2016-2017ENERGY

EFFICIENCYAUDIT
ForMt.SanAntonioGardens

RobertsEnvironmentalCenteratClaremontMcKennaCollege
EnergyAnalysisTeam
LaurenDSouzaCMC18
EllenZhangCMC18
LillianLiangHMC18
NovaQuaoserCMC19
AnthonyBurreCMC19
JafarDanielCMC20

Advisors:
SamTanenbaum,ProfessorEmeritusofEngineering,HarveyMuddCollege
BillAscher,ProfessorofGovernmentandEconomics,ClaremontMcKennaCollege

TABLEOFCONTENTS
INTRODUCTION
LaurenDSouza18,StudentManager 2

1.INSULATION
LillianLiangHMC18 3
Introduction 3
HeatTransferModel1:ResponseofCottagetoChangingTemperature 3
ResultsandAnalysis:Resident-CollectedCottageTemperatureData 4
HeatTransferModel2:ImpactofInsulationonHVAC 9
ResultsandAnalysis:EnergyandCostSavingsfromHVACinaModelCottageUnit 11

2.HOTWATERHEATERS
EllenZhang18 18
Introduction 18
NaturalGasInputComparison 19
AnnualCostComparison 20
AnnualCostSavingComparison 21
PaybackPeriodsofTanklessWaterHeaters 22
Conclusion 24

3.CAMPUS-WIDELIGHTINGLEVELS
AnthonyBurre19&NovaQuaoser19 25
Methods 25
Findings&Conclusion 25

4.COMMERCIALICEMACHINES
JafarDaniel20 27
Introduction 27
PotentialReplacementOptions 27
SurveyResponses&Conclusions 29

5.GARDENSRESIDENTSURVEY
LaurenDSouza18andNovaQuaoser19 31

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 37

APPENDIXI:PhotosofLightingAreas 38

APPENDIXII:IceMachineUpgrades 39

APPENDIXIII:GardensResidentBehaviorSurvey 40

INTRODUCTION
LaurenDSouza18,StudentManager

Lastyear,theEnergyAnalysisTeamattheRobertsEnvironmentalCenterbeganits
partnershipwithMt.SanAntonioGardenswithananalysisoftheGardenscurrent
residentialHVACsystemsandevaluationofnineproposalsforsolararraysforthe
Gardenscampus.ThefinalreportandpresentationculminatedintheMt.SanAntonio
GardensConservationPlan,announcedbyGardensCEOMaureenBeithonJuly27,2016.

TheConservationPlanissplitintotwophases.Inthefirstphase,theGardenswillbegin
toreduceenergyconsumptionaroundthecampusby(1)amulti-yearprojecttoreplace
theoldairconditionersandaddinginsulationwherefeasibleinthecottages,(2)
improvingtheefficiencyofthecentralHVACsystem,and(3)graduallyreplacingmanyof
thesinglepanewindowsanddoorswithdoublepanesthroughoutthecomplex.

Thesecondphaseentailstheinstallationofalargesolararraytothecampus.TheBoard
ofTrusteeshasdecidedtoholdoffonchoosingaproposaluntilthephaseoneenergy
conservationeffortsarecomplete.Afterthat,theGardenswillsolicitnewproposalsto
ensurethatthearrayisnotlargerthannecessary,givennewreductionsinenergyusage.

UnderthedirectionofresidentSamTanenbaum,theteamfromtheRoberts
EnvironmentalCenterdecidedtocontinueitspartnershipwiththeGardens.Theteam
chosefournewareasofinquirythatwouldcontributetoenergyefficiencyatthe
GardensandfurtherreduceenergyusageforPhaseOneoftheConservationPlan.

Intheresidentialarea,theteamassessedthepossibilityofinsulatingthecottages
(Section1)andanalyzedthecottageshotwaterheatertanksandthesavingsfor
switchingtoatanklessmodel(Section2).Forthewholecampus,theteammeasuredthe
lightinglevelsinlargecommonareastoseeiflevelsweretoohighandlightscouldbe
switchedoff(Section3);theteamanalyzedtheGardenseightcommercialicemachines
andcalculatedsavingsforupgradingtomoreefficientmodels(Section4).

Giventhechangesthattheanalysismayproduce,theteamthoughtitpertinentto
distributeasurveyregardingthechangestogaugeresidentsentiment,astheGardensis
reluctanttoimplementchangesthatwouldincurresidentcomplaints(Section5).

1.INSULATION
LillianLiangHMC18

Introduction

Buildinginsulationisamaterialinstalledinthewalls,ceiling,orroofofabuildingto
helpitretainheat.Bypreventingheattransferintooroutofabuilding,insulationcan
helpkeepwarmbuildingswarmandcoolbuildingscool.Consequently,insulatinga
buildingoftenleadstolowerheatingandcoolingloads,lowerenergybills,andgreater
comfortforresidents.Windowtype(singleordouble-pane),buildingleaks,andbuilding
geometryareotherfactorsthatmayimpactheattransferintooroutofabuilding.

ManyofthecottagesattheGardensareold-somebuiltasearlyas1961-withlittletono
insulationandsinglepanewindows.Becausetheoldercottageshavepoorheat
retention,airconditionersandheatersmayhavetoworkharderthantheyneedto
maintaintheresidentsdesiredtemperatures,thusincurringunnecessaryenergy
consumptionandcostsfortheGardens.Inthissectionofthereport,theteamprovides
datatoinformtheGardensadoptionofcottageinsulationintheirConservationPlan.
Ourcalculationsofpossibleenergysavingsshowthatthepaybackperiodforinsulatinga
cottageislikelytobelessthanfouryears.

HeatTransferModel1:ResponseofCottagetoChangingTemperature

Analysisintheinsulationstudywasbasedonaphysicalmodelofheatflowintoa
buildinggivenanoscillatingoutdoortemperatureproposedbySamTanenbaum.The
timeconstantt0waschosenasaparameterofinterest,andinthemodel,representsthe
timedelayittakesforacottagetopeakaftertheoutdoortemperaturehaspeaked.Thus,
thehighert0is,thebetterthetemperatureinsideahomeremainsstabledespitelarge
fluctuationsinoutdoortemperatures.Whent0islessthan2hours,itapproximately
equalsthetimedelay;however,asthetimedelayincreases,t0capsat6hours.t0depends
onthefollowingparameters:

1. Mass(M)
2. Specificheat(C)
3. Surfaceareaofthebuildinginft2(A)
4. R-valueoftheinsulation(R)in(Fft2)/(BTU/hr)1

1
AnR-valueisameasureofresistanceofabuildingmaterialtoheatpassage,andthereforeis
usuallythemetricusedtodescribequalityofinsulation.

t0=MCR/A

Thisrelationshipconfirmsthatthemoremassive,difficulttoheat,orwell-insulateda
homeis(thehigheritsmass,specificheat,orR-value),thehigherthet0value,andthe
lessindoortemperatureswillfluctuatewithchangesinoutdoortemperature.Likewise,
thelargerthesurfaceareaofthebuildingis,thelowerthet0value,andthemoreeasily
heatcanescapefromthehome,andthemoreindoortemperatureswillfluctuatewith
changesinoutdoortemperatures.Inotherwords,awell-insulatedhomewillhaveahigh
t0andapoorly-insulatedhomewillhavealowt0.

