0.488 0.55 0.69 No need
way edge 8
Long 115 4.29 0.33 41.1 0.357 0.35 0.586 No need
way edge
Slab C One short edge discontinues
d(mm) lx(m) M M/bd2 100As/bd As(req) As (provided)

(kNm/m) mm2 mm2
Short way 125 4.685 0.045 28.66 1.83 0.48 600 As=624
span T10@125
Short way 125 4.685 0.061 38.85 2.5 0.68 850 As=975
edge T10@80
Long way 115 4.685 0.037 23.57 1.78 0.45 517.5 As=546
edge T10@150
Long way 115 4.685 0.028 17.85 1.35 0.37 425.5 As=520
span T10@150
152
Edge strips
100As/Ac=0.13
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
T10@400mm> 3d=375mm
T10@350mm
M/bd2= (28.66x106)/(1000x1252)=1.83
fs=(5x460x600)/(8x624)=276
=1.46
Check for Shear

) ) ) )
Short 125 4.685 0.48 66.2 0.53 0.68 0.742 No need
way edge 7
Long 115 4.685 0.36 48.9 0.425 0.45 0.642 No need
way edge
153
B1
By analyzing using Prokon software
154
B1- Roof top

Design for flexure
By analyzing the beam from Prokon
325kNm 325kN
130kN/m
1 A 2
Span A
BS 8110:
K=0.156
Part1:
Effective depth (d) =500-(30+25/2+10)= 447.5mm
1985
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
3.4.4.4.
K= M/bd2fcu = 130x106/300x447.52x35=0.062
Therefore K<K, compression reinforcement is not
required.
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)1/2}
=447.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.062/0.9)1/2}=428.28mm>0.95d=425.1
z=425.1
As=M/0.87fyz
As=804mm2
=130x106/0.87x460x425.1=764.14mm2
Use 4T16
Use 4T16(As=804mm2)
100As/Ac=100x804/447.5x300=0.6>0.13
Support 1and 2
Table 3.27
K=0.156
3.4.4.4.
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 325x106/300x447.52x35=0.154
required.
155
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)1/2}
=447.5x{0.5+(0.25-
As=2362mm2
0.154/0.9)1/2}=369.9mm>0.95d=425.1
Use 4T25+2T16
As=M/0.87fyz
=325x106/0.87x460x369.9=2195.44mm2
Table 3.27 Use 4T25+2T16(As=2362mm2)
100As/Ac=100x2362/447.5x300=1.759>0.13
Design for shear
350kN
v=1.25N/mm2
350kN
3.4.5.2. V max=350kN
v max=350x103/(300x500)= 2.33N/mm2
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>2.33N/mm2<5N/mm2
Hence O.K vc=0.6354
Table 3.9 100As/bvd=100x2362/300x447.5=1.76
vc=0.7616
Table 3.8
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Assuming 10mm links Asv=157.1mm2
T10 @100mm
Asv>=bvsv(v-vc)/0.87fyv
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(2.33-0.7616)x300
<=133.0mm>0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 100mm
Deflection
Span A
Table 3.11
M/bd2 = 130x106/300x447.52=2.16
Deflection O.K
Tabl3 3.10 =1.04
Allowable span/effective depth= 26x1.04=27.04
Actual span/effective depth=6.15/0.4475=16.32
156
B2
B2- Roof top

Design for flexure
157
806kN/m
1 A 2
BS 8110: Span A
Part1: K=0.156
1985 Effective depth (d) =500-(30+25/2+10)= 447.5mm
3.4.4.4. d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 806x106/300x447.52x35=0.383
Therefore K>K, compression reinforcement is required.
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=447.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=368.37mm<0.95d=425.1
As=3216mm2
As=(K-K)fcubd2/0.87fy(d-d)
Compression
=(0.383-0.156)x35x300x447.52/0.87x460x(447.5-
Steel= 4T32
52.50
=3019.44mm2
Use 4T32(As=3216mm2)
As=As+Kfcubd2/0.87fyz As=5452mm2
=3216+0.156x35x300x447.52/0.87x460x368.37 Use 6T32+2T20
=5291.03mm2
Table 3.27 Use 6T32 +2T20 (As=5452mm2)

100As/Ac=100x5452/447.5x300=4.06>0.13
Design for shear
445kN
445kN
v=2.97N/mm2
V max=445 kN
158
3.4.5.2. v max=445x103/(300x500)= 2.97N/mm2
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>2.97N/mm2<5N/mm2
Hence O.K
100As/bvd=100x5452/300x447.5=4.06
vc=0.91
Table 3.9
vc=0.91
Table 3.8 (vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5

Assuming 10mm links
Asv=157.1mm2
T10 @100mm
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(2.97-0.91)x300
<=101.73mm>0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 100mm
Deflection
Span A
Deflection O.K
M/bd2 = 806x106/300x447.52=13.416
Table 3.11
=0.76
Table 3.10 Allowable span/effective depth= 26x0.76=19.76
159
B3
160
B3- Roof top

Design for flexure
1070kNm 1070kN
1000kN/
1 A m 2
Span A
BS 8110:
K=0.156
Part1:
1985
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
3.4.4.4.
K= M/bd2fcu = 1000x106/300x547.52x35=0.318
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=447.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.13
=(0.318-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-
52.5)
=2574mm2
Compression
Use 2T32+2T25(As=2588mm2)
Steel=
As=As+Kfcubd2/0.87fyz
2T32+2T25
2
=2574+0.156x35x300x547.5 /0.87x460x450.7
=5296.2mm2
Use 6T32+2T20
Use 6T32+2T20
100As/Ac=100x6481/447.5x300=4.83>0.13
Support 1and 2
Table 3.27
K=0.156
3.4.4.4.
161
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 1070x106/300x547.52x35=0.334
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.13
=(0.334-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-
52.5)
Compression
=2828.1mm2
Steel= 4T32
Use 4T32
=1024.22+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
=5550.3mm2
As=5804mm2
Use 6T32 +2T25 (As=5804mm2)
Use 6T32+2T25
Table 3.27 100As/Ac=100x5550.3/547.5x300=3.38>0.13
Design for shear
750kN
750kN
V max=750 kN v=4.17N/mm2
3.4.5.2. v max=750x103/(300x600)= 4.17N/mm2
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>4.17N/mm2<5N/mm2
Hence O.K
100As/bvd=100x5550/300x547.5=3.34
vc=0.91
Table 3.9
vc=0.91
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Table 3.8
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(4.17-0.91)x300
<=64.3mm<0.75d=335.625mm
162
Use T10 at 50mm T10 @50mm
Deflection
Span A
Table 3.11
M/bd2 = 1000x106/300x447.52=16
Table 3.10 =0.76 Deflection O.K
B4
163
B4- Roof top

Design for flexure
1030kNm 1030kN
1010kN/
1 A 2
m
Span A
BS 8110:
K=0.156
Part1:
1985
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
3.4.4.4.
K= M/bd2fcu = 1010x106/300x547.52x35=0.321
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.13
=(0.321-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-
52.5)
=2621.55mm2
Use 4T32
Compression
As=As+Kfcubd /0.87fyz
2
Steel= 4T32
=1024.22+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
=5343.18mm2
Use 6T32 +2T20 (As=5452mm2)
100As/Ac=100x5452/547.5x300=3.32>0.13 As=5452mm2
Support 1and 2 Use 6T32+2T20
Table 3.27
K=0.156
164
3.4.4.4. d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 488x106/300x547.52x35=0.327
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.13
=(0.327-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-
52.5)
=2716.88mm2 Compression
Use 4T32 Steel= 4T32
=1024.22+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
=5484.06mm2
Use 6T32 +2T25 (As=5804mm^2) As=5804mm2
100As/Ac=100x5804/547.5x300=3.53>0.13 Use 6T32+2T25
Table 3.27 Design for shear
531kN
531kN
V max=531 kN
v max=531x103/(300x600)= 2.95N/mm2
v=2.95N/mm2
3.4.5.2. (0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>2.95N/mm2<5N/mm2
Hence O.K
100As/bvd=100x5904/300x547.5=3.53
vc=0.91
Table 3.9
vc=0.7128
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Table 3.8 Asv>=bvsv(v-vc)/0.87fyv
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(2.95-0.91)x300
165
<=102.73mm<0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 100mm
Deflection
T10 @100mm
Span A
M/bd2 = 1010x106/300x547.52=11.23
=0.76
Table 3.11
Table 3.10 Actual span/effective depth=10.39/0.5475=18.977 Deflection O.K
B5
166
B5- Roof top

