FSK Transmitter

where =
=

= ( )

FSK Receiver
 FSK Characteristics:
poorer error performance than PSK or QAM
Used for asynchronous data modems

Continuous-Phase FSK

mark and space frequencies are synchronized with the input

binary bit rate
Mark and space frequencies are separated from the
center frequency by an exact multiple of one-half the bitrate

=
2
PHASE-SHIFT KEYING (PSK)

angle-modulated
constant-amplitude
Digital modulating signal modulates an analog carrier signal
to produce analog signals with different phase angles depending
on the input digital modulating signal

Kinds of PSK:

1. Binary PSK (BPSK)

N=1 and M=2 output phases = 2 phases

phase reversal keying (PRK)

Biphase modulation
BPSK Transmitter
Constellation diagram signal state diagram
 BPSK Bandwidth

= 2 2
1 1
= 2 2 +
2 2

+ + where = maximum fundamental

+ or + frequency of binary input (Hz)
--------------- --------------- = reference carrier frequency (Hz)
= 2

=
2

2
= where = ()
2
B = = ()
Example:
For a BPSK modulator with a carrier frequency of 70 MHz and an
input bit rate of 10 Mbps, determine the maximum and minimum
upper and lower side frequencies, draw the output spectrum,
determine the minimum Nyquist bandwidth, and calculate the baud.

Given:
Solution:
= 70
= 10
Find:
.
b.
c.
.
e.
 BPSK Receiver

For an input logic 1 = +1V => ():

For an input logic 0 = -1V => ():
2. Quarternary PSK (QPSK)
- Quadrature PSK

= 2 = 22 = 4 4 symbols or 4 signaling elements

4 output phases

Uses 00, 01, 10 & 11 (dibits) to represent 1 signaling element/output phase

Output Phases:
1. +450
2. +1350
3. 450
4. 1350
QPSK Transmitter
Example:

For the QPSK modulator shown in Figure 17, construct the truth table,
phasor diagram, and constellation diagram.

Solution:
If Q = 0 and I = 0:

Output of Linear Summer:

The basis for the above equation are the concept of

signal spaces and basis functions (vector analysis)
Truth Table
Phasor Diagram
Constellation Diagram
 Bandwidth Consideration

Output of balanced modulator:

=
2
1
Highest fundamental frequency for I or Q is: =
2 4
Bandwidth:
Example:

For a QPSK modulator with an input data rate ( ) equal to 10 Mbps

and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double-
sided Nyquist bandwidth ( ) and the baud. Also, compare the results
with those achieved with the BPSK modulator in Example 4. Use the
QPSK block diagram shown in Figure 17 as the modulator model.

Solution:

The bit rate in both the I and Q channels is equal to one-half of the
transmission bit rate, or
The highest fundamental frequency of Q or I:
A simple way to solve bandwidth is to use:
 QPSK Receiver
( + )
I Channel Produce
LPF
detector 1
+ -2V(logic 1)
+

Input Carrier Receive
QPSK Power Binary
BPF Recovery
Signal splitter Data

Q I
+900

+
Produce
LPF
detector 1
Q Channel +2V(logic 1)
( + ) Clock
Recovery
Offset QPSK (OQPSK)
- Modified QPSK where the I & Q waveforms are shifted in
phase from each other by of the bit time
- Also known as OKQPSK (offset-keyed QPSK)
Advantage: Limited phase shift that must be imparted during modulation

Disadvantage: Changes in the output phase occur at twice the data rate in
either the I or Q channels.

Baud = twice of QPSK

Bandwidth = twice of QPSK

Not Good!!
3. 8 PSK
= 3 (), = 23 = 8 - 8 output phases

8-PSK transmitter:
Example:
For a tribit input of Q 0, 1 0, and C 0 (000), determine the output
phase for the 8-PSK modulator shown in Figure 23.
Gray Code = maximum distance coding
- two adjacent phases change by only 1 bit
- used to reduce the number of transmission errors
results in only a single bit being received in error
Bandwidth considerations of 8-PSK

bit rate in the I, Q, or C channel is equal to one-third of thebinary input

data rate (fb/3).