Theheat-flowmodelrevealsatheoreticalrelationshipbetweenthetimeconstantand
temperaturefluctuationsshownintheequationbelow,where(omega)isthe
frequencyoftheoscillatingoutdoortemperature,andTiandToarethedifferences
betweenthemaximumandminimumtemperaturesinsideandoutsidethebuilding,
respectively.

Ti/To=1/(1+t0)

Notethatasthetimeconstantorfrequencyoftheoscillatingoutdoortemperature
increases,thesmallerthechangeinindoortemperaturecomparedtochangesinoutdoor
temperature.Rearranging,thisequationbecomes:

t0=(To/Ti1)/

Inthisstudy,timeconstantvalueswerecalculatedfromtheaboveequation.Itwas
assumedthatoutdoortemperaturesfluctuateona24-hourcycle,so=2/24=/12.

ResultsandAnalysis:Resident-CollectedCottageTemperatureData

ResidentsofthreecottagesattheGardensmeasuredtemperatureoveronetoninedays
bothinsideandoutsideofthecottage.DetailsofeachcasearedescribedinTable1.1.In
allthreecases,participatingresidentsnotedtheminimumandmaximumtemperatures
overthedatacollectionperiod.

BUILDINGINFORMATION DATESOFSTUDY

Ken&MarianBrown,Cottage916W.
Pre-work:July12,2016
Harrison
July21,2016
WorkdonebyHPM:Blown-incellulose

Case1: insulation(R-38inceilings,R-13inwalls);
Post-work:Sept.18,2016
Fiberglassbattsincrawlspacewith
September19,2016,
insulationaroundairreturnducts
September25,2016
Otherfactors:Ceilingfansandwindowfans

MiltWilson,Cottage892WHarrison
November2,2016
Case2: Double-panedwindows;amountof
November3,2016
insulationunknown

StuartOskamp,Cottage891Bonita November2,2016
Case3:
Noinsulation November5,2016

Table1.1:Overviewofthethreesetsofdatausedinthisstudy.

DailytemperaturedatacollectedbyKenandMarianBrowninCase1isshowninFigure
1.1,bothbeforeandafterinsulation.Bothbeforeandafterinsulation,dailyminimum
temperatureshoveredaround70-80.However,beforeinsulationwasinstalled,daily
maximumtemperaturesinthehomecloselyfolloweddailymaximumoutdoor
temperature-somewererecordedtobeover100.Remarkably,inpost-insulationdata
collection,themaximumrecordeddailytemperaturesremainedat80.

Figure1.1:TemperaturedatacollectedinCase1beforeandafterinsulation.AlldatawerecollectedwithACturnedoff.

Thedramaticeffectofinsulationoncottagetemperaturecanbemoreclearlyseeninthe
hourlytemperaturedatafromCase1,showninFigure1.2.Theindoortemperature
remainedlargelystablethroughoutthedaydespitethealmost100outdoor
temperaturepeakinthemid-afternoon.Inallthreecases,indoortemperatures
measuredwithathermostatatthewallwereconsideredmoreaccuratethanthose
measuredwithathermometerinthemiddleoftheroom.

Figure1.2:TemperaturedatacollectedinCase1afterinsulation,approximatelyeveryhour.Thisdatawascollectedon
September25,2016.

InCases2and3,MiltWilsonandStuartOskamprecordedtemperaturedata
approximatelyhourly,showninFigures1.3-1.4.

Figure1.3:TemperaturedatacollectedinCase2.Notethatinsidetemperaturesweremeasuredbothwithathermometerinthe
interioroftheroomandwithathermostatonthewall.

Figure1.4:TemperaturedatacollectedinCase3.Notethattheoutdoorthermometerbrokeforaportionoftheinitialreadings,
sodataareonlyincludedfor11/3-11/5.

Figures1.3-1.4illustratetimedelay,wherepeakindoortemperatureoccurredafter
outdoortemperaturehaspeaked.Thetimedelayillustratedinthesegraphscanbe
quantifiedwitht0.Thoughthereisnostandardoridealt0value,theteamstillfoundit
valuabletouset0asacomparativemetricforcottagetemperatureresponseswithand
withoutinsulation.ForeachCase,t0wasestimatedandrecordedinTables1.21.4.

Pre-Insulation

Std.
DATE 7/12 7/13 7/14 7/15 7/16 7/17 7/19 7/20 7/21 Avg.
Dev.

t0 2.92 3.22 3.61 2.41 3.22 2.81 3.62 2.41 1.11 2.81 0.78

Post-Insulation

Std.
DATE 9/18 9/19 Avg.
Dev.

t0 8.69 9.83 9.26 0.81

Table1.2:Pre-andPost-InsulationTimeconstantscalculatedfromdatacollectedinCase1.

InCase1,timeconstantswerecalculatedbeforeandafterinsulation,providingan
opportunitytoevaluatetheperformanceoftheinsulation.Case1revealednettime
constants3.3timesgreaterthanpriortoinsulation,respectively,indicatingthatthe
insulationmadethebuildingsmoreeffectiveatmaintainingastabletemperature.

CASE DATES t0(THERMOSTAT) t0(THERMOMETER)

2 11/2/16 12.33 8.16

Table1.3:TimeconstantscalculatedfromdatacollectedinCase2.Indoortemperaturesmeasuredatthewall(thermostat)were
consideredmoreaccuratethanthosemeasuredinthemiddleoftheroom(thermometer.)

CASE DATES t0(THERMOSTAT) t0(THERMOMETER)

3 11/3/1611/5/16 1.53 2.64

Table1.4:TimeconstantscalculatedfromdatacollectedinCase3.Indoortemperaturesmeasuredatthewall(thermostat)were
consideredmoreaccuratethanthosemeasuredinthemiddleoftheroom(thermometer.)Datacollectedduringoutdoor
thermometermalfunctioninwerediscarded.

ThetimeconstantscalculatedinCases2and3areshowninTable1.3-1.4.Case3
exhibitedtimeconstantssimilartoCase1pre-insulationcase.SinceCase3Cottagehad
noinsulation,theresultsconfirmedthatthepre-insulationtimeconstantsforCase1
werereasonable.Case2exhibitedtimeconstantssimilartoCase1post-insulation,
indicatingthatthecottage,whichhaddouble-panedwindowsandanunknownamount
ofinsulation,hadbetterheatretentioncapabilitiesthanacottagewithoutanyinsulation.

HeatTransferModel2:ImpactofInsulationonHVAC

Thepotentialfinancialbenefitsofinsulationaresubstantial.Insulationimpactsthe
energyloaddemandedbytheHVACunits.Cottagesthatarenotwell-insulatedhave
higherratesofairleakageandheattransferviaconductionthroughthewalls.Thus,
cottageswithinsulationexperiencedecreasedenergybillsandmayevenbeableto
downsizetheirACandheatingunits.Savingsonheatingandcoolingfromdecreased
loadswereestimatedusinganotherheattransfermodelproposedbySamTanenbaum.