Design for flexure
904kN/m
1 A 2
Span A
BS 8110:
K=0.156
Part1:
1985
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
3.4.4.4.
K= M/bd2fcu = 904x106/300x447.52x35=0.429
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=447.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=368.37mm<0.95d=425.1
As=3844mm2
Compression
=(0.429-0.156)x35x300x447.52/0.87x460x(447.5-
Steel=
52.50
4T32+2T20
=3631.3mm2
Use 4T32+2T20(As=3844mm2)
Table 3.27
=3844+0.156x35x300x447.52/0.87x460x368.37
=6069.044mm2
Use 4T32 +4T32 (As=6432mm2)
As=6432mm2
100As/Ac=100x6432/447.5x300=4.79>0.13
Use 4T32+4T32
167
Design for shear
500kN
3.4.5.2.
v=3.33N/mm2
500kN
V max=500 kN
Table 3.9 v max=500x103/(300x500)=3.33N/mm2
vc=0.91
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>3.33N/mm2<5N/mm2
Hence O.K
Table 3.8 100As/bvd=100x1960/300x447.5=4.79
vc=0.91
T10 @75mm
( vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Assuming 10mm links
Asv=157.1mm2
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(3.33-0.91)x300
<=86.59mm>0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 75mm

Table 3.11
Deflection
Table 3.10
Deflection O.K
Span A
M/bd2 = 904x106/300x447.52=15.05
=0.76
168
B6
169
B6- Roof top

Design for flexure
1470kN 1000kN
m m
BS 8110:
Part1:
818kNm
1985 901kNm 418kNm
1 A 2 B 3 C 4
Span A
K=0.156
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 901x106/300x547.52x35=0.286
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.125
3.4.4.4.
=(0.286-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-
52.50)
=2065.5mm2
Use 4T20+2T25(As=2236mm2)
=2236+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
As=2236mm2
2
=4958.18mm
Compression
2
Use 4T32 +4T25 (As=5176mm )
Steel=
100As/Ac=100x3342/447.5x300=3.15>0.13
4T20+2T2
5
As=5176mm2
170
Span B Use 4T32 +4T25
Table 3.27 K=0.156
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
3.4.4.4. K= M/bd2fcu = 818x106/300x547.52x35=0.26
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.125
=(0.26-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5-52.50
=1652.37mm2 As=1960mm2
Use 4T25(As=1960mm2) Compression
As=As+Kfcubd2/0.87fyz Steel= 4T25
=1652.37+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
=4374.55mm2
Use 6T32 (As=4824mm2) As=4824mm2
100As/Ac=100x3342/447.5x300=2.9>0.13 Use 6T32
Table 3.27 Span C

K=0.156
3.4.4.4. d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 418x106/300x547.52x35=0.133
required.
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.133/0.9)1/2}=471.16mm<0.95d=520.125
Table 3.27 As=M/0.87fyz
=418x106/0.87x460x471.16=2216.82mm2 As=2588mm2
Use 4T25+2T20(As=2588mm2) Use 4T25+2T20
100As/Ac=100x2588/547.5x300=1.58>0.13
171
Support 2
K=0.156
3.4.4.4. Effective depth (d) =600-(30+25/2+10)= 547.5mm
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 1470x106/300x547.52x35=0.467
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.125
As=(K-K)fcubd2/0.87fy(d-d) As=5176mm2
=(0.467-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5- Compression
52.50) Steel=
=4941.23mm2 4T32+4T25
Use 4T32+4T25(As=5176mm2)
=5176+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7 As=8040mm2
=7898.2mm2 Use 10T32
Table 3.27 Use 10T32 (As=8040mm2)
100As/Ac=100x8040/447.5x300=4.89>0.13
3.4.4.4. Support 3
K=0.156
d = 30+25/2+10=52.5mm
K= M/bd2fcu = 1000x106/300x547.52x35=0.318
z= d{0.5+(0.25-K'/0.9)1/2}
=547.5x{0.5+(0.25-
0.156/0.9)1/2}=450.7mm<0.95d=520.125 As=3216mm2
As=(K-K)fcubd2/0.87fy(d-d) Compression
=(0.318-0.156)x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x(547.5- Steel= 4T32
52.50
=2573.89mm2
172
Use 4T32(As=3216mm2) As=5804mm2
As=As+Kfcubd2/0.87fyz Use 6T32+2T25
Table 3.27 =2946+0.156x35x300x547.52/0.87x460x450.7
=5668.2mm2
Use 6T32 +2T25 (As=5804mm2)
100As/Ac=100x5804/547.5x300=3.53>0.13
Design for shear
312kN 417kN/m 364kN/m

2 2
206kN/m
843 kN 2
641 kN 498kN/m
2
1 A 2 B 3 C 4
v=2.02N/mm2
3.4.5.2.
At Support 1and support 3 - span c
V max=364 kN
v max=364x103/(300x600)= 2.02N/mm2
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>2.02N/mm2<5N/mm2
vc=0.91
Hence O.K
Table 3.9 100As/bvd=100x5804/300x547.5=3.53
vc=0.91
Table 3.8
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Assuming 10mm links
Asv=157.1mm2
T10 @175mm
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(2.02-0.91)x300
<=188.8mm>0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 175mm v=4.68N/mm2

3.4.5.2.
At Support 2
V max=843 kN
v max=843x103/(300x600)= 4.68N/mm2
173
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>4.68N/mm2<5N/mm2 vc=0.91
Table 3.9 Hence O.K
Table 3.8 100As/bvd=100x8040/300x547.5=4.89
vc=0.91
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Assuming 10mm links Asv=157.1mm2 T10 @50mm
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(4.68-0.91)x300
<=55.6mm<0.75d=335.625mm v=3.56N/mm2
3.4.5.2. Use T10 at 50mm
At Support 3
V max=641 kN
v max=641x103/(300x600)= 3.56N/mm2
(0.8)fcu0.5=(0.8)x350.5=4.73N/mm2>3.56N/mm2<5N/mm2 vc=0.91
Table 3.9 Hence O.K
Table 3.8 100As/bvd=100x5804/300x547.5=3.53
vc=0.91
(vc+0.4)<v<(0.8)fcu0.5
Assuming 10mm links T10 @175mm
Asv=157.1mm2
sv<=157.1x0.87x460/(2.02-0.91)x300
<=188.8mm>0.75d=335.625mm
Use T10 at 175mm
Deflection
Table 3.11
Deflection O.K
Span A
Table 3.10
M/bd2 = 901x106/300x547.52=10.01
=0.76
Table 3.11
Span B Deflection O.K
Table 3.10
M/bd2 = 818x106/300x547.52=9
174
=0.76
Span c
Table 3.11 Deflection O.K
Table 3.10 M/bd2 = 418x106/300x547.52=4.65
=0.8175
9.4.2 Design of the deep beams
To accommodate visual space for the auditorium Column (ii) has to be removed at that level.
Hence to transfer the load carrying from column (ii) at the second floor level a transfer beam
has to be provided. By analyzing the transfer beam the Bending moment diagram obtained is
shown below.
175
Web
Beam Eff.
Sectio Span Widt Depth Mome Singl
Designatio Depth d' As As'
n ,l (m) h (h) nt (M) y R/f
n (d)
(bw)
1,444.0 52.5 650.0 1,500.0 5,500.0 12,158.2

Transfer SP1 0 0 0 0 0 No 3 384.61
1,444.0 52.5 650.0 1,500.0 7,520.0 15,785.5 4,011.9

