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Abstract - As compared to AC system, DC microgrids these objectives, it requires high speed
have high efficiency, high reliability, and easy communication and offers less reliability due to
interconnection of renewable sources. DC microgrid should single point of failure. In this paper a comparison of
be controlled in such a way so as to ensure proportional droop controllers and Digital average current sharing
load sharing among sources and also to maintain low control schemes are explained.
voltage regulation of the system. Conventional droop
controllers are not effective in achieving both the above
2. DROOP CONTROLLER
mentioned objectives simultaneously. Even though
centralized controller satisfies these objectives, it requires
high speed communication and offers less reliability because Figure 1 shows the block diagram of droop
of single point of failure. In this paper a decentralized controller. Each source is represented using a power
controller for dc microgrid is explained. Key advantages are electronic converter (PEC).For each source there is a
high reliability, low voltage regulation, and proportional droop control and an inner voltage and current
load sharing. Simulation of both decentralized controller control loop.
and droop controller is carried out in MATLAB.
1. INTRODUCTION
Figure1.Block diagram of droop controller
Distributed power generation systems are gaining
popularity due to increasing energy demand. High There is no secondary control. For dc systems, droop
reliability, remote electrification, low distribution
between voltage and current is given by
losses, reduced chances of blackout and easy
scalability are the key advantages of the distributed
systems[1]. Microgrid includes the control and vjref = vj0- djij .(1)
coordination of distributed generation and storage
units to maintain power balance between sources where dj, ij and vj0 are the droop gain, source current,
and loads. The control objectives of DC microgrid are reference voltage and nominal voltage of source j
to ensure equal load sharing in per unit among respectively. As there is no secondary control,
sources and also to maintain low voltage regulation parameters of the droop control are set such that
of the system[4]. There are different control system voltage is maintained within the specified
strategies for DC microgrid. Droop controller, value. Inorder to ensure low-voltage regulation, low
Average current sharing (ACS)control etc are some of value of droop gain dj should be used. Figure 2 shows
the controllers for DC microgrid. Conventional droop the steady state equivalent circuit of DC microgrid.
controllers are not effective in achieving both the For two parallel connected DC sources, unequal load
control objectives of DC microgrid sharing due to small error in nominal voltages is
simultaneously[5]. Reasons for this are identified to shown in figure 3. In case of small droop gain, the
be the error in nominal voltages and load deviation in source current, i.e., ( i1- i2 ), is large. As
distribution. Though centralized controller achieves the droop gain is increased, ( i1- i2 ) reduces.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2679
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2680
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
As large value of doop gain is chosen voltage Figure 7. Droop characteristics for large droop gain with
regulation is poor but the error in current sharing is voltage shifting
less. Under constant load, maximum value of
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2681
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
3.2. Tabulation of Results Each converters output voltage and current sharing
in per unit for variable load is tabulated in table 4.
Each converters output voltage and current sharing Voltage regulation and current sharing error is
in per unit for constant load is tabulated in table 3. calculated.
Voltage regulation and current sharing error is Under constant load, maximum value of regulation is
calculated. 4.425% and the maximum value for error in current
sharing is 3.5%. Simulation results shows that DACS
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2682
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395 -0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 03 | Mar -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
4. CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2683