Heattransferbyconductionthroughthewalls(Qc)andbyairinfiltration(Qa)canbe
modeledbythefollowing,withparameterslistedinTable1.5:

Qc=ADD24/R

Qa=nVCDD

PARAMETER DESCRIPTION VALUEFORMODELUNIT

Heatlossorgainbetweenthe
Q cottageandtheenvironment DiscussedinResultsandAnalysis.
(Btu)

0.45-gypsum(sheetrock)
Aistheareaofeachexternal 0.94-plywood
2
surfaceofthebuilding(ft ),and 0.81-woodsiding
RisthecorrespondingR-value 0.44-Asphaltshingles
0.90-Single-paneglass
foreachsurface(ftFh/Btu).
A/R 1.72-Double-paneglass,airspace
Thesummationcalculationtakes 2.04-Double-paneglass,airspace
intoaccounttherelative 3.5widthofblocks(inches)-
weightsoftheR-valuesforthe Celluloseinsulation
6widthofblocks(inches)-
materialsgiven. Densefoaminsulation

10

DegreeDaysdescribetheheating
requirementsofthebuilding
(Fday).Theunitsdenoteafall
Degree 1700DD-Heating(Pomona,CA)
ofonedegreebelowastandard 1300DD-Cooling(Pomona,CA)
Days(DD)
averagetemperatureforone
day,andthevalueofthe
parametervariesbyclimate.

AirChanges Airchangeratedescribesair
perDay(n) supplyflowandleakageina
building.
4changes/day-tightly-sealedcottage
24changes/day-looseslidingdoors
andwindows

Volume(V) Volumeenclosedbythebuilding
15,700ft3
(ft3).

Heatrequiredtoraisethe
Specific
temperatureofoneft3ofairby 0.018Btu/(ft3F)
Heat(C)
onedegree(Btu/(ft3F)).

Table1.5:Parametersforheattransfermodel.

TheheattransfersQcandQarepresentheatlossesorgainsfromthecottagetothe
environmentduetoconductionandairinfiltration.Theoretically,inorderforthe
interiorofthehousetoremainarelativelystabletemperaturedespitetheseheat
transfersQcandQa,theheating,ventilation,andairconditioningsystems(HVAC)needto
worktopumpinorouttheidenticalamountofheatinoppositiontothelossorgain
incurred.Oncefound,QcandQacanbeusedinconjunctionwithinformationaboutthe
HVACefficienciestofindbothenergyconsumptionandcostforannualheatingand
cooling.Inheatinganalysis,weassumedanaturalgascostof$6.00/MBtuandheating
unitefficiencyof0.9(BtuofheatingperBtufromnaturalgas).Afteranalysiswas
complete,wenotedthattheGardensactuallypays$10.00/MBtufornaturalgas.In
coolinganalysis,weassumedelectricitycostof$0.14/kWh(thepeakrate),andACunit
efficiencyofeitherSEER6(old)orSEER14(new).

ResultsandAnalysis:EnergyandCostSavingsfromHVACinaModelCottageUnit

Forallcalculations,theteamusedamodelunitbasedontheoriginalfloorplansinthe
Gardensresidencespamphletfora1,250sq.ft.TwoBedroomCottageModel,asshown
inFigure1.5.Themodelunithadnoattic,10ft.tallwalls,andaroofpitchof30.

11

Figure1.5:Floorplanfortwobedroomcottage,themostcommonmodelintheGardens.FloorplanscanbefoundattheGardens
website(http://www.msagardens.org/residences/.)

Usingtheconductionandairinfiltrationheattransfermodel,wecalculatedenergyand
costsavingoutcomesfor10insulationsituationsforthemodelunit,asshowninTable
1.7.Thefourmodelinputsthattheteamvariedfromtrialtotrialwere:

1. ACSEERRating(6or14)
2. InsulationType(none,cellulose,densefoam)
3. AirChangesperDay(4,14,24)
4. WindowType(singlepane,doublepane-space,doublepane-space)

Theteambegananalysiswiththetwomostextremeinsulationscenarios.Theworst-case
scenario(Trial1)includedoldACunits,noinsulation,extremelyleakywalls,andsingle
panewindows;thebest-casescenario(Trial10)includednewACunits,densefoam
insulation,tightwalls,anddoublepanewindowswithagap.Theeightintermediate
trialsexploredvariousinsulationsituationsbetweenthesetwoextremes,listedinorder
ofincreasingannualsavings.

12

AIR
ACSEER
TRIAL DESCRIPTION INSULATIONTYPE CHANGES WINDOWTYPE
RATING
PERDAY

1 WorstCase 6 None 24 SinglePane

2 NewAC 14 None 24 SinglePane

NewAC,Double DoublePane-
3 14 None 24
PaneWindow1/4" 1/4"AirSpace

NewAC,Medium
4 14 None 14 SinglePane
Leaks

NewAC,Double DoublePane-
5 14 None 24
PaneWindow1/2" 1/2"AirSpace

OldAC,6"Cellulose
6 6 6"Cellulose 24 SinglePane
Insulation

OldAC,6"Dense
7 6 6"DenseFoam 24 SinglePane
FoamInsulation

NewAC,6"
8 14 6"Cellulose 24 SinglePane
CelluloseInsulation

NewAC,6"Dense
9 14 6"DenseFoam 24 SinglePane
FoamInsulation

DoublePane-
10 BestCase 14 6"DenseFoam 4
1/2"AirSpace

Table1.7:Descriptionsforvarioustrialsofmodelimplementation.

13

AnnualenergyusageresultingfromeachscenarioisshowninTable1.8.Theannual
energyuseineachcaseiscomparedtotheWorstCaseintheSavingsfromWorst
Casecolumn.

HEATING SAVINGSFROMWORST COOLING SAVINGSFROMWORST

TRIAL DESCRIPTION
(MBtu/yr) CASE(MBtu/yr,%) (kWh/yr) CASE(kWh/yr,%)

1 WorstCase 72.752 0.000 0% 9272.364 0.000 0%

2 NewAC 72.752 0.000 0% 3973.87 5298.494 57%

NewAC,Double
3 PaneWindow 67.998 4.754 7% 3714.158 5558.206 60%
1/4"

NewAC,
4 67.949 4.803 7% 3711.481 5560.883 60%
MediumLeaks

NewAC,Double
5 PaneWindow 67.179 5.573 8% 3669.444 5602.920 60%
1/2"

OldAC,6"
6 Cellulose 26.303 46.449 64% 3352.312 5920.052 64%
Insulation

OldAC,6"Dense
7 24.420 48.332 66% 3112.326 6160.038 66%
FoamInsulation

NewAC,6"
8 Cellulose 26.303 46.449 64% 1436.705 7835.659 85%
Insulation

NewAC,6"
9 DenseFoam 24.420 48.332 66% 1333.854 7938.510 86%
Insulation

10 BestCase 9.239 63.513 87% 504.650 8767.714 95%

Table1.8:Heatingandcoolingenergyconsumptionandenergysavingsforvarioustrialsofmodelimplementation.

14

InaquoteforaGardenscottage,HomePerformanceMatters(HPM)reportedacostof
$4,418.40forinstallationofcelluloseinsulation,whosebreakdownisdescribedinTable
1.9.Theplanwouldinvolveminimallyinvasiveinstallation,requiringonlysmallholes
onthebuildingexteriorandinteriorceilingsintowhichinsulationwouldblownathigh
pressure.Forcottagesgettingtheirroofsreplaced,ceilinginsulationcouldbeinstalled
fromtheexterior,aswell.HPMprovidedamockupoftheexteriorwoodsidingwith
patchingfortheinsulationholes,showninFigure1.6.