16.15 0 0 0 0 0 No 9 7
1,444.0 52.5 650.0 1,500.0 5,500.0 12,158.2

SP1 0 0 0 0 0 No 3 384.61
Hence to cater this large Bending moment the depth should be greater than 1500mm. This
would obstruct with the clear height. Therefore it was decided to have two deep beams at the
roof top level and the office level with the depth of 900mm.
The bending moment diagrams and design calculation of the roof top level the beam (transRT)
and at office level (TransOF) are shown below.
Beam- transRt
176
Beam- trabsOF
Design Calculations
Eff. Web
Beam Span,l Depth Moment Singly
Depth d' Width As As'
Designation (m) (h) (M) R/f
(d) (bw)
transRT 8.94 844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 725.00 Yes 2,321.11 -
844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 1,750.00 Yes 6,588.40 -
844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 6,250.00 No 20,911.88 14,030.35
16.19 844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 4,900.00 No 16,649.95 9,768.42
transOF 8.94 844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 160.00 Yes 498.63 -
844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 814.00 Yes 2,635.05 -
844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 3,060.00 No 10,841.11 3,959.57
16.19 844.00 52.50 650.00 900.00 2,250.00 No 8,283.95 1,402.42
177
9.4.3 Design of the Fin

Dead load on the column =
30.32x(5.6x2+9.6+12.1x2+6.1)
+65.274+63.22
=1677.85kN
Live load =30.32x(3x3+7.5x2+5) =
879.28kN
Design Load =1.4x1677.85+1.6x879.28=
3755.84kN
BS 8110: Part
= 3800kN
1: 1985
Corbel dimensions
5.2.3.4
Width of the corbel = 800mm
Assuming dry bearing on concrete, Bearing width
3800x103/800w<= 0.4fcu=20 = 250mm
w =237.5mm
Bearing width = 250mm Corbel
projection
5.2.7.1
To accommodate a stressed bend radius, =500mm
Corbel projection = 500mm
av/d<1
Lets take H = 11000mm
d = 11000-30-32/2 = 10954mm
av/d= 0.93<1
h>H/2 therefore h=6m
av
T
h
C
178
Main Reinforcement
From strain compatibility and stress block,

C=0.45 fcu 0.9 b X cos
= 0.45 x 50 x0.9 x 800 x X x cos (1)
Since the line of action of C must pass through the
centroid of stress block,
tan=z/10200
tan =z/av=(d-0.45x)/av
tan=(10954-0.45 x)/10200 (2)
From the triangle of forces T, P and C
C= P/sin (3)
From equations (1), (2) and (3)
x = 214.59mm
= 46.7880
C= 5076.662kN
T =3476kN
By strain compatibility, strain in steel,

{(d-x)/x}x 0.0035 = 0.175
Hence steel has just yielded,
As=T/0.87 x fs ; fs=460N/mm2
As= 3476x 103/0.87x460 = 8685.7mm2 28T40
100As/bd=0.1
But,
0.4< 100As/bd>0.13
Hence taking the minimum
Table 3.9 100As/bd = 0.4
As=35052.8mm2
5.2.3.7.3. Using 28 T40 100As/bd =0.402
T12 @ 70mm
3.12.8.25.2.
Shear Reinforcement
v=3800x103/800x10954 = 0.422
100As/bd = 0.401
vc = 0.46
Minimum requirement = 35168/2 =17584mm2
T12 @ 70mm
Bend radius
Bending Reinforcement 250mm
179
Distance available for bend radius = 400 30-
(30+12+40) =280mm
Critical value of ab= 30+12+40 = 82mm

Fbt = 0.87x460x35052.5/35168 = 399 N/mm2
Fbt/r<= 2fcu/{1+2x(/ab)}
399x1256/40 r<= 2x50/{1+2x(40/82)}

r > 247.5mm<280mm Hence O.K
180
9.4.4 Tower House
Slab Coefficients
Slab A
5.27m lx=4.12m
0.056 ly/lx=1.432
0.037
0.4564
0.36 One short edge
Discontinuous
0.0476
0.028
0.056
2.97m 5.9m 0.4564
0.24
Slab B 0.037
0.36
lx=4.3m
ly=6.11
0.028 ly/lx=1.421
6.95m One long edge
0.041 0.31 discontinuous
5.27m
0.069
0.494
4.3m
0.037
0.36
181
A B
BS 8110: Part
1: 1985 Slab A
lx=4.12m
ly/lx=1.432 ; Two way spanning
One short edge discontinuous
Design load= 1.4x12.1+1.6x7.5= 28.94kN/m2
d=150-20-10/2=125mm
Bending moments
Table 3.15 Short way edge=0.056x4.122x28.94=27.51kNm/m

Short way span=0.0476x4.122x28.94=23.38kNm/m
Long way edge=0.037x4.122x28.94=18.18kNm/m
Long way span=0.028x4.122x28.94=13.75kNm/m
Design of reinforcement
Short way mid span
M/bd2=(23.38x106)/(1000x1252)=1.5
100As/bd=0.4
Chart 3 As=0.4x1000x125/100=500mm2/m
3.12.11.2.7 T10 @150mm(As=546mm2) < 3d =375mm Short way mid
Table 3.27 100As/Ac=100x500/1000x150=0.33>0.13 span
Checking for deflection T10 @150mm
M/bd2=(23.38x106)/(1000x1252)=0.4
182
fs=(5x460x500)/(8x546)=263
=1.82
Table 3.11 Actual span/depth=4120/125=32.96
Table 3.10
Short way edge
Deflection O.K
M/bd2=(27.51x106)/(1000x1252)=1.76
100As/bd=0.46
As=0.46x1000x125/100=575mm2/m
T10 @125mm(As=624mm2) <3d = 375mm
Chart 3 100As/Ac=100x624/1000x150=0.416>0.13
3.12.11.2.7 Short way edge
Table 3.27 Long way edge
T10@125mm
M/bd2=(18.18x106)/(1000x1152)=1.37
100As/bd=0.37
As=0.37x1000x115/100=425.5mm2/m
Chart 3 T10 @150mm(As=546mm2) < 3d = 375mm
3.12.11.2.7 100As/Ac=100x546/1000x150=0.364>0.13
Table 3.27
Long way span Long way edge
T10@150mm
M/bd2=(13.75x106)/(1000x1152)=1.04
100As/bd=0.3
As=0.3x1000x115/100=345mm2/m
Chart 3 T10 @200mm(As=390mm2) < 3d=375mm
3.12.11.2.7 100As/Ac=100x390/1000x150=0.26>0.13
Table 3.27
Edge strips
Long way span
100As/Ac=0.13 T10@200mm
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
3.5.3.5 T10@400mm> 3d=375
T10@350mm
Edge strip
Check for Shear T10@350mm
Short way Support
Table 3.16 V=0.4564x28.94x4.12=54.42kN/m
v=54.42x103/1000x125=0.4363 N/mm2
100As/bd=0.46
Table 3.9 vc=0.6476N/mm2> 0.4363 N/mm2 Hence O. K
Long way Support No shear r/f needed

Table 3.16 V=0.36x28.94x4.12=43kN/m
v=43x103/1000x115=0.374 N/mm2
Table 3.9 100As/bd=0.37
No shear r/f needed
183
Slab B One short edge discontinues
d(mm) lx(m) M M/bd2 100As/bd As(req) As

(kNm/m) mm2 (provided)
mm2
Short 125 4.3 0.041 22 1.41 0.38 475 As=520
way T10@150
span
Short 125 4.3 0.069 36.92 2.36 0.63 787.5 As=975
way T10@80
edge
Long 115 4.3 0.037 19.8 1.5 0.4 460 As=546
way T10@150
edge
Long 115 4.3 0.028 15 1.13 0.3 345 As=390
way T10@200
span
Edge strips
100As/Ac=0.13
As=0.13x150x1000/100=195mm2
T10@400mm> 3d=375mm
T10@350mm
M/bd2= (22x106)/(1000x1252)=1.41
fs=(5x460x475)/(8x520)=262
=1.34
184
Check for Shear
d(m lx(m V(kN/ v(N/m 100As/b vc(N/m Shear

