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M)
Design of sunshade:
(1)Breadth and depth:
The 750mm wide sunshade act as a cantilever with clear span = 0.75m
It will be designed for a unit width and the same reinforcement will be provided in the
entire width.
Let the overall thickness of sunshade be 1/10 th of span = 750/10 =75mm
(2) Loads and bending moment:
Dead load of sunshade = 0.075*25 = 1.875KN/m
Live load on sunshade = 0.5KN/m
Total load = 2.375 KN/m
For 1m wide strip, load per a meter = 2.375KN/m
Wu,factored load = 1.5*2.375 =3.56KN/m
Mu,factored bending moment = Wul/2
= 3.56*0.75/2 = 1.002KN-m.
(3) Depth for bending moment
M.R.of a singly reinforced balanced section = 0.36*fck*b*xumax(d-0.42xumax)
1.002*10^6 = 0.36*20*1000*0.48d(d-0.42*0.48d)
d = 19.1mm too small
adopt 75mm overall depth at the fixed end and 50mm overall depth at free end.
Effective depth at fixed end = 75-15-6/2 =57mm > 19.1mm (O.K.)
Depth provided is larger than the depth required for a balanced section. and here the
section become under reinforced section.
(4) Steel for B.M.:
Mu= 0.87*fy*Ast*(d-0.42xu)
Where xu = [(0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)] = [(0.87*415*Ast)/(0.36*20*1000)]
= 0.05Ast
1.002*10^6 =0.87*415*Ast*[57-0.42(0.05Ast)]
Ast-2707.5Ast+131842 =0
Ast = 50mm
However minimum Ast = 0.12%of b*D
= 0.12/100*1000*(75+50/2)= 75mm
Therefore provide minimum Ast = 75mm
Using 6mm, spacing = (28.5/75)*1000 = 380mm
<3*d = 3*75 = 171mm
<450mm
Therefore provide 6mm@ 170mmc/c at top of sunshade as shown in fig. also provide
distribution steel in the transverse direction @0.12%of b*D = 75mm
Therefore provide 6mm@170mm c/c.
(5) Check for deflection:
Actual l/d = 750/57 = 13.16
Allowable l/d = (basic l/d)****
Basic l/d = 7for cantilever slab
, modification factor for %steel & stress in steel is given by,
%steel = [[(1000/170)*28.3]/(1000*57)]*100 = 0.3%
Stress in steel = 0.58fy*(Ast req)/(Ast provided)
= 0.58*415*50/((1000/170)*28.3)
= 72.3N/mm
, from fig. no 4 of IS 456= 2
Therefore allowable l/d = 7*2 = 14 > actual l/d (safe.)
(6) check for shear:
Factored S.F at the end of fixed end for 1m wide strip = [0.75*0.5+
((0.075+0.05)/2)*0.75*25]
Vu = 2.32KN
v, nominal shear stress = Vu/(b*d) = 2.32*10/(1000*57)
= 0.04n/mm
c, shear strength of M20 grade concrete @0.3% steel
Design shear strength of slab = k.c = 1.3*0.38 >> v (safe.)
(7) Check for development length:
In order to develop full tensile strength at the face of support, extended the reinforcement
for a length Ld in to the support Ld = ( s)/(4bd) = 47 = 47*6 = 282mm
Design of lintel:
The clear span of lintel = 2m
Assuming width of bearing on either side as 300mm
Assume breadth of lintel = thickness of wall = 0.3m
Assume depth of lintel, d = l/10 =200mm
D, overall depth of lintel = 200+40 = 240mm
Effective span is given by
(1) c/c of bearings = 2+0.3/2+0.3/2 = 2.3m
(2) clear span + d = 2+0.2 = 2.2m
The least of the above is effective span, l =2.2m
ly/lx = 6/3 = 2
Therefore the slab is designed as one way slab
Design of intermediate slab
Assume width of beam = 300mm.
Thickness of slab from deflection criteria:
lx/d = 26
Assume = 1.2
d = lx/ (26*1.2) = 3000/(26*1.2) = 96mm
Assuming a clear cover of 15mm for 10mm bars.
Overall depth, D = 96+15+10/2 = 120mm.
Provide D = 120mm.
Effective depth provide = 120-20 = 100mm.