STANDARD DISCOUNTED TOTALPRICE

ESTIMATE DESCRIPTION SQ.FT. NOTES
UNITPRICE UNITPRICE

Loose-fillcellulose
Attic
1 364.0 $1.70 $1.36 $495.04 (R38)orFiberglass
Insulation
Batts(R30)

FiberglassBatt
Kneewall insulationwith
2 123.5 $4.70 $3.76 $464.36
Insulation MylarRadiant
Barrier(R19)

Loose-fillcellulose
(R38),blownin
Wall fromexterior
3 78.0 $20.00 $16.00 $1,248.00
Insulation (R13).Includes
finishpatching,no
painting

Cathedral Doesnotinclude
4 Ceiling 750.0 $30.00 $2.40 $1,800.00 patchingdrywall
Insulation orpainting

Room Perhouse
5 $822.00 $411.00 $411.00
Protection protectioncost

TOTAL
$4,418.40

Table1.9:CostofInsulationfromHomePerformanceMatters(HPM)ProfessionalQuote

15

Figure1.6:HPMprovidedamockupoftheexteriorwoodsidingpost-installation.HPMincludespatchingforinsulationholesin
theirinstallationprocess,thoughtheGardensplanstoemployitsownstaffforpainting.

16

AnnualenergycostisshowninTable1.10.Theteamassumed$0.14/kWh,thepeak
electricityrate,tobethecostofelectricity,and$6.00/MBtutobethenaturalgascost.The
Gardenscurrentlypaysfornaturalgasatarateofabout$10.00/MBtu.Basedoncurrent
Gardensbillsfornaturalgas,thesavingsfornaturalgaswillbesignificantlylargerthan
theseestimates.AnnualenergycostsarecomparedtotheWorstCaseintheSavings
fromWorstCasecolumn.Usingtheseidealcostsavings,theteamalsocalculated
approximatepaybackperiodsforthe$4,418.40costquotedbyHPM.

HEATING COOLING SAVINGSFROM PAYBACK

TRIAL DESCRIPTION TOTAL($/yr)
($/yr) ($/yr) WORSTCASE($/yr) PERIOD(yr)

1 WorstCase $485.02 $1,298.13 $1,783.15 $0.00 --

2 NewAC $485.02 $556.34 $1,041.36 $741.79 --

NewAC,
3 DoublePane $453.32 $519.98 $973.30 $809.85 --
Window1/4"

NewAC,
4 $452.99 $519.61 $972.60 $810.55 --
MediumLeaks

NewAC,
5 DoublePane $447.86 $513.72 $961.58 $821.57 --
Window1/2"

OldAC,6"
6 Cellulose $175.35 $469.32 $644.68 $1,138.47 3.88
Insulation

OldAC,6"
7 DenseFoam $162.80 $435.73 $598.53 $1,184.62 3.73
Insulation

NewAC,6"
8 Cellulose $175.35 $201.14 $376.49 $1,406.66 3.14
Insulation

NewAC,6"
9 DenseFoam $162.80 $186.74 $349.54 $1,433.61 3.08
Insulation

10 BestCase $61.59 $70.65 $132.24 $1,650.91 2.68

Table1.10:Heatingandcoolingcostsandcostsavingsforvarioustrialsofmodelimplementation.Inouranalysis,theteam
assumedanelectricitycostof$0.14/kWh,thepeakrate,andanaturalgaspriceof$6.00/MBtu.

17

Theteamnotedthatthemostdramaticdropinenergyusage/costarisingfromasingle
retrofittotheworst-casescenariocottagewasintheadditionofinsulation.Asshownin
rows6-7ofTable1.10,theGardenscouldpotentiallysaveover$1000peryearwhen
comparedtotheworstcasescenarioincombinedheatingandcoolingsavingsfora
singlemodelcottage.Theanalysisconfirmedthatdensefoaminsulationperformed
betterthancelluloseinsulation;however,whatimpactedsavingsmoresubstantiallywas
thatthehousewasinsulated.

ThesecondmostdramaticdropinenergyusageandcostfromtheWorstCaseScenario
arosefromupdatingtheACunits.UpdatingACunitsimprovedthecoolingefficiency,
drasticallyreducingtheenergyconsumptionandcostofcooling,asshowninrow2of
Tables1.8and1.10.TheteamcompletedACanalysislastyeartomakerecommendations
ontheSEERratingofnewACunitsfortheGardens,andplansareunderwaytoupdate
cottageunitstoSEER14.Thedecreasedenergyloadfrominstallinginsulationmay
enablefurthercostsavingsbydecreasingthesizerequirementsofthenewSEER14AC
units.Retrofitscenariosinvolvingfixingleaksandreplacingwindows,asshowninrows
6-8ofbothTable1.8and1.10,wouldnotleadtoenergyorcostsavingsquiteasdramatic
asthoseproducedbyaddinginsulationornewACunits.

Conclusion

1. Insulation,double-panedwindows,andleakpatchingarecottageretrofitsthat
mayhelpbuildingsretainheat.ManyofthecottagesattheGardenshavelittleto
noinsulationandsinglepanewindows.HomePerformanceMatters(HPM)
quotedacostof$4,418.40forinstallationofcelluloseinsulationinacottage.

2. Datafromresidentsshowthatinsulationsignificantlyreducesthemagnitudeand
increasesthetimedelayofthetemperatureresponseofacottagetofluctuations
inoutdoortemperature.

3. Withsimplifyingassumptions,calculationsonaModelCottageUnitshow
annualsavingsof$1,184.62andpaybackperiodaslittleas3.63yearswiththe
additionof6ofcelluloseinsulation.BasedoncurrentGardensbillsfornatural
gas,thesavingsfornaturalgaswillbesignificantlylargerthantheseestimates.

4. Thoughnotincludedinouranalysis,theteamnotedthatinstallinginsulationmay
enablefurthercostsavingsbydecreasingtherequiredACunitsize.

5. CalculationsonaModelCottageUnitshowthat6ofinsulationhasalarger
impactonenergyandcostsavingsthanupdatingACfrom6to14SEER.

18

2.HOTWATERHEATERS
EllenZhang18

Introduction

ThecurrentwaterheaterusedincottagesofMt.SanAntonioGardensisa30-gallon
conventionalnaturalgasfiredwaterheatermanufacturedbyA.O.Smith.Thismodel
requiresastoragetankheatingthewater24hourseveryday.Thissystemcreatesa
considerableamountofenergyloss,duetoseveralfactors:

1. Thefirstenergylossarisesfromfiringthefuel.Naturalgasusuallyhasa20%
efficiencyloss,becausenotalloftheenergygeneratedbythenaturalgasis
convertedintoheat.
2. Energylossalsocomesfromthestandbywaterinthestoragetank:sincethetank
isoutsidethecottageandnotwell-insulated,heatispoorlyretained.
3. Anotherenergylossoccurswhenthehotwatermovesfromthetanktothefaucet
andbathroom.Becausethetankisfarawayfromtherooms,heatislostalongthe
pipes.

TheenergylossissummarizedbytheEnergyFactor(EF),whichindicatestheoverall
energyefficiencyofawaterheater.

Althoughthetanklesswaterheatersalsofacethesameenergylossastankheaterswhen
hotwatertravelsthroughthepipe,thestandbylossiseliminatedsincethehotwateris
onlyheatedondemandwhenthefaucetisturnedon.Incomingcoldwaterencirclesthe
heatexchangerandleavestheheateratitsset-pointtemperature.Therefore,tankless
unitsusuallyhaveahigherEFthanconventionalones.

Severalassumptionsweremadetoestimatetheannualenergyusagecostandpayback
periodofinstallingtanklesshotwaterheaterstoreplacetheGardensconventional30
gallontankheaters.

