Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Abstract
The human ear is tremendously complex and amazingly designed organ meant primarily for
hearing and balancing the body. In Unani terminology, it is known as Uzuemudarikfaslat
(distance receptor organ). In classical Unani literature, diseases of the ear are well described
and are called as Amraze Gosh like Tarash (impaired hearing), Waqr and Samum (deafness),
Wajauluzn (ear ache), Tanin-o-Dawi (tinnitus), Siqle Samaat (reduced hearing), Hikkatuluzn
(itching in ear) Sansanahat (ringing of ears), Kaankephode (ear abscess) etc. The various
causes given by Unani scholars for the diseases of ear are Riyah, Imtila, Sue Mizaj, Zarb,
Zakhm, Deedan and Waram. They also propounded that the ear diseases may be congenital or
acquired, also it has been clearly mentioned that some of these ear diseases are more
prevalent in children. The preventive measures as mentioned by Unani scholars are numerous
viz.; avoid staying in Hawaebarid (cold air) for long time, excess of Aghzia-e mughalliza
should not be used, cleaning of the ear should be done properly, Roghanebadamtalkh should
be poured into the ear weekly, pin/stick should not be inserted in ear, ear should be protected
from Burudat (cold), Hararat (heat), strong wind, foreign bodies, entry of contaminated
water, genesis of Auram and Buthur in the ear should not be allowed, avoid sleep in condition
of Imtela-e shikam/tukhmah, etc.
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 31
Ear Diseases in Unani and Modern Perspective Aslam et al.
are age, poor socio-economic group, virulence The most common symptoms of ear diseases
of organisms, immune-compromised host, are hearing loss, tinnitus, giddiness, delayed and
preformed pathways, cholesteatoma, etc. [5]. defective speech, earaches, vertigo etc. All
In India, the overall prevalence rate is 46 and these symptoms affect an individuals
16 persons per thousand in rural and urban performance in various spheres of life.
population, respectively [5]. Consequences of hearing impairment include
inability to interpret speech sounds, often
Ear is also known as uzuemudarikfaslat producing a reduced ability to communicate,
(distance receptor organ) [6]. Responding to delay in language acquisition, economic and
frequencies in the range of 20 to 20,000 Hz, educational disadvantage, social isolation and
the ear, which helps human beings accomplish stigmatisation [8]. Spoken language
a very important social function of development is often delayed in children with
communication, is subject to a number of deafness. Hearing loss and ear diseases can
ailments owing to its intricate structure and have a significant adverse effect on the
majority of these ailments occur quite early in academic performance of the children.
life. Ear diseases are the common cause of However if opportunities are provided for
morbidity among children. The most common people with hearing loss to communicate they
ear problems are impacted wax, acute and can participate on equal basis with others. In
chronic suppurative otitis media and hearing developing countries, children with hearing loss
and deafness rarely receive any schooling.
impairment, etc. [7].
Adults with hearing loss also have a much
All diseases and conditions of human ear are higher unemployment rate. In addition to the
economic impact of hearing loss at individual
divided according to the part involved
level, hearing loss substantially affects socio-
(external/middle/internal ear). The diseases of
economic development in communities and
external ear include diseases of pinna which
countries [9]. Whereas hearing loss seems to
may be congenital, traumatic, inflammatory or
influence the psychosocial and emotional
neoplastic. Similar categorisation of diseases aspects more than the physical aspects, vertigo
of the external auditory canal also is made. Of has more impact on the physical aspect [10].
relevant importance are inflammatory diseases Tinnitus can affect individuals life, prevent their
of the ear canal which are collectively termed intellectual work, disturb their daily routine and
as the otitis externa and can be either of have a general impact on their quality of life
bacterial, fungal or viral in origin. [11]. Risk factors associated significantly with
Miscellaneous conditions like impacted wax, COM/ROM include ethnicity, genetic factors,
foreign living or nonliving bodies owing to gender, day-care center attendance, breast-
poorly developed anatomical structures in the feeding, and allergy, etc. [12].