Loads and B.M:
Dead load of slab = 0.12*25 = 3KN/m
Live load on slab = 1.5KN/m
Assume floor finish = 1KN/m
Total load = 5.5KN/m
Factored load = 1.5*5.5 = 8.25KN/m
Consider 1m wide strip:
Effective span for interior span is ( as per cl.22.2.b)
As the width of support (here beam) = 300mm > 1/12 of clear span = (1/12)*2700 =
225mm
The eff. Span for intermediate spans is clear span
i.e. l =2700mm.
for intermediate span, -ve B.M at support = (wd*l/12)+(wl*l/9)
= (4*2.7/12) + (1.5*2.7/9)
= 3.645KN-m
+ve B.M at mid span = (wd*l/16) + (wl*l/12) = (4*2.7/16) + (1.5*2.7/12)
= 2.73KN-m.
Factored B.Ms:
At support = 1.5*3.465 = 5.47KN-m
At mid span = 1.5*2.73 = 4.1KN-m
Check the depth for B.M:
Mu = 0.36*fck*b*xumax(d-0.42xumax)
Where xumax = 0.48d
5.46*10^6 = 0.36*20*1000*0.48d*(d-0.42*0.48d)
d = 44.52mm < d provide (o.k)
the depth provide is larger than the depth required for a balanced section, the section
becomes U.R section
Steel for B.M:
For U.R sections,
Ast for ve B.M = (0.5*fck*b*d/fy)*[1-(1-((4.6*Mu)/(fck*b*d)))]
= (0.5*20*1000*100/415)*[1-(1-((4.6*5.47*10^6)/(20*1000*100)))]
= 157mm.
Ast for +ve B.M = (0.5*fck*b*d/fy)*[1-(1-((4.6*Mu)/(fck*b*d)))]
= 0.5*20*1000*100/415)*[1-(1-((4.6*4.1*10^6)/(20*1000*100)))]
= 116mm <Ast minimum
Therefore provide minimum Ast = 0.12% 0f b*D = (0.12/100)*1000*120 = 144mm.
Using 8mm, spacing = (a/Ast)*1000 = 50/157)*1000 = 318mm c/c
But the spacing should not exceed
3*d = 3*100 = 300mm
450mm
Provide 8mm @ 300mm c/c on top at supports.
At mid span (for +ve B.M)
Using 8mm, spacing = (a/Ast)*1000 = (50/144)*1000 = 347mm c/c
But spacing should not exceeded
3*d = 3*100 = 300mm
450mm.
Therefore provide 8mm 300mm c/c at bottom near the mid span.
Distribution steel @0.12% of c.s area = 144mm
Provide 8mm@ (50/144)*1000 = 347mm
But the maximum spacing
< 450mm
< 5*d = 500mm
Provide 8mm 340mm c/c both at top and bottom as shown in fig.
Check for deflection:
Actual l/d ratio = 2700/100 = 27
Allowable l/d = (basic l/d)* ***
Basic l/d =26 fot continuous slabs
% of steel = [((1000/300)*50)/(1000*100)]*100 = 0.17%
Stress in steel = 0.58*(Ast req/Ast prov) = 0.58*415*(116/167) = 167N/mm
from fig. 4 of IS 456 = 2
allowable l/d = 26*2 = 52 > allowable l/d (o.k)
Check for shear:
S.F coefficients:
Shear force at interior supports
Due to dead load = 0.50wd*l = 0.5*4*2.7 = 5.4KN.
Due to live load = 0.60wl*l = 0.6*1.5*2.7 = 2.43KN.
Total S.F = 7.83KN.
Factored S.F = Vu = 1.5*7.83 = 11.75KN.
v, nominal shear stress = Vu/(bd)= 11.75*10/(1000*100) = 0.12N/mm
c, permissible shear stress for 0.17% steel&M20 concrete = 0.296N/mm
c, for slabs = ks c = 1.3*0.296 = 0.38N/mm
(where ks = 1.3 for D< 150mm) > v (safe)
Check for development length:
At points of inflection
Ld <= (M1/V) + Lo
Ld = (*s)/(4*bd) = (8*0.87*415)/(4*1.6*0.8) = 564mm
M1 = M.R
= 0.87*fy*Ast(d-0.42*xu)
xu = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)
M1 = 0.87*fy*Ast(d-0.42*((0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*b)))\
= 0.87*fy*Ast(d-((fy*Ast)/(fck*b)))
Ast = (1000/300)*50 = 166mm
M1 = 0.87*415*166(100-((415*166)/(20*1000)))
= 5.78KN-m
Shear force at point of inflection assume point of inflection at (0.15l) from the face of the
support.
