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2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 1
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
structural number (SN), which can be determined from TBR value for geogrid is range from 1.5 to 70 and for
nomograph that solves the following equation: geotextiles is range from 1.5 to 10 depending on the type
of geogrid, its location on the road, and the testing
scenario [4]. TBR can also find from Fig. 2.
BCR= Tr/Tu
Where, Tr = % reduction in the base-course thickness due
to an addition of geosynthetic reinforcement,
Tu = thickness of the flexible pavement with the same
materials but without reinforcement
A modifier has been applied to the SN equation:
SN = (a*d) hma + BCR*(a*d*m)base + (a*d*m)subbase
The reduced base course thickness (d base,(R)) due to
reinforcement is
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 2
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 3
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 4
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
Geocomposites are the combination of two or more Geomembranes are relatively thin, flexible polymeric
different geosynthetics to obtain the best features of each materials that are primarily used for containment of liquid
material in an optimal manner and cost efficiently shown or vapor barrier or both. Oklahoma DOT used
in Fig. 8(a). These materials provide the hybrid facilities Geomembrane for undulation problem in I-35 due to the
such as reinforcement, filtration, separation, containment, expansion of clay beneath the road surface shown in Fig. 9.
and drainage. The still nonperforated polyethylene Due to increase in the moisture content the clay tends to
Geoweb showed the greatest performance improvement swell and causes a non-homogenous expansion and
of all geocomposite reinforcement. contraction. These causes a detrimental effect on
pavement. By using geomembrane, significant moisture
A study showed that the load-deformation response of
changes in the pavement subgrade would minimize. It also
200mm gravel base rut depth and 150mm thick Geoweb
provides several facilities such as strength properties,
mattress is equivalent to 300mm unreinforced gravel rut
lighter weight, portability, cost-savings, and so on [26].
depth material. For 300mm thick Geoweb, composites are
equivalent to 500mm to 600mm thick unreinforced gravel
bases. The unreinforced gravel bases show the twice the
thickness of Geoweb reinforced gravel bases (Bathurst &
Jarrett, 1988).
In late 1970, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers at the
Waterways Experiment Station (WES) used plastic tubes
in a 300mm three-dimensional mattress prototype with a
CBR 1.0 and the cellular mattress was infilled with sand.
Under the repeated passes of track load, it was observed
that the prototype generate wheel ruts under cumulative
axle loads equivalent to the performance of 500mm thick
unreinforced sand bases (40% savings in granular fill)
(Webster & Watkins, 1977). Instead of the plastic tube, Fig-9: More than 630,000 sq. ft. of geomembrane was
WES used cellular grid fabricated from slotted aluminum installed over expansive clay in Ardmore, Oklahoma to
sheeting in another study and got significant cost savings stabilize Interstate 35 [26].
(Webster & Alford, 1978).
3.6 Geotube
3.4 Geonet
The Geotube system are a very large tubular geotextile
It is a mesh structure with overlapping threads fabric containers having an oval cross section of
(diameter 3mm to mm) and permanent angle - approximately 12ft with local sand and sediment-filled to
Main application of geonets are (i) reinforced existing, hold unstable banks in place [27]. Geotube contain the
constructive new road surface, (ii) reinforced joints of heavy mineral and other contaminates from pyretic rock
rigid pavement, patch work, preventing cracking when unearth during I-99 in Pennsylvania road construction.
extending road and so on [24] shown in Fig. 8(b). Geonet This prevented acid runoff problems.
can also use for reinforcing soft clay subgrade [25].
3.7 Geofoam
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 5
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 6
International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET) e-ISSN: 2395-0056
Volume: 04 Issue: 07 | July -2017 www.irjet.net p-ISSN: 2395-0072
[17] M. Y. Abu-Farsakh and Q. Chen, "Evaluation of [31] K. Milnes, "Geosynthetic clay liner," 2017.
geogrid base reinforcement in flexible pavement using
[32] R. M. Koerner, Designing With Geosynthetics (6th
cyclic plate load testing," International Journal of
ed.). Xlibris Publishing Co., 2012, p. 914.
Pavement Engineering, vol. 12, no. 03, pp. 275-288, 2011.
[18] R. Haas, J. Walls, and R. Carroll, Geogrid
reinforcement of granular bases in flexible pavements (no.
1188). Transportation Research Board, 1988.
[19] F. Chan, R. D. Barksdale, and S. F. Brown,
"Aggregate base reinforcement of surfaced pavements,"
Geotextiles and Geomembranes, vol. 8, no. 3, pp. 165-189,
1989.
[20] R. De Garidel and E. Javor, "Mechanical
reinforcement of low-volume roads by geotextiles," in
Proceedings of the Third International Conference on
Geotextiles, 1986, vol. 1, pp. 147-152.
[21] M. H. Kabir, M. Zakaria, M. Z. Abedin, and G. P.
Saha, "Jute fabric reinforced unpaved road design,"
Construction and Building Materials, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 140-
144, 1989.
[22] K. K. Consulting. (2015). Using sand to build mine
roads. Available: http://kuchling.com/32-using-sand-to-
build-roads/
[23] J. Giroud and J. Han, "The Giroud-Han design
method for geosynthetic-reinforced unpaved roads," in
Geosynthetics, 2012, vol. 30, no. 1.
[24] (2017). Geonets. TechnoStroyTech. Available:
http://www.geo-textiles.ru/en/pages/geonets.html
[25] H. Imanishi, H. Ochiai, and K. Nishihara, "Behavior
of geonet in sand replacement method on very soft clay,"
in Proceedings of the 2nd European Geosynthetics
Conference, Bologna, 2000, vol. 1, pp. 251-255.
[26] Geosynthetica. (2014). Geomembrane Provides
Moisture Barrier for Major Highway - Geosynthetica:
Geosynthetics Engineering. Available:
http://www.geosynthetica.net/geomembrane-provides-
moisture-barrier-major-highway/
[27] J. C. Gibeaut, T. L. Hepner, R. Waldinger, J. R.
Andrews, R. C. Smyth, and R. Gutierrez, "Geotubes for
temporary erosion control and storm surge protection
along the Gulf of Mexico shoreline of Texas," in
Proceedings of the 13th Biennial Coastal Zone Conference,
2003, vol. 13, p. 17.
[28] T. E. Frydenlund and G. Con, "40 years of
experience with the use of EPS Geofoam blocks in road
construction."
[29] S. Horvath, "Lessons learned from failures
involving geofoam in roads and embankments," Research
Rep. No. CE/GE-99, vol. 1, 1999.
[30] A. Bouazza, "Geosynthetic clay liners," Geotextiles
and Geomembranes, vol. 20, no. 1, pp. 3-17, 2002.
2017, IRJET | Impact Factor value: 5.181 | ISO 9001:2008 Certified Journal | Page 7