Hotwaterusagelevel:Lowusageofhotwateris45gallonsperday;medium
usageis65gallonsperday;highusageis85gallonsperday.
WaterHeater:Differenttypesofwaterheatersarementionedintheanalysis.
ConventionalWaterHeateristhecurrentmodelintheGardens,a
30-gallonnaturalgasfiredstoragewaterheaterwithEF0.63(Brand:AO
SmithGCB-30,outdoor).
TanklessUnit1isaTanklessWaterHeaterCondensing150,000BTUwith

19

EF0.82(Brand:RinnaiV65EN,Outdoor).
TanklessUnit2isaTanklessWaterHeaterCondensing160,000BTU
NaturalGaswithEF0.95(Brand:ATI-240H-N,Indoor).
NaturalGasPrice:Thegaspricewasaslowas60centspertherm($6permillion
Btu)whentheanalysiswasfirstdone,soweused$6permillionBtuasalowgas
priceforcomparison.Nowthatthepricehasincreasedto100centspertherm
($10permillionBtu).Consideringthatthepricemightfluctuateinthefuture,a
highergasrateof120centspertherm($12permillionBtu)isusedtoestimate
annualcost,annualsavings,andpaybackperiod.
HotWaterTemperaturerise:Eachwaterheaterhasasetheattemperature.A
temperatureriseof55F(heatingthewaterfrom50Fto105F)isusedtoestimate
energyneeded.

NaturalGasInputComparison

Figure2.1:Comparisonofnaturalgasinputneededforthreemodelsofhotwaterheaters,basedondailyusage.

HotWaterUsageLevel
WaterHeater LowUse MediumUse HighUse
Conventional/Current 32,921Btu 47,099Btu 61,591Btu
Tankless1 25,293Btu 36,186Btu 47,320Btu
Tankless2 21,832Btu 31,234Btu 40,845Btu

Table2.1:Naturalgasusage(BTU)forthreescenariosofusageandthreetypesofhotwaterheaters.

20

CalculationMethod:
NaturalGasInput(BTU)=NaturalGasNeeded(BTU)/EnergyFactor
NaturalGasNeeded(BTU)=GallonsUsed8.3Temperaturerise
NaturalGasInput=(GallonsUsed8.3Temperaturerise)/EnergyFactor
Note:8.3isusedtoconvertgallonstopounds,sinceBTUismeasuredinpounds.

Giventhesameamountofnaturalgasneededtoheatthewatertothesametemperature,
theconventionalusesthemostamountofnaturalgas,whileTanklessUnit2usesthe
leastamountofnaturalgasregardlessofthehotwaterusagelevel.Comparedtothe
naturalgasneededbyaconventionalstoragewaterheater,tanklessunitscansaveupto
20,000BTUofnaturalgaswhenhotwaterusageishigh.Underthecurrentlowuse
condition,tanklessunit2cansavemorethan10,000Btu.

AnnualCostComparison

Figure2.2:Comparisonofannualcostneededforthreemodelsofhotwaterheaters,basedondailyusageandhigh/lowgas
rates.

21

HotWaterUsageLevel
GasRate WaterHeater LowUse MediumUse HighUse
Conventional $72.10 $103.15 $134.88
Tankless1 $55.39 $79.25 $103.63
LowGasRate(60
cents) Tankless2 $47.81 $68.40 $89.45
Conventional $144.20 $206.29 $269.77
Tankless1 $110.78 $158.49 $207.26
HighGasRate
(120cents) Tankless2 $95.62 $136.81 $178.90

Table2.2:Annualcost($)forthreescenariosofusage,threetypesofhotwaterheaters,andhigh/lowgasrates.

CalculationMethod:AnnualCost($)=NaturalGasInput(BTU)GasRate

Theoperationcostisbasedonthenaturalgasinput.Sincethenaturalgasinputof
conventionalwaterheaters(EF0.63)isthelargest,itsannualcostisalsothegreatest,
especiallywhenthedemandforhotwaterusageishigh.Currently,theannualcostof
conventionalheaterisapproximately50%higherthantheTanklessUnit2(EF0.95)and
30%higherthantheTanklessUnit1(EF0.82).Thecostofusingtanklessunitsis
proportionallylowerthanusingconventionalwaterheaterswhenthecostofnaturalgas
increasesinthefuture.

AnnualCostSavingComparison

Figure2.3:Annualsavings($)fortwotanklesswaterheatersgivenhotwaterusageandhigh/lowgasprices.

22

HotWaterUsageLevel
GasRate WaterHeater LowUsage MediumUse HighUsage
Tankless1(EF0.82) $16.7 $23.9 $31.3
LowGasRate(60cents) Tankless2(EF0.95) $24.3 $34.7 $45.4
Tankless1(EF0.82) $33.4 $47.8 $62.5
HighGasRate(120cents) Tankless2(EF0.95) $48.6 $69.5 $90.9

Table2.3:Annualsavings($)fortwotanklesswaterheatersgivenhotwaterusageandhigh/lowgasprices.

Althoughitiscounterintuitive,themorehotwaterisused,themoremoneyissaved.
TanklessUnits1&2cansave87%annuallywhenthewaterdemandishigh,whileusing
TanklessUnit2(EF0.95)cansaveevenmoreof45%comparedtoTanklessUnit1(EF
0.82).Moremoneycanbesavedifthegasratesriseinthefuture.Undertheconditionof
lowwaterdemandandlowgasrate,thesavingsareonly$16.8and$24.3.Evenifthe
priceincreasesinthefuture,thesavingis$33.4and$48.6.Themaximumsavingoccur
whenthepriceofgasrateandhotwaterusagearehigh.ButinthecaseofGardens,
whereeachcottagelivesonlyoneortwoelderly,themaximumsavingof$90.9seems
unattainable.

PaybackPeriodsofTanklessWaterHeaters

Figure2.4:PaybackperiodsofTanklessWaterHeater1(EF0.82)basedonpriceofnaturalgasanddailyusage.

23

HotWaterUsageLevel
TanklessWaterHeater1 LowUse MediumUse HighUse
LowPrice(60centspertherm) 19.93years 13.93years 10.65years
HighPrice(120centspertherm) 9.97years 6.97years 5.33years

Table2.4:Paybackperiod(years)forTanklessWaterHeater1.

CalculationMethod:PaybackPeriod=(NewUnitCostOldUnitCost)/(OldOperation
CostNewOperationCost)
Note:installationcostisnottakenintoaccount,becausetheGardensstaffwillhelpinstall.

Thepaybackperiodfortheenergyefficienttanklesswaterheatersiscalculatedfromthe
savingsofusingTanklessUnit1(EF0.82)andTanklessUnit2(EF0.95).Thepayback
perioddecreaseswhenboththehotwaterusageandnaturalgasrateincreases.The
shortestpaybackperiodof5.3yearsisusingTanklessUnit1(EF0.82)whenthegasrate
is120centspertherm.Underlowhotwaterusage,whichfitstheGardenssituation,it
takesaslongas20yearstopaybacktheinvestmentwhenthepriceofgasisalsolow.It
ismostlikelytoexperiencethesituationwhenthewaterdemandislow,butgasrateis
high.Inthatcase,thepaybackperiodisalmost10years.

Figure2.5:PaybackperiodsofTanklessWaterHeater2(EF0.95)basedonpriceofnaturalgasanddailyusage.

