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LECTIA 10 - Pronumele. Racism
LECTIA 10 - Pronumele. Racism
Pronumele. Racism
Pronumele nlocuiesc substantive. Cele ase tipuri de adjective (calitativ, posesiv, interogativ,
cantitativ, demonstrativ, distributiv) prezentate n Lecia 9 au forme pronominale. Ele urmeaz
n general reguli identice. Exist de asemenea i pronume personale i reflexive.
B. Pronumele posesive form: (sg) mine, your, his / hers; (pl) ours, yours, theirs. Utilizare
pronumele posesive nlocuiesc adjectivele posesive. Substantivul care lipsete a fost
menionat mai nainte.
This is my book. This book is mine.
Were using his card, not her card. Were using his, not hers.
Persoane Lucruri
subiect who what
which which
complement whom, who what
which which
posesiv whose
D. Pronume cantitative form: much, many, little, few, some, any, none. Utilizare:
1. many i few nlocuiesc substantive numrabile; much i little nlocuiesc substantive
nenumrabile:
Many showed up but only a few were lucky get into the club.
He didnt spend much (money). In fact he spent very little.
ATENIE! Some, any, no se combin cu -one, -body, -thing formnd cuvintele compuse:
someone, somebody, something, anyone, anybody, anything, no one, nobody, nothing.
Aceste pronume urmeaz aceleai reguli.
Does anyone want to accompany me?
They saw something strange at the gas station.
Nothing happened, I swear.
2. this, these se refer la obiecte din preajma vorbitorului. That, those se refer la obiecte
aflate mai departe de vorbitor:
This (one) is here, that (one) is there.
F. Pronumele distributive form: each, all, everyone / everybody, everything, both, either,
neither. Utilizare:
1. each nseamn considerai individual i urmeaz un verb la singular; all nseamn
considerai mpreun i urmeaz un verb la plural:
Each chose the film he preferred.
All are welcome.
Utilizare:
1. toate verbele limbii engleze (cu excepia imperativelor) TREBUIE s aib subiect
pronominal:
They dislike being called different.
DAR: Come here!
2. complementele pronominale (directe sau indirecte) urmeaz o prepoziie sau verbul:
I spoke to her immediately after the news broke.
We saw them kissing on the sofa.
He gave her an engagement ring.
3. you and one sunt folosite impersonal cu sensul de everyone, no one sau anyone. One
are un aspect formal. You este mai frecvent n engleza vorbit:
You / one should respect the basic liberties of others. (= Everyone should respect
the basic liberties of others.)
You / one cannot enter that lab. (= No one can enter that lab.)
5. it + be se folosete:
pentru lucruri sau fiine cu genul necunoscut:
Wheres my book? It is on the shelf.
Look at that dog! Its chewing your shoes.
cu un substantiv / complement pronominal pentru a se referi la persoane:
Whos at the door? Its Roxanne.
Who was yelling on the phone? Was it him? No, it was me.
n expresii despre vreme, temperatur, timp, date, distane:
Its cold outside.
What time is it? Its nine oclock.
Its the 4th of July.
How far is it to Dallas? Its ten miles.
Utilizare:
1. cu verbe reflexive. Cele mai frecvente verbe reflexive sunt: to enjoy oneself, to amuse
oneself, to help oneself, to hurt oneself, to trouble oneself, to cut oneself, to wash
oneself etc.
He must have hurt himself during the game, he is bleeding.
Please help yourself to the buffet!
NOT: Multe verbe care sunt n mod normal reflexive n alte limbi NU sunt reflexive n
englez. Astfel de verbe sunt: to wash, to dress, to comb, to shave, to meet etc.
Alice and Alex met last year.
He shaved his beard.
EXERCIII
2. Alegei un cuvnt compus din lista de mai jos i completai spaiile; unele cuvinte pot fi
folosite de mai multe ori.
VOCABULAR
Racism
The Montgomery Bus Boycott was a political and social protest campaign started in 1955 in
Montgomery, Alabama, intended to oppose the city's policy of racial segregation. The boycott
started when Rosa Parks was arrested after refusing to give up her bus seat to a white man.
She was sitting in the fifth row (the first row that blacks could occupy). Soon, all of the first
four rows were filled up, and a white man walked on. Since blacks and whites could not be in
the same row, the bus driver wanted all of the blacks to move. Parks refused to do so and was
practically dragged off of the bus. When found guilty she appealed de decision and fought for
her rights. As a result, Rosa Parks is considered one of the pioneers of the civil rights
movement.
Martin Luther King Jr.s efforts led to the 1963 March on Washington, where he delivered his
I Have a Dream speech, where he presented the civil rights movement to the public.
I have a dream that one day this nation will rise up and live out the true meaning of its
creed: We hold these truths to be self-evident, that all men are created equal.
I have a dream that my four little children will one day live in a nation where they will
not be judged by the color of their skin but by the content of their character.
In 1964, King became the youngest person to receive the Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts to
end segregation and racial discrimination through civil disobedience and other non-violent
means. He was assassinated on April 4, 1968, in Memphis, Tennessee.
B. Nelson Mandela
Nelson Mandela is a former freedom fighter who became the first president of South-Africa in
the post-apartheid period. His ambition as a child was to study law and make a contribution
to the freedom movement in South Africa.
The African National Congress (ANC formed in South Africa in 1912) was an association of
young blacks, whose aim was to improve the situation for black people in the whole of Africa.
They wanted to represent the millions of working people in the towns and countryside who
had no vote and no power.
During the 1950s, Mandela was banned from working as a lawyer and was often arrested and
imprisoned. From 1962, he spent 27 years in detention before he was released on 11 th
February 1990. After being sentenced, he said this:
I have fought against white domination, and I have fought against black domination. I
have cherished the ideal of a democratic and free society in which all people live
together in harmony and with equal opportunities. It is an ideal which I hope to live
for and to achieve. But if necessary, it is an ideal for which I am prepared to die.
In 1991, the ANC held its first national conference inside South Africa after being banned for
decades. Mandela was elected president of the ANC. In 1993, he agreed to accept the Nobel
Peace Prize on behalf of all the South Africans who suffered to bring peace to the nation. He
was president of South Africa from 1994 to 1999.
3. Do you know some of the most important articles in the Declaration of Human Rights?
Fill in the gaps in the articles below with the words in italics.
Article 1.
All human beings are born .. and equal in dignity and ... They are
endowed with .. and and should act towards one another in a
spirit of .
Article 3.
Everyone has the right to life, . and of person.
Article 4.
No one shall be held in or .; slavery and the slave trade
shall be prohibited in all their forms.
Article 7.
All are before the law and are entitled without any to equal
protection of the .. All are entitled to equal against any
discrimination in violation of this and against any incitement to such
discrimination.
3. Follow the clues for Across and Down to fill in the crossword.
Across
1. ...... is one of the fundamental principles behind Human Rights.
3. Many ...... during war have their human rights violated.
7. The human ...... are a collection of freedoms and liberties.
8. Freedom of ...... is a human right that is often contested by authoritarian regimes.
9. All people are entitled to have their rights protected by the ......
Down
2. The UN is the ...... organization that ensures that human rights are observed everywhere.
4. ...... International is a very well-known organization fighting for human rights.
5. ...... is the most important inalienable human right.
6. Sometimes, the violation of human rights is only solved in ......