stretches the I, Q, and C bits to three times their input

bit length

Upper side frequency (USF) : +
6

Lower side frequency (LSF):
6

Bandwidth = USF LSF = + =
6 6 3
Example:
For an 8-PSK modulator with an input data rate (fb) equal to 10 Mbps
and a carrier frequency of 70 MHz, determine the minimum double-
sided Nyquist bandwidth (fN) and the baud. Also, compare the results
with those achieved with the BPSK and QPSK modulators in examples
4 and 6. Use the 8-PSK block diagram shown in Figure 23 as the
modulator model.
 Solution:

Given: = 10
= 70

Find:
a. ,
b. Baud
10
a. = = = = = 3.33
3 3

3.33
= or = = 1.667
2 2 2 2

Balance modulators output:

1 1
2 2 = 2 2 +
2 2
 1 1
2 70 1.667 70 + 1.667 =
2 2
1 1
2
2 68.333 2
2 71.667

. , = 71.667 68.333 = 3.33

. = 3.333
For the same bit rate, the bandwidths of the following are:

BPSK:
= 10

QPSK:

= 5

8-PSK:

= 3.333

Therefore: 8-PSK has the lowest bandwidth, meaning 8-PSK has

better utilization of bandwidth
 8-PSK Receiver

4
I Channel Produce I
ADC
detector C

Carrier
8PSK Power QIC Output
BPF Recovery
Input splitter Data bits

Q I C
+900
Parallel to serial
converter

Produce
ADC
detector
Q Channel 4
Clock
Recovery
4. 16 PSK
= 4 (), = 24 = 16- 8 output phases
5. Quadrature Amplitude Modulation (QAM)
- Amplitude and phase-shift keying is combined
a. 8 QAM
= 8

8-QAM Transmitter

8-QAM transmitter
 Note:

The only difference between the 8-QAM transmitter and the 8-PSK
transmitter is the omission of the inverter between the C channel and the
Q product modulator.

I & Q determines the polarity

C determines the amplitude
Example:
For a tribit input of Q=0, I=0, and C=0 (000), determine the output
amplitude and phase for the 8-QAM transmitter
Solution:

= 0, = 0 0.541
Q = 0, = 0 0.541
Output for:
I channel product modulator

Q channel product modulator

Truth Table

Phasor Diagram
Constellation Diagram
 Bandwidth of 8-QAM

=
3

8-QAM Receiver
- same as 8-PSK, only that ADC has different conversion factor

4
I Channel Produce I
ADC
detector C

Carrier
8PSK Power QIC Output
BPF Recovery
Input splitter Data bits

Q I C
+900
Parallel to serial
converter

Produce
ADC
detector
Q Channel 4
Clock
Recovery
b. 16-QAM
= 4, = 16

16-QAM Transmitter
Example:
Input: = 0, = 0, = 0, = 0 (0000)
Find:
a. output amplitude
b. output phase
Answer:
From the table
Outputs:
I Channel Product Modulator

Q Channel Product Modulator

Bandwidth:

Output of Modulator:

=
4
Example:

Find the bandwidth requirement and the baud for the transmission of the
data with a rate of = 10 using 16-QAM.
Answer:

. = = 2.5
4

. = 2.5
Note: as n increases, bandwidth compression occurs
BANDWIDTH EFFICIENCY

- Information density
- Spectral efficiency
- Used to compare performance of one digital modulation technique
over the other
- Ratio of transmission bit rate to the minimum bandwidth
requirement

= ( )

where

Example:

For an 8-PSK modulator, if the data rate is = 24 , find

a. Baud
b. Minimum bandwidth
c. Bandwidth efficiency

Solution:
24
a. = 3 = 3 = 8

b. = 3
= 8
24
c. = = 3/
8
CARRIER RECOVERY
- the process of extracting a phase-coherent reference carrier from
a receiver signal
- phase referencing

Kinds:

1. Squaring Loop
- usually used for BPSK
Received BPSK signal:
+
Output of squarer:

Received BPSK signal:

Output of squarer:

Output is only 2
2. Costas Loop
3. Remodulator

- Faster acquisition time than squarer and costas loop