m) m) m) m2 ) d m2 ) r/f
Short 125 4.3 0.4 61.5 0.492 0.63 0.722 No
way 94 need
edge
Long 115 4.3 0.3 44.8 0.39 0.4 0.614 No
way 6 need
edge
185
10 FOUNDATION DESIGN
10.1 Design of substructure
10.1.1 Introduction
The proposed Queen Tower, which is 352m high including 252m at the crest of the tower
house and 100m of the mast, is capable of the functions for radio and TV program
broadcast, transmission of microwave signals and reception of satellite TV signals. It will
also cover many functions such as catering entertainment, shopping, display and
exhibition, conference, banquet and tourism, etc.
The project is located in the central area of Colombo, capital city of Sri Lanka, covering
an area of about 2.75 hectares, with a total construction area of 26998 m2. The site is nearby
northeast of to the city road named D.R.Wijewardena. Mawatha and the southwest of the
city lake area.
The Basic Design Period is 50years and the life cycle of the Queen Tower is designed to
be 50 years, the building will be sensitive to differential settlement after built and the safety
of the building is very important, therefore the Safety Level, Ground Engineering Level,
Foundation Design Level of this project pertain to the superlative degrees specified in the
codes of practice. The proposed construction site can be classified to a moderate complex
site; the foundation can be classified to a moderate complex foundation, so the
geotechnical investigation can be classified to Class A according to the relative technical
codes. It is in the phase of detailed geotechnical investigation.
10.1.2 Objectives of the Foundation Investigation
(1) To disclose unfavourable geological environmental problems and carry out analysis
and evaluation of its effects on the stability of the proposed construction site if the
problems are present.
(2) To find out the geological ages, origin of formation and distribution regularity of the
subsoil strata within the influencing depths of the foundation as well as the physical and
mechanical properties of the subsoil.
186
(3) To identify groundwater types and its embedding conditions, to disclose basic
fluctuation regularity of groundwater level and evaluate permeability of aquifers, to
analyse the groundwater quality in view of the corrosiveness to main materials of the
foundation structures;
(4) To reveal the hydro geological conditions of the proposed construction site and its
maximum groundwater elevation during the past years as well as in recent 35 years, to
analyse the movement regularity of groundwater and the annual variation range of
groundwater level;
(5) To provide basic earthquake engineering parameters of the site to be used in the
earthquake-resistant design of the proposed buildings and to evaluate liquefaction
potential of the subsoil under the proposed construction site;
(6) To recommend safe and cost-effective footing alternative(s) in the light of our
comprehensive analyses and experience, and to present other general technical suggestions
concerning the issues of the foundation design and construction;
(7) To provide geotechnical parameters of the subsoil for foundation design and
construction, which include the parameters used for strength and deformation calculation
and verification; to recommend the standard value of bearing capacity both for specific
subsoil strata and for the foundation soil as a whole and study the settlement features of
the foundation(s);
(8) To analyse the potential problems which may well be encountered during foundation
design and construction, and provide technical proposals and requirements for retaining
structure design and groundwater control during the process of construction;
(9) To provide geotechnical parameters for earthwork design and construction, such as
excavating, retaining, dewatering and backfilling.
The geology of Colombo is representative of the geology of the western coast of Sri Lanka
and has existed for much of the Quaternary era. Bore holes drilled in central Colombo City
show that this area once formed an estuary of the Kelani River and the Kalu Ganga River,
the two main rivers that drain into the sea on the western coast. A few kilometres upstream
in the inland valleys, there is a high-level gravel formation consisting of quartz pebbles
embedded in a matrix of laterite separated with pebble-free layers of laterite. The
187
floodplains along the rivers consist mainly of alluvial deposits. The floodplains of Kelani
River also provide thick alluvial profiles for unconfined aquifers, in addition to the
productive overburden along tributary banks.
Before the site was demolished, it mainly included the reserved land of the Urban
Development Authority (UDA), residential areas and part of the office land of the state-
owned enterprise. The Ministry of Transport and St. Josephs College lie to the east of the
site, the Ministry of Postal Serviceslies to the west of the site, the Beira Lake lies to the
south of the site and the D.R.Wijewardana Mawatha
Street lies to the north of the site. The landform is basically flat, during boring the ground
level at the locations of the boreholes varied from 2.77m to 3.77m; the average ground
level is 3.23m. The residential area was the first place be demolished, and the large area
was backfilled and level off by residual laterite with fine to medium sand before it was
used for the Commencement Ceremony
Site, other places were demolished successively during the process of the geotechnical
investigation. Some Boreholes were located in the underground pond and the remaining
buildings, so the borehole locations of BH25#, BH30#and BH33# shifted because of the
influence of the terrain. Theres a rainwater pipeline lies in the ground from the north to
the south, and also some abandoned pipelines, except these pipelines, theres no other over
ground or underground pipelines and utilities may have unfavourable impact upon the
geotechnical investigation.
The Beira Lake is a unique landmark of Colombo city, it lies in the centre of the city and
has a drainage area of 65 hectares. According to records this lake was built about 500 years
ago, and before that, this area was a marshland of the Kelani river basin. At present, as an
important drainage channel of the city, the Beira Lake connects with the west sea with the
sluice. The Beira Lake surface elevation is about 1.80 m above the mean sea level.
188
Figure 10.1 : The Arrangement of the Boreholes and contour map of the depth of fresh bedrock top
189
Table 10.1 : Ground surface level and ground water level
Borehole no. Top Elevation Ground water level
BH01 3.19 2.29