24

HotWaterUsageLevel
TanklessWaterHeater2 LowUse MediumUse HighUse
LowPrice-60centspertherm 23.84years 16.66years 12.74years
HighPrice-120centspertherm 11.92years 8.33years 6.37years

Table2.5:Paybackperiod(years)forTanklessWaterHeater2.

Similartotheanalysisofusingtankless1,theshortestpaybackperiodof6.4yearsis
usingTanklessUnit2(EF0.95)whenthegasrateis120centspertherm.Comparedto
usingtheTanklessUnit1(EF0.82),usingtheTanklessUnit2savesmoremoney
annually,butitalsotakeslongertopaybacktheprice.Thepaybackperiodofusingthe
TanklessUnit2doubleswhengasrateislower.TheidealconditionfortheGardensis
lowwaterdemandandhighgasrate,whichyieldsto12yearsofpaybackperiod.

Conclusion

1. TanklessWaterHeatersaremuchmoreefficientthanthecurrentconventional
hotwaterheatersbysavingupto50%ofannualoperationcost.
2. Replacingthehotwaterheaterswithtanklessunitssaves$20.5peryearon
averageundertheconditionoflowhotwaterdemandandlowgasrate.
3. Thepaybackperiodofmoreefficienttanklessunitsisabout22yearsonaverage
withthecurrentusageofhotwaterand11yearsonaverageifthepriceofgas
continuestorise.

25

3.CAMPUS-WIDELIGHTINGLEVELS
AnthonyBurre19&NovaQuaoser19

Methods

OnFriday,November4th,theEnergyAnalysisTeamvisitedMt.SanAntonioGardensto
collectdataonlightinglevels,withthegoaloffindingoutwhichareas(ifany)were
overlitandpotentiallyenergeticallywasteful.UsingalightmetertomeasureLux
(lumenspersquaremeter),theteamsurveyedsixdifferentlivingspacesattheGardens:
thecenterandbackofthedininghall,acorridorinD-building,andthekitchen,
bathroom,andhallwayofanapartmentinD-building.Startingfromthedininghalland
endingoutsideresidentslivingquarters,lightingfromeachareawassampledthree
timesandwasaveragedandcomparedtotheIlluminatingEngineeringSociety(IES)and
theGeneralServicesAdministrations(GSA)recommendedlevelsinTable3.1.TheIESis
primarilyfocussedonrelayinginformationfromlightingprofessionalstolighting
consumers,whereastheGSAisagovernmentalagencytaskedwithdeliveringthebest
valueinrealestateandtechnologyservicestotheAmericanpeople.

Findings&Conclusion

Thebackofthedininghall,theD-BuildingApartmentbathroom,andtheD-Building
Apartmenthallwereoutsidetheirrecommendedluxlevels,asshowninTable3.1.
However,Thebackofthedininghallwassignificantlylessbrightthantherecommended
levelforadiningroom,butitwasalsointendedtohaveadifferentambiancethanthe
centerofthedininghall,whichwasatanormallevel.TheD-BuildingApartment
bathroomwassignificantlybrighterthantherecommendedlevelsat556lux.

AccordingtoDr.GaryHeiting,O.D.,aneyecareprofessionalwith25yearsofexperience
ingeriatricvision,peopleovertheageof60needaboutthreetimesasmuchambient
lighttoread,andtheyhavemoredifficultyadjustingtonewlightlevels.Hisresearchhas
shownthataspeopleage,theirpupilsreduceinsizeandbecomelesselastic.2Giventhat
thebathroomisaplaceforreadingmiscellaneouslabelsandprescriptionbottles,the
highleveloflightseemssensible.Similarly,theslightlyelevatedlightlevelof293luxin
theD-BuildingApartmenthallwayeffectivelylessensthestrainontheresidentseyes
whenwalkingbetweenthekitchenandthebathroombyminimizingthechangein
brightness.

2
Heiting,Gary.HowYourVisionChangesasYouAge.AllAboutVision.AAVMediaLLC,Jan.
2016.Web.

26

Overall,thereisnoreasontolowerlightlevelsinanyareasoftheGardens,unless
residentsthemselvescomplainaboutthem.Whilesomeofthelightsareoutsidethe
recommendedrange,thisseemstohavebeendonewithausefulpurposeinmind.

IESRECOMMENDATION GSARECOMMENDATION AVERAGESAMPLEDVALUE

LOCATION
(LUX) (LUX) (LUX)

DiningHall,Center 300 200 216

DiningHall,Back 300 200 52

D-Building
Apartment, 500 500 481
Kitchen

D-Building
Apartment, 100 200 556
Bathroom

D-Building
Apartment, 150 200 293
BedroomHallway

D-Building
Apartment, 150 200 155
OutsideHall

Table3.1:Comparisonofsampledlightlevels(average)totherecommendedlevelsprovidedbytheIlluminating
EngineeringSociety(IES)andGeneralServicesAdministration(GSA)recommendedlevelsinvariouslocationsatthe
Gardens.

27

4.COMMERCIALICEMACHINES
JafarDaniel20

Introduction

Mt.SanAntonioGardenscurrentlyhaseightcommercialicemachinesaroundcampus
forresidentialuse.Thecottages,thehomesonTaylorRoad,andtheTerracesalllackice
machinesbecauseresidentshavein-homeicemakersintheirrefrigerators.The
locationsoficemachinesareasfollows:

Abuilding
Bbuilding
Cbuilding
Dbuilding,secondfloor
Dbuilding,thirdfloor,
Dbuilding,fourthfloor
Fbuilding
OakTreeLodge

ThecalculationsforinitialelectricitycostscomesfromareportdonebySamTanenbaum
on10/25/16.BobPierce,DirectorofPlantEngineeringandProjectsattheGardens,
estimatesthateachmachineusesabout1438Wattswhilerunning,andeachmachines
runsforabouteighthourseachday.SamTanenbaumcalculatedthatalloftheeight
machinesuses92kWhperday,or33,600kWhperyear.BecausetheGardenscurrently
pay15centsperkWh,thecurrentsystemcoststheGardens$5040peryear.

PiercenotesthattheGardensyearlyenergybillisabout$900,000,sotheicemachines
makeuponlyabout0.56%ofthetotalspendingonelectricity.However,thereissome
addedcostformaintenanceforoldericemachinesthatcouldbeeliminated.Thecurrent
icemachinessometimesneedrepairstoeliminatethemineralbuildupfromwater.With
thesefactorsinmind,theteamconductedananalysisofseveralscenariostoreplacethe
currenticemachinesintheGardens.

PotentialReplacementOptions

OnepotentialoptionforupgradingtheicemachinesistopurchasetheManitowoc
UR-0140A,whichrunsat11.3kWhper100lbs.Withadailystoragecapacityof122
poundsandassumingthattheyareusedtofullcapacity,thismachinerunsatroughly
13.78kWhperday.TheManitowocmodelwouldcosttheGardens$5032peryearin

28

operationcosts.Withanannualsavingsof$8,thepaybackperiodisroughly230years.

AmuchsmallermodelcouldbeplacedinloungesoftheletterbuildingstheIgloo
ICE103CounterTopIceMaker.TheIgloomodelhasacapacityof2.2poundsoficeatone
time,andcanproduceupto26poundsina24-hourperiod.Itrunsonabout120W,and
onlycostsabout$120foreachmachine.IftheGardensresidentsdonotusemuchice,but
wouldstilllikeamachineneartheirresidence,thesesmallercapacitymodelssaveabout
$3785inoperationcostsandhaveapaybackperiodofthreemonths.