paediatric age group are also frequently
encountered. The major bulk of the disorders BRIEF ANATOMY OF THE EAR
of the middle ear are formed by various kinds The Outer Ear/Udhun Zahir
of otitis media including ASOM, serous otitis The outer ear also known as external ear [13
media, recurrent otitis media and CSOM. 15], which is cartilaginous [14, 16], the
Complications of both acute and chronic otitis external auditory meatus (ear hole) and the ear
media, especially the latter may be as severe as canal (external auditory canal) that leads to the
development of extra cranial conditions like eardrum (or tympanic membrane) [1317].
acute mastoiditis, masked (latent) mastoiditis,
labyrinthitis, petrositis, facial paralysis and Pinna
intra cranial complications like meningitis, The pinna or auricle is also known as ghazruf
extradural abscess, subdural abscess, lateral al-uzn or sadafmuwwiz (Ibn Sina), or
sadafnashirah (Abu Sahl Masihi) [6, 14, 18]
sinus thrombophlebitis, brain abscess and
consists of auricular cartilage covered by skin
otitic hydrocephalus [5]. The diseases of inner
[6, 13, 15].
ear are largely represented by Menieres
disease which is characterised by vertigo, Ear Canal
sensorineural hearing loss, tinnitus and aural The ear canal is 24 mm in length from outer
fullness [5]. opening to the tympanic membrane [5, 15, 19,
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 32
Research and Reviews: Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
Volume 4, Issue 1
ISSN: 2394-1960 (Online)
20]. Although the shape of each ear canal malleus, incus and stapes [5, 6, 17, 20]. The
varies, in general the canal forms an elongated malleus is attached to the upper half of the
"s" shape curve [6, 15, 21]. tympanic membrane [19]. The footplate of the
stapes inserts into the oval window of the inner
The ear canal maintains the proper conditions ear. The incus is between the malleus and the
of temperature and humidity necessary to stapes [6, 17].
preserve the elasticity of the tympanic
membrane [17]. The skin of the cartilaginous In Unani literature, the bones of ear are
canal has sebaceous and ceruminous glands, described as mitraqi (malleus), sindani (incus),
which produce cerumen (earwax) and hair rikabi (stapes) and the fourth one is known as
follicles in the ear canal provide added adasi (orbiculare) [14, 18].
protection against insects and foreign particles
from damaging the tympanic membrane The Internal Ear/Udhun Batin
[13, 15, 17]. The internal ear or labyrinth is an important
organ of hearing and balance [5]. It lies in the
Middle Ear/Udhun Mutwassit petrous part of the temporal bone [19].
The middle ear is composed of the tympanic Functionally, the inner ear consists of two
membrane and the cavity, which houses the major elements [21]: The cochlea also known
ossicular chain [17]. as qawqah or halzun [18], and the vestibular
system (comprising the utricle and saccule of
Tympanic Membrane the vestibule, and the three semicircular
The tympanic membrane or eardrum, also
canals). The cochlea contains the organ of
known as ghisha tabali, serves as a divider
hearing (organ of Corti) while the vestibular
between the outer ear and the middle ear [5,
system contains five balance organs: two
15, 18, 19]. It is greyish-white membrane, set
maculae (utricular macula and secular macula)
obliquely in the canal and it is convex towards
and three cristae ampullaris (one in each of the
middle ear [15].
three semicircular canals) [21].
Middle Ear Cavity
The middle ear cavity is located in the mastoid Cochlea
process of the temporal bone. The middle ear The hearing part of the inner ear is the cochlea
cavity extends from the tympanic membrane to also known as qawqah or halzun [6, 14, 18].
the inner ear. The middle ear cavity is actually The cochlea is spiral shaped [17], and it
an extension of the nasopharynx via the resembles to the shell of a common snail [14,
eustachian tube [17]. 19]. It forms the anterior part of the labyrinth
and has a conical central axis known as
Eustachian Tube modiolus around which the cochlear canal
The eustachian tube acts as an air pressure makes two and three quarter turns [19].
equalizer and ventilates the middle ear.