BH02 3.21 2.01
BH03 3.25 2.05
BH04 3.16 2.36
BH05 3.12 2.62
BH06 3.26 2.06
BH07 3.38 2.28
BH08 3.29 2.19
BH09 3.34 2.14
BH10 3.20 2.10
BH11 3.18 1.98
BH12 3.07 2.17
BH13 3.19 2.39
BH14 3.28 2.18
BH15 3.41 2.21
BH16 3.26 2.06
BH17 3.45 2.45
BH18 3.23 2.13
BH19 3.11 1.91
BH20 3.14 2.04
BH21 2.93 1.83
BH22 3.31 2.11
BH23 3.45 2.45
BH24 3.27 2.17
BH25 3.46 2.26
BH26 3.21 2.01
BH27 2.96 1.86
BH28 3.11 2.31
BH29 2.77 1.87
BH30 3.42 2.32
BH31 3.33 2.23
BH32 3.43 2.23
BH33 3.77 2.57
BHA1 3.01 1.81
BHA2 3.08 1.88
BHA3 3.06 1.86
BHA4 3.09 1.89
190
10.2 Brief Introduction to the Ground Condition
As disclosed by the completed borings, in-situ testing results and laboratory soil testing
findings and in light of the geological ages and origin of the formation, the subsoil strata
within the maximum penetrating depth of 40m are identified intothree categories the
Made Ground(Q4ml), the Quaternary Lake Deposits(Q4l)and the Proterozoic gneiss and
quartzite(Pt). The subsoil strata are further grouped into 5 layers according to the soil
properties and in viewof the physical and mechanical properties. The basic features of the
grouped soil layers are listed as following.
10.2.1 Made Ground
Miscellaneous fill: Grey to black, wet to saturated, loose to dense. It is mainly composed
of building debris, concretes, fine to medium sands, cohesive soils and organic matters.
The soil structure ranges from loose to dense unsteadily, and was newly deposited. It
distributed in the whole site, and the thickness ranges from0.60m to 3.60m.
Plain fill: Red brown, lightly wet, loose structure. It is mainly composed of newly
deposited residual laterite, It distributed in south of the site. The thickness ranges from
0.10m to 1.00m.
Layer group 1 is mainly composed of Miscellaneous fill, the thickness of layer group 1
ranges from 0.60m to3.60m, the bottom elevation of this layer group ranges from -0.32m
to 2.54m.
10.2.2 Quaternary Lake Deposits
Fine to medium sand: Mainly grey, partly brownish yellow, wet to saturated, loose to dense
(This layer is dense in the fan area between borehole BH31#, BH01#, BH33#, it is loose
in other area). It is mainly composed of quartz, mica and other minerals, most of the sand
are not pure and containing clay, sea shells. It distributed in the whole site, and the
thickness ranges from 2.00m to 5.40m.
1Silty clay / clay: Grey to black, wet to very wet, fluid plastic to plastic, mainly fluid
plastic, medium to high compressibility, without shake vibration response, lightly lustre,
medium dry strength and toughness. Inhomogeneous, containing fine to medium sand, sea
shells, organic matters. This layer mainly distributed in the south of the site, and the
thickness ranges from 0.50m to 3.40m.
191
Coarse sand: Grey, saturated, medium dense to dense. It is mainly composed of quartz,
mica and other minerals, most of the sand are not pure and containing clay. This layer was
revealed only in borehole BH08#, BH15#, BH24#and BH33#and the thickness ranges
from 0.70m to 1.45m.
Layer group 2 is mainly composed of Fine to medium sand, the thickness of layer group
2 ranges from2.00m to 5.40m, the bottom elevation of this layer group ranges from -3.09m
to -1.90m.
Silty clay / clay: Grey to black, wet to very wet, fluid plastic to hard plastic, mainly soft
plastic, high to medium compressibility, without shake vibration response, lightly lustre,
medium dry strength and toughness. Inhomogeneous, containing mealy sand, fine sand
and medium sand. This layer distributed discontinuously in the site, and missing in some
boreholes, the thickness ranges from 0.30m to 3.70m.
Muck: Greyish black to black, very wet, fluid plastic to soft plastic. It is mainly composed
of clayey particles and a small amount of silty particles, containing organic matters. Highly
cohesive, section smooth, medium dry strength and toughness. This layer distributed
discontinuously in the site, and missing in some boreholes, the thickness ranges from
0.48m to 3.40m.
Fine to medium sand: Gray, saturated, loose to dense (This layer is loose in borehole
BH10#, BH15#, BH20#, BH24#, BH29#, BH33#, BHA2#but dense in other boreholes).
It is mainly composed of quartz, mica and other minerals, most of the sand are not pure
and containing clay. This layer distributed discontinuously in the site, and missing in some
boreholes, the thickness ranges from 0.80m to 3.10m.
Layer group 3 is mainly composed of silty clay / clay, the thickness of layer group 3 ranges
from 2.70m to 6.00m, the bottom elevation of this layer group ranges from -8.91m to -
5.07m.
Silty clay / clay: Grey to black, wet to very wet, fluid plastic to hard plastic, mainly soft
plastic, medium high to medium compressibility, mainly medium high compressibility,
without shake vibration response, lightly lustre, medium dry strength and toughness.
Inhomogeneous, containing a small amount of fine to medium sand. This layer distributed
widely in the site and only missing in borehole
192
BH05#, BH08#, BH25#, the thickness ranges from 0.75m to 7.30m.
Fine to medium sand: Grey, saturated, medium dense to dense. It is mainly composed of
quartz, mica and other minerals, most of the sand are not pure and containing clay. This
layer distributed discontinuously in the site, and missing in some boreholes, the thickness
ranges from 0.40m to 5.70m.
Peat/peaty clay: Black, wet to very wet, fluid plastic to hard plastic. It is mainly composed
of clayey particles, containing organic matters and some undecomposed timbers, fluffy
texture. This layer distributed discontinuously in the site, only revealed in some boreholes
in the centre of the site, the thickness ranges from 0.30m to 3.05m.
Layer group 4 is mainly composed of silty clay / clay, the thickness of layer group 4 ranges
from 2.65m to 7.30m, the bottom elevation of this layer group ranges from -13.39m to -
8.19m.
10.2.3 Proterozoic Gneiss and Quartzite
Biotite Gneiss: Greyish white to greyish black, gneissic structure, it is mainly composed
of feldspar, quartz, mica and carbonate minerals, there are red garnets in some area and
usually contains bands of quartzite. Joints and fissures are not developed, the rocks are
fresh and seldom broken, the cores are in the shape of long cylinder and cylinder,
CR>90%, RQD>50%.
Fully weathered to highly weathered Biotite Gneiss: Greyish white, the fully weathered
Biotite Gneiss are in the shape of medium to coarse sand and silty clay, in some boreholes,
it is in the shape of big granular quartz, it is hard to identify the original rock structure.
The highly weathered Biotite Gneiss has developed joints and fissures, the cores are
mainly in the shape of rubble and partly in the shape of short cylinder. This layer
distributed discontinuously in the site, and missing in some boreholes, the thickness ranges
from 0.70m to 7.40m, the thickness is bigger near the Beira Lake.
Moderately weathered Biotite Gneiss: Greyish white to gray, joints and fissures are
moderately developed, the cores are in the shape rubble or short cylinder, RQD<20%, this
layer distributed discontinuously in the site, only revealed in some boreholes in the south
of the site, the thickness ranges from 0.20m to 2.10m.
193
Quartzite: Greyish white, it is mainly composed of quartz, block texture, crystalloblastic
fabric, cryptocrystalline aggregates, hard texture, usually banded in the Biotite Gneiss.
Figure 10.2: Idealized soil profile
10.3 Alternative deign proposals for the foundation
Two separate foundations are to be provide for the tower base and tower shaft in oder to
avoid design and construction complexity. When considering the loads and geometry of
the superstructure and the geological environment together 2 alternative foundation types
have come across among various foundation types.
pile foundation for both tower base and tower shaft

pile foundation for the tower base and raft foundation for the tower shaft
194
Figure 10.3: Layout of column locations and shaft
195
10.3.1 First alternative
In this proposal piles are to be provided for each column locations in tower base and a set
of plies with a concrete plate which acts as a transfer plate are to be provided.
Figure 10.4 : proposed alternative 1
196
10.3.2 Second alternative
In this alternative piles are to be provided for tower base as previous proposal and a
concrete raft foundation supported on bed rock is provided for the shaft.
Figure 10.5 : proposed alternative 2
10.4 Design of piles
Determining of carrying capacity of piles
Table 10.2: Calculated friction angle and cohesion and and factors
Layer thickness Density Cohesion Friction

angle
Miscellaneous 1.4 18 8 15 0.2 1.1
fill
Clay 0.8 18.9 15 2.5 0.04 1.05
Fine sand 3.3 19 0 20 0.24 -
Muck 1.7 14.9 15 1.83 - 1.05
Coarse sand 2.5 19 0 30 0.29 -
Clay 1.8 18.9 15 2.5 0.04 1.05
peat 3.0 11 23 6.8 0.11 1.0
Gneiss 24 2500 40
197
For the fine sand layer;
o = -3 = 17
According to the corresponding graph, the critical depth is greater than 20 m.
And a=0.75
= 20 , d = 1.0m
Zc/d = 5
Zc = 5m
Table 10.3 : Calculated effective overburden pressure
Effective overburden
Depth
pressure
0 0
1.4 11.47
2.2 18.67
5 44.4
>5 44.4
Table 10.4 Skin friction calculation
Depth (m) Skin friction (kNm-2)
0 0
1.4 1.1x8+0.2x11.47 = 11.09
2.2 18.67x0.04+1.05x15 = 16.5
5.0 44.4x0.24 = 10.66
5.5 10.66
7.2 15x1.05 = 15.75
198
9.7 0.29x44.4 = 12.88
11.5 18.67x0.04+1.05x15 = 16.5
14.5 0.11x44.4+15x1.0 = 19.88
Total skin friction = 203.88kPa
Total skin friction for 1.0m diameter = 203.88 x x 1.0 = 640.48 kN
End bearing capacity for the rock RQD > 50 = 2800 kPa
End bearing capacity of the diameter of 1.0m pile = 2800 x 1.02 /4 = 2199kN
Table 10.5 : Carrying capacities for different pile diameters
Skin End bearing Total

diameter
friction(kN) Capacity(kN) capacity(kN)
1m 640.48 2199 2839.48
1.2m 768.6 3166.7 3935.3
1.5m 960.71 4948 5908.7
From the analysis of superstructure column loads have found as below
Outer ring - 1500 kN/Pile (24 Piles)

Mid Ring - 2800 kN/Pile (24 Piles)
Inner Ring - 2350 kN/Pile (24 Piles)
With factor of safety = 3
199
Design loads;
Outer ring - 1500 x 3 = 4500 kN/Pile (24 Piles)