TwootheroptionsaretokeeptheGardenscurrentmodeloficemachinesandremove
allbutonemachine,ortoremovealleightmachinesentirely.Inthesescenarios,theonly
savingswouldbefromthereducedoperationcost.Thefulllistofcalculationsforeach
scenariocanbefoundinTable4.1below.

REPLACEMENTOPTIONS SAVINGS&RETURNONINVESTMENT

Currentannualoperationcostfor8machines=
Fullreplacementofallseven
$5040
machineswithnewerice
Annualoperationcostforonenewmachine=$754
machinemodelofthesame
8machines=$6035
capacity
Annualsavings=$5040$6035=-$995

Upfrontpurchasingcostfor8machines:$14664
(ManitowocUR-0140ANEO

26AirCooledUndercounter
Paybackperiod=(Newunitcost)/(OldOperationCost
RegularSizeIceCubeIce
NewOperationCost)=240years
Machine)

Currentannualoperationcostfor8machines=
$5040
Fullreplacementofallseven
Annualoperationcostforonenewmachine=
machineswithsignificantly
$156.958machines=$1255.6
smallermodel
Upfrontcostofpurchasing8newmachines=$968

Annualsavings=$3785
(IglooICE103CounterTopIce

Maker)
Paybackperiod=3months

Removalofallbutone
AnnualOperationCostSavings=$4410
machine

Removalofallmachines AnnualOperationCostSavings=$5040

Table4.1:ReplacementscenariosfortheGardenseightcommercialicemachines,withtheirrespectiveupfrontpurchasing

29

costs,operationcosts,andpaybackperiod.

SurveyResponses&Conclusions

InaninitialsurveyofresidentbehaviordistributedonNovember22,2016,theteamwas
abletosampleusageoficemachines.Afewoftheresultsarelistedbelow.

Theteamreceived119responsestoaquestionaskingifresidentsusetheicemachine
availableintheirbuilding.Theresponseswerefairlysplit,withabout40%ofresidents
sayingthattheydonotusetheiricemachine,and60%sayingthattheydo.Oneresident
respondedthattheydousetheicemachine,buttheywouldnotmissitifthemachine
wasremoved.Afewresidentsrespondedthattheydonotuseitbecausetheymakeice
intraysintheirfridge;otherssaidthattheyonlyusedtheicemachineiftheyare
entertainingorhaveguestsover.

Figure4.1:PercentofGardensresidentresponsesthatindicatedwhetherornottheyuseanicemachine.

Anotherquestionattemptedtogaugehowmanyresidentsusedeachicemachine,inthe
hopesofdeterminingwhichtopotentiallyeliminate.Only84residentsansweredthis
question,andtheresultsshowedthattheonlymachinenotinhighusewastheice
machineinOakTreeLodge.Obviously,amorethoroughsurveyoftheLetterBuilding
residentsshouldbedisseminatedbeforeremovalofanymachine.

30

Figure4.2:Numberofrespondentswhousetheicemachineavailableineachbuilding.

Ourrecommendationdependsonwhetherornottheseicemachinesareinuse.Ifthey
areallinconsistentuse,wewouldnotrecommendinstallingnewicemachines,asthe
paybackperiodisfartoolong,thesavingsareasmallfractionoftheGardensoverall
energybill,andtheGardensishesitanttotakeanyactionthatmightleadtoresident
complaints.Theresultsoftheteamsinitialsurveyshownosignificantresultsthatmay
leadtoimmediateaction;manyresidentsusetheicemachinesavailable,andremoving
themmaycauseresidentialcomplaints.Weofficiallyrecommendthatamorein-depth
surveyofonlytheLetterBuildingresidentsbeconductedtomoreaccuratelydetermine
usageoftheicemachines.

AnotheroptionmentionedbyresidentSamTanenbaumwastosimplypromotetheuse
oficecubetrays,asmostMt.SanAntonioGardensresidentsintheletterbuildingsown
refrigerators.

31

5.GARDENSRESIDENTSURVEY
LaurenDSouza18andNovaQuaoser19

Asdiscussedinsectionfour,theteamcomposedanddistributedatwo-page,thirteen
questionsurveytoapproximately400residentsviatheirmailroomcubbieson
November22,2016.Thesurveywasbrokenintofoursections:IceMachines(for
residentsofLetterBuildingsonly),EnergyUsageandBehavior,PreferenceQuestions,
andFeedback.Acoverletterwasalsoincludedtoinformresidentsofthepurposeofthe
surveyandhowtheirresponseswouldbecollated.Toviewthefullsurvey,pleasesee
AppendixIII.OnDecember2,2016(tendaysfollowingdistribution),theteamcollected
thesurveysandanalyzedtheresponses.

Thesurveyaimedtogaugegeneraltrendsinresidentenergyusageandsentimenton
potentialchangestotheGardenscampus.Intotal,182residentscompletedthesurvey,
althoughnoteveryrespondentansweredeachquestion.Thefiguresbelowrepresentthe
responsesforeachquestion.

Figure5.1:TypicaltemperaturerangewhenGardensresidentsneedheating.Question:Atwhattemperaturedoyoutypicallyset
yourthermostatwhenyouneedheat?N=168

32

Figure5.2:TypicaltemperaturerangewhenGardensresidentsneedairconditioning.Question:Atwhattemperaturedoyou
typicallysetyourthermostatwhenyouneedairconditioning?N=165

Figure5.3:Temperaturesettingsusedforwashingclothes.Question:Whichsettingdoyouusuallyusewhenwashingclothes?
N=173

33

Figure5.4:Percentageofresidentswhoturnoffallormostlightswhenleavingtheirresidence.Question:Howoftendoyouturn
offall(ormost)lightswhenyouleaveyourunit?N=173

Figure5.5:Percentageofresidentsinfavorofandagainsthavinglow-levelmotion/infrared-activatedlightinginhallways,
corridors,andcommonareas.Question:Wouldyoubecomfortablewithlow-levellightingincorridorsandcommonareaswith
motionorinfraredsensorsthatturnonfulllightingwhensomeoneenters?N=167

34

Figure5.6:Percentageofresidentsinfavorofandagainsthavinglow-levelmotion/infrared-activatedlightinginoutdoor
hallwaysandcommonareas.Question:Wouldyoubecomfortablehavinglow-levellightinginsomeoutdoorareasandmotionor
infraredsensorsthatturnonfulllightingwhensomeoneentersthearea?N=170

Figure5.7:Percentageofresidentsincottagesinfavorofandagainstmovingouttemporarilyforaninsulationrenovation.
Question:Ifyouliveinacottage,wouldyoubewillingtohaveinsulationinstalledinwallsand/oryourceilingifitrequiresyou
tomoveoutwhilecontractorsworkinyourcottageforafewdays?N=50(notesmallersample)

35

Figure5.8:PercentageofresidentsattheGardensinfavorofandagainstinstallingsolarpanels.Question:Wouldyoufavor
havingtheGardensinstallsolarpanelsiftheycanprovidesomeofourelectricityatalowerratethanwecurrentlypay?N=
169

OursurveyoftheGardensprovidedaquicksurfacesnapshotintohowresidentswere
gaugingsomeofthereformsbeingconsidered.Itisimportanttonotethatoursurvey
resultsinnowayreflectaformalstatisticalconclusiononresidentssupportofspecific
practicesorroutineactionsattheGardens.Ourresultsonlyallowustodemonstratea
generalinitialreactionbyresidentstothevariousquestionsposedinthesurvey.Given
ourdecidedlylargevolumeofresponsestomanyquestions,however,weconcludethat
thesurveycanhelpshedlightonresidentsthoughtprocessesmoreaccuratelythan
inaccurately.Furthermore,discrepanciesinsamplesizesfromquestiontoquestionare
mainlyaresultofvariousquestionsapplyingonlytospecificresidentsand/orthefact
thatsomeresidentsdecidednottorespond.