Normally the tube is closed [17], it opens In classical Unani literature, diseases of the ear
while swallowing [6, 20] and yawning [20]. It are well described and are called as Amraze
connects the middle ear with pharynx [14, 20]. Gosh like Tarash (impaired hearing), Waqr and
When the eustachian tube opens, the air Samum (deafness), Wajauluzn (ear ache),
pressure between the outer and middle ear is Tanin-o-Dawi (tinnitus), Siqle Samaat
equalized [17]. (reduced hearing), Hikkatuluzn (itching in ear)
Sansanahat (ringing of ears), Kaankephode (ear
Ossicular Chain abscess), etc. [22]. The various causes given by
The middle ear is connected and transmits Unani scholars for the diseases of ear are Riyah,
sound to the inner ear via the ossicular chain. Imtila, Sue Mizaj, Zarb, Zakhm, Deedan and
The ossicular chain amplifies a signal Waram [1]. They also propounded that the ear
approximately 25 dB as it transfers signals diseases may be congenital or acquired [1, 22],
from the tympanic membrane to the inner ear also it has been clearly mentioned that some of
[5, 17]. The ossicular chain consists of the these ear diseases are more prevalent in
three small bones in the middle ear; the children. The Unani scholars have mentioned
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 33
Ear Diseases in Unani and Modern Perspective Aslam et al.
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 34
Research and Reviews: Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
Volume 4, Issue 1
ISSN: 2394-1960 (Online)
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 35
Ear Diseases in Unani and Modern Perspective Aslam et al.
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 36
Research and Reviews: Journal of Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy
Volume 4, Issue 1
ISSN: 2394-1960 (Online)
and Speech Problems in Children with (p) Ltd.; 2013; 68, 12, 20, 21, 33, 34, 38
Developmental Disabilities (dd). Sound 40, 77p.
Hearing 2030 (1st World Congress on Ear 16. Rushd AW. Kitab al-Kulliyat (Urdu
and Hearing Care), New Delhi. 2015; 88p. Translation by CCRUM). 2nd Edn. New
4. Biagio L, Swanepoel DW, Laurent C, et al. Delhi: CCRUM; 1987; 22p.
Pediatric Otitis Media at a Primary 17. Ervin SE. Assessment Tools: Introduction
Healthcare Clinic in South Africa. S Afr to the Anatomy and Physiology of the
Med J. 2014; 104(6): 431435p. Auditory System. [Internet]. [Cited 2016-
5. Dhingra PL, Dhingra S. Disease of Ear, 04-15] Available from: http://www.work
Nose and Throat. 6th Edn. Gurgaon: placeintegra.com/hearing-articles/Ear-
Elsevier; 2014; 2, 7, 21, 48, 5157, 6266, anatomy.html.
68, 69, 7276, 100, 101, 103, 106108, 18. Ahmad SI. Introduction to Al-Umur Al-
130p. Tabiyah. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2009; 192,
6. Ahmad SI. Kulliyat Asri. New Delhi: New 193p.
Public Press; 1983; 444449p. 19. Chaurasia BD. Human Anatomy. Vol-3. 4th
7. Hatcher J, Smitha A, Mackenziea I, et al. A Edn. New Delhi: CBS Publishers and
Prevalence Study of Ear Problems in Distributers; 2004; 255, 256, 262, 264p.
School Children in Kiambu District, Kenya, 20. Ahmad FN. Manual of Practical Anatomy.
May 1992. Int J Paediatr Vol-3. 2nd Edn. New Delhi: CBS
Otorhinolaryngol. 1995; 33(3): 197205p. Publishers and Distributers Pvt. Ltd.; 2014;
8. Mathers C, Smith A, Concha M. Global 252, 254, 256, 258p.
Burden of Diseases. 2000; WHO: 1. 21. Maroonroge S, Emanuel DC, Letowski TR.