Mid Ring - 2800 x 3 = 8400 kN/Pile (24 Piles)
Inner Ring - 2350 x 3 = 7050 kN/Pile (24 Piles)
Hence for the outer ring of piles 1.5m diameter is sufficient and for the mid ring and inner
ring a pile group of having four 1.0m diameter piles is sufficient
10.4.1 Design of pile caps
Dimensions have chosen;
- Pile diameter = 1m
- Pile spacing = 2m
- Thickness = 0.5 x 3000 + 500 = 1400mm
- Cover = 75mm
- Grade of concrete 35
- Effective depth = 1300mm
800mm 800mm
2000mm
650mm
2000mm
Figure 10.6: Designed dimensions
200
Total force in each direction = Nl/4D = 2100kN
r/f area provided = 6552mm2
# bars provided = 6552/460 = 13.37
Provide 15T25@250 for the bottom
10.4.2 Checks for shear
Punching shear
- v = N/A = 2.485N/mm2
- vmax = 4.73N/mm2
- vmax > v
- Safe in punching shear
Shear across full width
- V= N/2A = 0.897N/mm2
- Vc = 0.286N/mm2
- Vc < V
- Shear r/f should be provided
The shaft foundation design is to be done after the superstructure analysis
For the alternative foundation 1, number of piles plate thickness reinforcement have to be
designed and checks for lateral forces, moments and earthquake resistance have to be done
For the alternative foundation 2 reinforcement for the raft foundation and checks for lateral
forces, overturning and earthquake resistance should be checked.
201
And designing of retaining structures and dewatering methods also have to be done
And for the preliminary stage raft foundation thickness has taken 3.0m
The structure, load and foundation depth are quite different between the tower base and
the tower body, but these two parts will be connected to each, so differential settlement of
every building part should be analysed in addition to the consideration of the bearing
capacity of subsoil, setting settlement joints reasonably to ensure the differential settlement
being controlled within the allowances.
Since there are liquefiable sandy soils in the site, according to the building anti-seismic
requirements, it should take measures to eliminate all the foundation subsidence due to
liquefaction. It is suggested to adopt the deeply buried natural foundation or pile
foundation and meet the requirements of the relevant technical standards.
202
11 TENDER DOCUMENTS AND PREPARATION OF ENGINEERS
ESTIMATE
11.1 Project Detail
Project Name : PROPOSED MULTI FUNCTIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION

TOWER (QUEEN TOWER)
Address : D.R. Wijewardana Mawatha, Colombo 10
Employer : CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD. No-890, Gagabada road Katubedda,
Moratuwa
Developers Name : To be decided
Consultant : To be decided
Project Value : 14 billion
Project Duration : 900 days
11.2 Introduction
The reliability of cost estimates at every stage is vital for any mixed development projects to
better manage the costs whereas unreliable cost estimates would impair effective use of
resources would thereby affect the credibility of any construction firm. The above development
project comprises hotels, apartments, offices, shopping complexes etc. This chapter present
Engineers Estimate and finally the Tender Documents are presented.
11.3 Tendering process and tender documents
11.3.1 Types of tender
Generally four types of tenders are in use, such as
Open tendering
Select tendering
Multi-stage tendering
Invited tendering
All the tendering types above mention have their own pros and cons. By considering Queen
Tower project we select go for select tendering process. Select tendering was selected by
considering following pros and cons.
203
Pros
Competition is only among selected and similar categories. Thus price variation can
be minimized.
Selection is easy because the selection criteria is few and all are with adequate
Evaluation time is minimum and decision making is easy
Generally awarded to the lowest
Cons
Tender price is high unlike open tendering
No chance for the new comers to enter in to the market.
Making cartel tendering is possible
Generally awarded to the lowest
11.4 Prequalification Procedure for tendering process
Evaluation criteria shall be included in the Tender Documents
Generally the qualifications are requested on Staff strength

Plant and equipments fleets
Jobs in hand
Previous jobs of similar nature
Awards and achievements
Financial capacity-Letter of credit
Litigation background
11.5 Standard Bidding Documents
Standard Bidding Document 04(ICTAD/SBD/04) is used for the Queen Tower project work.
This project Contractor is responsible for Design and Construction of the works on specified
approvals obtained from the Employer. The following main documents are included in the SBD
04 document.
204
I. INVITATION FOR BIDS (IFB)
II. SECTION 1 - INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS
III. SECTION 2 - BIDDING DATA
IV. SECTION 4 - CONTRACT DATA
V. SECTION 5 STANDARD FORMS (Contract)
a) FORM OF LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE
b) STANDARD FORM OF AGREEMENT
c) FORM OF PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE
d) FORM OF GUARANTEE FOR MOBILISATION ADVANCE
PAYMENT
e) FORM OF RETENTION MONEY GUARANTEE
VI. SECTION 7 FORM OF BID
INVITATION FOR BIDS (IFB)

Date
Name of the Contractor
Address ..
BID FOR CONSTRUCTION OF PROPOSED MULTI FUNCTIONAL

TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER(QUEEN TOWER)
IFQ NO: MFTT/O10/2015/01
Dear Sirs,
1. The Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka has received a loan from the XML Pvt (Ltd)
towards the cost of QUEEN TOWER and intends to apply part of the funds to cover eligible
payments under the Contract for PROPOSED MULTI FUNCTIONAL
TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER (QUEEN TOWER) ,IFQ NO: MFTT/O10/2015/01
2. We hereby inform you that Ministry of Tender Board on behalf CDP Group Three
pvt(Ltd) has pre-qualified you for bidding for the above cited contract.
3. We now invite you and other pre-qualified applicants to submit sealed bids for the design,
construction and completion of the cited contract.
4. You may obtain further information from, and inspect and acquire the bidding documents at
G.N.P.FERNANDO, No-432, Molpe road, Katubedda, Moratuwa, 0112-320239
5. Bids should be submitted on the forms available from 12th January 2014 up to 12th
February 2014 on a payment of non-refundable tender fee of Rupees 6000/=
6. Bid shall be valid up to 120 days from the closing date of submission of Bids.
7. All bids must be accompanied by a bid security of Two hundred million Sri Lankan
Rupees
205
( Rs 200,000,000.00)
8. Sealed bids may be delivered to the No-890, Gagabada road Katubedda, Moratuwa
9. The construction period is 900 days.
10. The dead line of the submission of the bids will be 11.30 am on 10th March 2014 and will
be opened soon after the closing.
11. Bidders or their authorized representatives are requested to be present at the opening of
bids.
12. Please confirm receipt of this letter immediately in writing. If you do not intend to bid, we
would appreciate being so notified also in writing at your earliest opportunity.
Yours truly,
.
General Manager
CDP Group Three (pvt) Ltd
SECTION 1
INSTRUCTION TO BIDDERS
Instructions regarding the bidding process are comprehensively listed in this section. Refer
SECTION 01 in ICTAD Standard Bidding Document 04 for this. Matters relating to the
performance of the contractor, payments under the contract, or matters affecting the risks,
rights, and obligations of the parties under the Contract are not included in this section, but are
given in section 3 Conditions of Contract, Volume 1 and the Contract Data under section 4.
Instructions to Bidders will not be a part of the Contract and will cease to have effect once the
Contract is signed. Some of particulars given in this section are;
1. Scope of Bid
2. Source of funds
3. Eligible bidders
4. Qualification of the Bidders
5 One Bid per Bidder
6. Cost of Bidding
7. Site Visit
8. Content of bidding documents
206
9. Clarification of bidding documents
10. Amendment of bidding documents
11. Language of Bid
12. Document comprising the Bid
13. Bid price
14. Currencies of Bid and payment
15. Bid validity
16. Bid security
17. Pre Bid meeting
18. Format and signing of Bid
19. Scaling and marking of Bid
20. Deadline for submission of Bid
21. Late Bids
22. Modification, Substitution and Withdrawal of Bid
23. Bid opening
24. Process to be confidential
25. Clarification of Bids
SECTION 2
BIDDING DATA
Instruction to Bidders
Clause Reference
Employers Name and Address
Name: THE CHAIRMAN
Address: CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.