S.F = shear force at the face of the support------------ (0.15l)*wu
= 11.75-(0.15*2.7)*8.25 = 8.4KN.
Lo = 12 = 12*8 = 96mm
d = 100mm
Grater of the above is 100mm
Lo = 100mm
(M1/V)+Lo = (5.78*10^6/8.4*10)+100 = 787mm. > Ld (safe)
Design of beam:
(1) breadth and depth of the beam:
Clear span of the beam = 6m
Assume depth as 1/15 of L = (1/15)*6000 = 400mm
Overall depth = 400+50eff cover = 450mm.
Let breadth of the beam = 300mm
Effective span:
(1) clear span +c/c of bearings = 6000+300/2+300/2 = 6300mm
(2) clear span +d = 6000+400 = 6400mm
The least of the above is l = 6300mm
Effective flange width = (lo/6)+bw+6Df = (6300/6)+300+(6*120) = 2070mm <3000mm
Therefore take bf = 2070mm
(3) loads and B.M:
Depth of N.A :
xu = (0.87*fy*Ast)/(0.36*fck*bf)
Steel:
Ast = (0.5*fck*b*d/fy)*[1-(1-((4.6*Mu)/(fck*b*d)))]
= (0.5*20*2070*400/415)*[1-(1-((4.6*141.6*10^6)/(20*2070*400)))]
= 1005mm.
xu = (0.87*415*1005)/(0.36*20*2070) = 24.34mm< Df
= (0.85*300*400)/415 = 246mm.
Provide 1005mm.
modification factor for flanged section- related to ratio of (web width/ flange width)
= 300/2070 = 0.145
Cross section for shear lies at d from the face of the support
= 28.5*6/2-(28.5*0.4) = 74.1KN.
= 0.62 N/mm
spacing is
= 3209 mm
= 301 mm
(3) 0.75d = 0.75*400 =300 mm.
Vus, shear to be resisted by steel = Vu-Vuc =74.1-(0.58*300*400/1000)
= 4.5 KN.
The least of the above is 300 mm
Provide 8mm 2-legged vertical stirrups @ 300mm c/c through out.
Check for development length:
Ld <= 1.3(M1/V) + Lo
Ld = (*0.87*fy)/(4*bd)
= (16*0.87*415)/(4*1.6*0.8)
= 1128 mm.
M1= 0.87*fy*Ast(d-(fy*Ast/fck*b))
= 0.87*415*5*201(400-(415*5*201/20*300))
= 119.9 KN-m.
V= 28.5*6/2 = 85.5 KN.
Lo = (bs/2)-25-3+8+100
= 150-25-3*16+8*16+100
= 305 mm.
(1.3M1/V)+Lo = 1.3(119.9*10^6/85.5*10)+305
= 2128 mm >Ld (O.K)
300 mm
600 mm
A).
Mu = 80 kN-m Vu = 70 kN Tu = 40 kN-m
Assume effective cover = 50mm
effective depth = d = 600 50 = 550m
Equivalent shear Ve = Vu + 1.6Tu/b = 70 + 1.6 * 40/0.3 = 283.3 kN.
Ve 283.3 * 10 3
ve equivalent nominal shear stress = 1.72 N / mm 2
bd 300 * 450
Assuming % tension steel as 0.25%
c for M20 concrete = 0.36 N/mm2 (table 19)
cmax for M20 concrete = 2.8 N/mm2
c<ve<cmax
Torsion reinforcement is required in the form of longitudinal steel and
transverse reinforcement.
Longitudinal steel
Equivalent B.M = Me1 = Mu + Mt.
l D / b 1 600 / 300
Where, M t Tu 40 70.6kN .m.
1.7 1.7
=849.5 mm2
0.85bd 0.85 * 300 * 550
min Ast 338 Ast (O.K ).
fy 415
b1 = b [2 (25) + 2 (16/2)]
= 300 66 = 234
d1 = 600 (50) * 2 = 500
40 * 10 6 * Sv 70 * 10 3 * Sv
157.08
234 * 500 * 0.87 * 415 2.5 * 500 * 0.87 * 415
= 0.947 Sv + 0.155 Sv.
157.08 = 1.10Sv
Sv = 142 mm
(ve - c) b Sv
2). Asv
0.87 fy
Reinforcement details