9. Anonymous. [Internet]. [Cited-2016-04- Basic Anatomy of Hearing System.
15]. Available from: http://www.who.int/ [Internet]. [Cited 2015 12 18] Available
mediacentre/factsheets/fs300/en/. from: http://www.usaarl.army.mil/pages/pu
10. Saoo AK, Preetam C, Samal D, et al. blications/HMDs/files/Section%2015%
Rehabilitation of Hearing in Case of 0%20Chapter%208%20Ear%20Anatomy.p
Bilateral Menieres Disease of the Young. df.
Sound Hearing 2030 (1st World Congress 22. Garg S, Agrawal AK, Chadha S. Hearring
on Ear and Hearing Care), New Delhi. Loss: Need for Action towards Primary Ear
2015; 95p. and Hearing Care. Sound Hearing 2030. 1st
11. Manathunga D, Fonseka R, Siriwardena C. World Congress on Ear and Hearing Care,
Different Severity Levels of Tinnitus and New Delhi. 2015; 36p.
How it Affects the Lifestyle of Patients 23. Arzani A. Tibbe Akbar (Urdu Translation
who are Attending the ENT Clinics. by Hakim Mohammad Husain). Deoband:
National Hospital, Colombo. Sound Faisal Publications; YNM; 209, 211, 212
Hearing 2030 (1st World Congress on Ear 223, 226p.
and Hearing Care). New Delhi. 2015; 97p. 24. Anonymous. Standard Unani Medical
12. Zhang Y, Xu M, Zhang J, et al. Risk Terminology. New Delhi. CCRUM; YNM;
Factors for Chronic and Recurrent Otitis 256258p.
Media: A Meta Analysis. Pub Med Centre 25. Multani HC. Tajul Hikmat. Lahore: Malik
(NCBI). 2014 9(1): 1/127/12p. Book Depo Chauk Urdu Bazar; YNM; 72,
13. Irwin J. Basic anatomy and physiology of 74, 7678p.
the ear. In: Valerie E. Newton, Pamela J. 26. Bhargava KB, Bhargava SK, Shah TM. A
Vallely (eds). Infection and Hearing Short Textbook of ENT Diseases. 6th Edn.
Impairment. New York: John Wiley & Mumbai: Usha Publication; 2002; 84, 85,
Sons, 2006. 87, 90, 98101p.
14. Kabeeruddin M. Ifada-i-Kabir. New Delhi: 27. Anonymous. Anatomy and Physiology of
Qaumi Council Bra-i Frogh Urdu Zaban; Ear, Nose and Throat. [Internet]. [cited
2001; 236, 238241p. 2016 04 15. Available from: http://unilor
15. Maqbool M, Maqbool S. Textbook of Ear, in.edu.ng/publications/dunmade/course%2
Nose and Throat Diseases. 12th Edn. New 0development.pdf.
Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers 28. Khan Ghulam Jilani. MakhzanulIlaj. Vol-1
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 37
Ear Diseases in Unani and Modern Perspective Aslam et al.
and 2. New Delhi; Idara Kitab al-Shifa; 41. Qarshi MH. Jam-ul-Hikmat. Vol. III. New
2005; 16, 147, 157, 158p. Delhi: Idara Kitab al-Shifa; 2011; 159, 483,
29. Wakode PT. Clinical Methods in ENT. 485, 487, 489, 490, 492, 494, 495p.
New Delhi: Jaypee Brothers Medical 42. Majusi ABA. Kamil al-Sana'a (Urdu
Publishers (p) Ltd.; 2005; 23, 2529p. Translation by Kantoori GH). Vol-1. New
30. Kirmani NA. Tarjuma Sharah Asbab (Urdu Delhi: Idara Kitab al-Shifa; 2010; 137p.
Translation by Hakim khawaja Rizwan 43. Ahmad HHJ. Tazkirajalil. New Delhi:
Ahmad). Vol-2. New Delhi: CCRUM; CCRUM; 2008:118p.