No-890, Gagabada road Katubedda, Moratuwa
207
1.1 Scope of Works
The works consists of Design and construction of Multipurpose Telecommunication

tower including shopping complex, conference hall, revolving restaurant, Museum
and 100m tall telecommunication antennas. Main structure consist with concrete and
others are consists of steel, masonry and glass.
Located at D.R. Wijewardana Mawatha, Colombo 10
1.2 Time for Complication
The Time for completion for the whole of works shall be 900(Nine Hundred) Days.
Delay damages for the Works
The delay damages for the Whole of the Works shall be 7.5 million Rupees.
The maximum amount of delay damages for the whole of the Works shall be 10 percent of
the Initial Contract Price.
Defects Notification Period is 365 Days form Employers taking over
2.1 The source of funds is XML Pvt (Ltd)
3.1 The registration Number:-
Specialty: - Building
Grade: - M1
3.4 Foreign bidders may submit a bid with local agent(s) and shall provide the following
information with the bid. Fail to furnish such information may result the reject of the bid
by the Employer.
I. The name and address of the local agent(s)

II. The year of registration of the business of the local agent(s)
III. A certified copy of the audited accounts of the local agent(s) for any one of the two
financial years immediately preceding the date of submission of Bids audited by an
independent external auditor in accordance with the auditors report confirming that the
account were prepared in accordance with the Sri Lanka accounting standard; and
IV. All detail of commissions or gratuities, if any, paid or to be paid to the local agent(s)
connected with or relating to the Bid up to contract execution if the bidder is awarded
the contract, including any success fees payable.
4.3(a) Average annual volume of construction work performed in last five years shall be at least
Rupees 7 billion
208
13.3 Bid price
VAT component shall not be included in the rates. The amount written in the Form of Bid
shall be without VAT. However VAT component shall be shown separately at the end of
the price schedule summary.
13.4 The Contract is not subject to price adjustment in accordance with Clause 13.7 of the
Conditions of Contract.
15.1 The Bid shall be valid up to 01st April 2014
16.1 Amount of Bid security
The amount of Bid security shall be Sri Lanka Rupees 200million
16.2 Validity of Bid security
The Bid security shall be valid up to 10th March 2014
17.1 Pre- Bid meeting
Pre Bid meeting will be held
Venue:- Time:-
Date:-
19.5(a) The Employers address for the purpose of Bid submission is No-890, Gagabada road
Katubedda, Moratuwa
19.5(b) Contract name:- PROPOSED MULTI FUNCTIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION

TOWER(QUEEN TOWER)
Contract No: - IFQ NO: MFTT/O10/2015/01
20.1 Deadline for submission of Bids
The deadline for submission of Bids shall be 11.30 am on 10th March 2014
Address for submission of Bids No-890, Gagabada road Katubedda, Moratuwa
32.1 Amount of Performance Security
The standard form of performance security acceptable to the Employer shall be a bank
guarantee or a Performance Bond from a reputed insurance company operating in Sri
Lanka and accepted by the treasury for acceptance of guarantee or from any other
organization approved by the treasury for this purpose.
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The amount of Performance Security is 780million Rupees of the Initial Contract Price.
34.1 Percentage of retention
The retention from each payment shall be 10 percent.
The limit of retention shall be 5 percent of the Initial Contract Price.
34.2 Minimum amount of Interim Payment Certification
50 percent of Initial Contract Price.
35.1 The Adjudicator proposed by the Employer is Mr. M.Y.S.FONSEKA
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SECTION- 4
CONTRACT DATA
Employers name and address : Name: THE CHAIRMAN

Address: CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.
No-890, Gagabada road Katubedda,
Moratuwa
Engineers name and address : Name:

Address:.
Right to access to the site : within fourteen (14) days after letter
Of acceptance
Key Personnel
Schedule of Key Personnel :
Names with qualifications and experience to be written:
a) Design
.
b) Contract Administration
.
c) Accounting
.
Performance security :The Performance Security shall be five percent of the Initial
Contract Price
The Standard Form of Performance Security acceptable to the Employer shall be a Bank
guarantee or a Performance Bond from a reputed Insurance Company operating in Sri Lanka
and accepted by the Treasury for acceptance of Guarantees or from any other organization
approved by the Treasury for this pupose.
Start Date : The Start Date is amended and shall be 28 Days from the
issue of the Letter of Acceptance
Time for Completion : The time for completion for the whole of Works shall be
900 days
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Delay Damages : The Delay Damages for the whole of the Works shall be
7.5 million Rupees per Day
The maximum amount of Delay Damages for the whole of the Works shall be ten
percent of the Initial Contract Price
Defects Notification Period : Defects Notification Period is 365 days from Taking over
Certificate
Tests After Completion
Sub paragraphs (a) and (b) are amended and Employers obligations are limited as follows
(a)..
(b).
Adjustments for Changes in Cost : Contract is not subjected to price adjustment for
fluctuation of prices
Retention Money : The retention from each payment shall be ten percent
of the Initial Contract price.
The limit of retention shall be five percent of the Initial Contract Price.
Issue of Interim Payment Certificates : Minimum amount of Interim Payment Certificates

shall be 50 percent of the average monthly value.
212
SECTION 05
STANDARD FORMS (Contract)
1. Letter of Acceptance
2. Agreement
3. Forms of Performance Security
4. Advance payment security
5. Retention money Guarantee
Bidders should not complete the Form of Agreement at the time of preparing of bids.
Bidders shall submit the completed Form of Bid security in compliance with the
requirements of the Bidding documents.
The successful Bidder will be required to sign the Form of Agreement, after the award
of contract.
Any corrections or modifications to the accepted bid resulting from arithmetic

corrections, acceptable deviations, or quantity variations in accordance with the
requirements of the bidding documents should be incorporated into the agreement.
The form of performance security, Form of Advance Payment Security and Form of
Retention Money Guarantee should not be completed by the bidders at the time of
preparation of bids.
The successful Bidder will require providing these securities in compliance with the
requirements herein or as acceptable to the employer.
213
Notes on standard Form of Letter of Acceptance
The Letter of Acceptance will be the basic for formation of the Contract as
described in Clauses 31 of the Instructions to bidders. This standard Form of
Letter of the Acceptance should be filled in and sent to the successful bidder
only after evaluation of Bids and after obtaining approval from the relevant
authority.
FROM OF LETTER OF ACCEPTANCE
[Date]
To: [Name of the Contractor]
[Address of the Contractor]
This is to notify you that your Bid dated for design, construction and
remedying defects of the. [Name of the Contractor and
identification number, as given in the Contract Data] for the Contract price of Rupees
. [amount
in numbers and words] as corrected in accordance with Instruction to Bidders and modified by
a Memorandum of Understanding, is hereby accepted.
The adjudicator shall be .
You are hereby instructed to proceed with the execution of the said Works in accordance with
the Contract documents.
The commencement date shall be: (fill the date)
The amount of performance security is: .. (fill the amount)
The performance security shall be submitted on or before: .. (fill the date)
Authorized Signature: .
Name and title of Signatory:
Name of Agency: .
214
STANDARD FROM OF AGREEMENT
This AGREEMENT, made the . [day] of.. [month] 20. [year]

between
...[na
me and address of Employer] (hereinafter called the Employer) of the one part,
and.. [Name and address of
Contractor] (Hereinafter called the Contractor) of the other part.
WHEREAS the Employer desires that the Contractor design and execute
... [name and identification number of Contract] (hereinafter called
the Works) and the Employer has accepted the Bid by the Contractor for the design,
execution and completion of such Works and the remedying of any defects therein.
The Employer and the contractor agree as follows.
1. In this Agreement, words and expressions shall have the same meaning as are
respectively assigned to them in the Contract hereinafter referred to.
2. In consideration of the payments to be made by the Employer to the Contractor as

indicated in this agreement, the Contractor hereby covenants with the Employer to
design, execute and complete the Works and remedy any defects therein in conformity
in all respects with the provision of the Contract.
3. The Employer hereby covenants to pay the Contractor in consideration of the desing,
execution and complete the Works and the remedy any defects therein, the Contract
Price or such other sum as may become payable under the provisions of the Contract at
the times and in the manner prescribed by the Contract.
In Witness whereof the parties thereto have caused this Agreement to be executed the day and
year aforementioned in accordance with laws of Sri Lanka.
215
Authorised signature of contractor (with Common Seal)
Authorised signature of Employer (with Common Seal).
In the presence of
Witness:
1. Name and NIC no: 2. Name and NIC

no:
Address: Address:
..
Signature:..
Signature:.
216
FORM OF PERFORMANCE GUARANTEE
NUMBER : DATE :.
SUM GUARANTEED :.
TO: CDP Group Three pvt(Ltd) (hereinafter called and referred to as the Employer
CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.
Whereas .[Name and address of Contractor] (hereinafter