Movingtotheconclusionsofthesurvey,wenoticedasurprisinglyopenmentalityto
manyofthechangesposedinthesurvey.Over70%ofresidentswereinfavorofindoor
andoutdoormotion/infrared-activatedlighting(78.4%and71.2%respectively),anda
whopping92.3%ofresidentswhorespondedwereinfavoroftheGardensadoptingsolar
panelsiftheyprovidedsomeelectricityatalowerrate.Thissurveyalsogaveusan
interestinginsightintohowresidentscurrentlyconductedroutinepracticessuchas
laundryhabits,lightingintheirhousing,andresidentstemperaturesettings.Notably,it
showedthatresidentsattheGardensconsistentlydopracticegoodtechniques,especially
whenitcomestoturningofftheirlightswhenleavingtheirresidence(93.2%dosodaily).

36

Asoursurveyindicates,itseemsthatboththeBoardandresidentsattheGardensare
opentomanyproposedenvironmentallysustainablereformswhenitcomestolighting
andhousing.Toconclude,weareoptimisticthattheGardenshasandwillfosteran
encouragingatmospherewhenitcomestoconsideringmoresustainablepractices.

37

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

TheteamwouldliketoexpressoursincerestgratitudeforouradvisorSamTanenbaum,
forbeinganexceptionalleaderintheGardensEnergyAudit.Heprovideddirectionand
adviceforourteamwhenweneededit,advocatedfortheprojectamongsttheGardens
residentsandBoard,andconnectedourteamtohelpfulpeopleandresourcesfromthe
Gardenstoroundoutourresearch.Inaddition,wewouldliketothankKristinMiller,Bill
Ascher,andLizThomasfromtheRECfortheirvaluableinsightaboutourworkand
report.Finally,wewouldalsoliketoextendthankstotheGardensResidentswho
supportedourEnergyAudit,especiallyKen&MarianBrown,MiltWilson,andStuart
Oskamp,whospentsubstantialtimeandeffortcollectingcottagetemperaturedatafor
theinsulationstudy,andalltheresidentswhoparticipatedinourenergyusesurvey.
Thisprojectwouldnotbepossiblewithoutthesupportofalltheresidentsandboard
membersattheMt.SanAntonioGardens,whohaverepeatedlyandenthusiastically
shownsupportforenergyconservationandsustainableprojects.

38

APPENDIXI:PhotosofLightingAreas

39

APPENDIXII:IceMachineUpgrades

Link:https://goo.gl/iXPblo Link:http://amzn.to/2loYFFa

Left:commercialmodel;Right:countertopmodel.

40

APPENDIXIII:GardensResidentBehaviorSurvey

RobertsEnvironmentalCenteratClaremontMcKennaCollege
MT.SANANTONIOGARDENSENERGYAUDIT-RESIDENTBEHAVIORSURVEY

TheRobertsEnvironmentalCenterisaresearchinstituteatClaremontMcKennaCollege.Last
year,theEnergyAnalysisteamcompletedaconsultingprojectwiththeGardensonmoreefficient
A/Cunitsandvariousproposalsforlargesolararrays.Thisyear,theRECteamiscontinuingits
partnershipwiththeGardens,andanalyzingfourareasofpotentiallyincreasedenergyefficiency.
Wehavecomposedasurveytogaugeinitialdataonenergyusingbehavior.Allresponsestothe
surveyarevoluntary,anonymous,andnon-binding.Youranswerswillbeaggregatedinourreport
andusedforstatisticalpurposesonly.Forexample,theteamwillpreparefiguresonwhat
percentageofrespondentstypicallyusehotwaterwhenwashingtheirclothes.

TheteamwillbepresentingtheirfindingsattheGardensshortlybeforethat.Wewillkeepall
residentsinformedofourpresentationdateandourreportwillbeavailablearoundcampusafter
itscompletion.Ifyouhavequestions,pleasefeelfreetoreachouttomyself,LaurenDSouza
(ldsouza18@cmc.edu)orourresidentadvisor,SamTanenbaum(tanenbaum@g.hmc.edu).Thank
yousomuchforyourparticipation.Welookforwardtohearingyourcomments!

Onceyouhavecompletedthesurvey,pleasereturntotheEnergySurveyboxinthemailroom
cubbyarea.WekindlyaskthatyoureturnthesurveysbyFriday,Dec.2.
Bestregards,
LaurenDSouzaCMC18
StudentManager,EnergyAnalysisTeam-RobertsEnvironmentalCenter

IceMachines(ForresidentsofLetterBuildingsandOakTreeLodgeonly.)
A. Doyouusetheicedispenseravailableinyourbuilding?(circleoneorexplain)
Yes No Other(pleaseexplain)

B. Ifso,howoftendoyouuseit?(circleone)
Daily Afewtimesaweek Afewtimesamonth Rarely

C. Whichicemachinesdoyouuse?(Checkallthatapply)
Abuilding Dbuilding(thirdfloor)

Bbuilding Dbuilding(fourthfloor)

Cbuilding Fbuilding

Dbuilding(secondfloor) OakTreeLodge

41

EnergyUsageandBehavior
A. Atwhattemperaturedoyoutypicallysetyourthermostat?
1. Whenyouneedheat?
2. Whenyouneedairconditioning?

B. Whichsettingdoyouusuallyusewhenwashingclothes?(circleone)
Hot Warm Cold

C. Howoftendoyouturnoffall(ormost)lightswhenyouleaveyourunit?(circleone)
Daily Afewtimesaweek Afewtimesamonth Rarely

PreferenceQuestions
A. Wouldyoubecomfortablewithlow-levellightingincorridorsandcommonareas
withmotionorinfraredsensorsthatturnonfulllightingwhensomeoneenters?
(circleoneorexplain)
Yes No Other(pleaseexplain)

B. Wouldyoubecomfortablehavinglow-levellightinginsomeoutdoorareasand
motionorinfraredsensorsthatturnonfulllightingwhensomeoneentersthe
area?(circleoneorexplain)
Yes No Other(pleaseexplain)

C. Ifyouliveinacottage,wouldyoubewillingtohaveinsulationinstalledinwalls
and/oryourceilingifitrequiresyoutomoveoutwhilecontractorsworkinyour
cottageforafewdays?(circleoneorexplain)
Yes No Other(pleaseexplain)

D. WouldyoufavorhavingtheGardensinstallsolarpanelsiftheycanprovidesomeof
ourelectricityatalowerratethanwecurrentlypay?(circleoneorexplain)
Yes No Other(pleaseexplain)

Feedback(Ifyouneedmorespace,pleaseattachanothersheettothispaper.)
A. HaveyouobservedanythingthattheGardensisdoingthatmightbewastefulof
energy,e.g.outdoorlightslefton24/7?

B. Doyouhaveanyothercomments?