2010; 250, 254, 256, 263266, 270273, 44. Iman HG. Ilajul Ghuraba (Urdu
281, 282p. Translation by Mohammad Asghar Ibn
31. Ibn Sina. Al Qanoon Fil Tib (Urdu Hakim Amir Ali). New Delhi: Idara Kitab
Translation by Kantoori GH). Vol. 15. al-Shifa; 2001; 48, 50p.
New Delhi: Idara Kitab al-Shifa; YNM; 45. Razi ABMZ. Kitab Ma al-fariq aw al-
642, 643, 644, 646, 647, 649, 654p. Furooq aw Kalam Fi al-Furooq Bayn al-
32. Arzani HMA. Mizan al-Tib (Urdu Amraz (Urdu Translation by CCRUM). 2nd
Translation by Hakim Mohammad Edn. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2009; 107p.
Kabiruddin). New Delhi: Idara Kitab al- 46. Qurrah SB. Zakhira Sabit Bin Qurrah.
Shifa; 2002; 8284p. Aligarh: Litho Colour Printers; 1987; 115p.
33. Razi ABMZ. Kitab-ul-fakhir. Vol-I. New 47. Azam KHM. Rumooz Azam (Farsi). Vol-1.
Delhi: CCRUM; 2007; 72, 77, 78, 83p. New Delhi. CCRUM; 2006; 177, 189p.
34. Qarshi AAHAA. Moojizal Qanoon (Urdu 48. Zahrawi AQ. Jarahiyat-I Zahrawi (Urdu
Translation by Kauser Chandpuri). 3rd Edn. Translation by Hakim Nisar Ahmad Alavi
New Delhi: Qaumi Council Bra-i Frogh kakorvi). New Delhi: CCRUM; 2012; 45,
Urdu Zaban; 1998; 293, 296p. 47p.
35. Arzani A. Iksirul Qloob (Urdu Translation 49. Almaseehi AFIAQ. Kitab al-Umdah Fil
by CCRUM). New Delhi: CCRUM; Jarahat (Urdu Translation by CCRUM).
2010:70,71,611,612p. Vol-1. New Delhi: CCRUM; YNM; 112p.
36. Qamri AMH. Ghina Muna Ma Tarjuma 50. Anonymous. [Internet]. [Cited 2016-11-
Minhajul Ilaj. New Delhi: CCRUM; 2008; 01]. Available from:, http://www.thesinus
7172, 75, 77, 80, 82p. doctor.com/7-great-habits-to-prevent-comm
37. Razi ABMZ. Kitab al-Mansoori (Urdu on-ear-diseases/
Translation by CCRUM). New Delhi:
CCRUM; 1991; 40, 339, 341p.
38. Khan HS. Ilajul Amraz (Urdu translation by Cite this Article
Hakim Hadi Hasan Khan). 2nd Edn. New Mohammad Aslam, Basharat Rashid,
Delhi: CCRUM; 2005; 166, 167, 173p. Zarnigar et al. Description of Amraz-E-
39. Tabri AHAM. Al-Mualajat Al-Buqratiyah Gosh (Ear Diseases) in Unani and
(Urdu Translation by CCRUM). Vol-1. Modern Perspective: A Review.
New Delhi: CCRUM; 1995; 661, 693p. Research and Reviews: A Journal of
40. Razi ABMZ. Kitab-ul-Hawi (Urdu Unani, Siddha and Homeopathy. 2017;
Translation by CCRUM). Vol-3. New 4(1): 3138p.
Delhi: CCRUM; 1998; 10, 11p.
RRJoUSH (2017) 31-38 STM Journals 2017. All Rights Reserved Page 38