called and referred to as the Contractor) has undertaken, in pursuance of contract No. IFQ
NO: MFTT/O10/2015/01 dated to execute.[Name of
Contractor].
And Whereas it has been stipulated by the Employer in the said Contract that the Contractor
shall furnish the Employer with a Guarantee issued by a recognized organization for the sum
specified therein as security for compliance with its obligation in accordance with the Contract.
And Whereas we have to agree to give the contract such a guarantee;
Now Therefore we hereby affirm that we are the guarantor and responsible to you, on behalf
of the contractor, up to a total of rupees.[amount of
guarantee].. [amount in words],such sum being payable in the type and
proportions of currencies in which the contract price is payable, and we undertake to pay the
Employer, upon the Employers first written demand and without cavil or objection, any sum
or sums within the said amount as aforesaid without the Employers needing to prove or to
show grounds or reasons for the Employers demand for the sum specified therein.
We hereby waive the necessity of the Employers demanding the said debt from the contractor
before presenting us with the demand.
217
We further agree that no change or addition to or other modification of the terms of the terms
of the contract or of the Works to be performed thereunder or of any of the Contract documents
which may be made between the employer and the Contractor shall in any way release us from
any liability under this guarantee, and we hereby waive notice or any such change, addition or
modification.
This guarantee shall be valid until the date of issue of the performance certificate.
Signature and the Seal of the Guarantor: ..
Name of the organization:
Address:
Date: .
Witness: .
FORM OF GUARANTEE FOR MOBILISATION ADVANCE PAYMENT
NUMBER: . DATE: ..
SUM GUARANTEED: .
TO: CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.
Name of the contract .....................................................
In accordance with the provisions of the Conditions of the Contract, Sub-Clause 14.2(Advance
payment) of the above mentioned contract.[name and address of Contractor]
(hereinafter called and referred to as the contractor) shall deposit with the Employer a
guarantee acceptable to the Employer to guarantee his proper and faithful performance under
218
the said Contract in and amount of ..(amount of guarantee)
.. (amount in words).
We, the .. (name and address of the organization), as instructed by the

contractor, agree unconditionally and irrevocably to guarantee as primary obligator and not as
surety merely, the payment to the employer on his first demand without whatsoever right of
cavil and objection on our part and without the Employers needing to prove or to show grounds
or reason for the Employers demand for the sums specified therein and without his first claim
to the Contractor, in the amount not exceeding Rupees..(amount of
guarantee).(amount in words) such amount to be reduced periodically
by the amounts by the Employer from the proceeds of the contract.
We further agree that no change or addition to or other modification of the terms of the Contract
or of the Works to be performed there under or of any of the Contract document which may be
made between the Employer and the Contractor shall in any way release us from any liability
under this guarantee, and we hereby waive notice or any such change, addition or modification.
No drawings may be made by the Employer under this guarantee until we have received notice
in writing form the Employer that and advance payment of the amount listed above has been
paid to the Contractor pursuant to the Contract.
This guarantee shall remain valid and in full effect from the date of the advance payment
received by Contractor under the Contract until the Employer receives full repayment of the
same amount from the Contractor.
Signature and the Seal of the Guarantor:
Name of the Organization:.
Address:..
Date:..
Witness:.
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FORM OF RETENTION MONEY GUARANTEE
NUMBER:. DATE:..
SUM GUARANTEED:..
To : CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.
Whereas, it has been stipulated by the Employer in clause 14.7 of the Contract that he would
release to the contractor the full sum mentioned under the contract in pursuance o clause 14.7,
on the contractor furnishing an unconditional guarantee acceptable to the Employer to the full
value of the retention money, valid up to 28 days beyond the end of the Defects Notification
Period.
We .. (name and address of the Guarantor) as

instructed by the Contractor, unconditionally and irrevocably, guarantee to pay the Employer
upon the Employers first written-demand and without cavil or objection, any sum or sums
within the said amount as aforesaid without the Employers needing to prove or to show
grounds or reasons for the Employers demand for the sum specified therein and the said
amount of Rupees.. (amount of Guarantee)
.( amount in words) in the event the contractor fails to carry out his
obligations to rectify defects which he is responsible to rectify under the contract.
This guarantee shall be valid up-to (date)
Signature and Seal of the Guarantor.
Name of Organization..
Address
Date..
Witness..
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SECTION 07
FORM OF BIDS
Name of Contract: Design, Construction and Commissioning of PROPOSED MULTI

FUNCTIONAL TELECOMMUNICATION TOWER (QUEEN TOWER)
To: - CDP GROUP THREE (PVT) LTD.
1. We have examined the Condition of Contract, Employers Requirements, Schedules and

Addenda Nos for the execution of the above-named Works. We accordingly offer
to design, execute and complete the said works and remedy and defects fit for the purpose,
in conformity with the Bidding Documents and the enclosed Proposal, at the lump sum
stated in the Form of Price Proposal included in a separate envelope and submitted with this
bid, or other such as may be determined in accordance with the terms and conditions of the
Contract.
2. We confirm that our bid includes this General Information, Price, Proposal, and
Design/Technical Proposal sealed under three separate envelopes.
3. We agree to abide by this Bid until 01st April 2014, and it shall remain binding upon us and
may be accepted at any time before that date
4. We confirm that, we (including all members of a joint venture and subcontractors) are not
associated, directly or indirectly, with the consultant or any other entity in preparation of
the design, specifications, and other documents for the Cotract.
5. If this offer is accepted, we will provide the specified Performance Security, commence the
Works as soon as reasonably practicable after the Commencement Date, and complete the
Works in accordance with the above-named documents within the Time for Completion.
We will ensure that works will be done in conformity with the contract.
6. We understand that you are bound to bound to accept the lowest or any Bid you may receive.
Signature of the persons duly authorized to sign documents for and on behalf of
..
Address.
Witness.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Figure 1.1 Basic tower elements ................................................................................................ 2

Table 1.1 Location of tower functions in each tower ................................................................ 5

Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka (TRCSL) has decided to

1). H.C. Gunasekara& R.R. Fonseka - Conceptual Designs, Architectural /Detailed

2). M.B.C. Hemadasa Feasibility Studies

3). H.H.H.B.Herath Initial Environment Examination

4). T.H. Godagedara - Traffic Impact Assessment

5). G. Ganadhiepan Structural Analysis

6). A.A.S.U. Gunarathna Design of Superstructure

7). M.Y.S. Fonseka Design of Substructure

8). W.G.M. Fernando Design of Services

9). H.M.P.M.B. Herath Sustainability & Green Concepts

10). G.N.P. Fernando Tender Documents & Engineers Estimate

PROJECT NAME : Design of a Multi-purpose Iconic Telecommunication Tower

CLIENT :Telecommunication Regulatory Commission of Sri Lanka

CONSULTANT : Design Group 3 (PVT) Ltd.

PROJECT VALUE : 14 Billion Rupees

1.3 Functions of the tower

After the completion of the tower, it will be able to cater 50 TV channels, 20

Figure 1.1 Basic tower elements

Figure 1.2 Location map

Figure 1.3 Architectural Design Concepts

Figure 1.4 Alternative Tower Concepts

Table 1.1 Location of tower functions in each tower

Location Star tower Saturn tower Queen tower

Figure 1.5 Comparison with the tallest towers in the world

Figure 2.1 Queen Chess piece Figure 2.2 Queen Tower

2.2 Main structure & facade

Figure 2.3 Tower house faade and crown

Figure 2.4 Tower base faade

Table 2.1 Tower functions

Basement -4m 0m Building services 4320 m2

1st floor 0m 6m Shopping complex 4320 m2

Roof top 17m Rooftop Garden 4320 m2

1st floor 223m 228m Observation platform 817 m2

2nd floor 228m 233m Revolving restaurant 817 m2

3rd floor 233m 238m Hotel 817 m2

5th floor 243m 248m Building services 817 m2

6th floor 248m 252m Machine Room 201 m2

Tower Mast 252m 352m Telecommunication antennas

2.5.1 Ground floor shopping complex

Floor space allocation

Table 2.2 Floor space allocation of ground floor of tower base

Shopping complex accommodates,

Figure 2.6 Shopping mall

2.5.2 1st floor Exhibition centre and conference halls

Table 2.3 Floor space allocation of first floor of tower base

Figure 2.8 Conference hall

2.5.3 2nd floor Office spaces and museum

Floor space allocation

Table 2.4 Floor space allocation of 2nd floor of tower base

Corridor width of 3.5m is provided to access the office spaces

Figure 2.9 Office space Figure 2.10 Gem museum

2.5.4 Rooftop Rooftop garden

Table 2.5 Floor space allocation of rooftop of tower base

Figure 2.11 Roof top garden

2.7 Tower House

2.7.1 1st floor Observation deck

Figure 2.12 Observation deck

The whole floor is allocated for viewing purpose.

This floor will be equipped with 16 coin operated binoculars

2.7.2 2nd floor Revolving restaurant

Floor space allocation