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Physics
Gravitation
P. K. Bharti, B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur
2007 P. K. Bharti
All rights reserved.
www.vidyadrishti.com/concept
2013-2015
Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Earth attracts all bodies towards its centre. Newton Definition: The force on any mass due to a number of
generalized the law by saying that not only the earth but other masses is the vector sum of all the forces on that
all materials bodies in the universe attract each other with mass due to the other masses, taken one at a time. The
some force. This is known as Newton's Universal Law of individual forces are unaffected due to the presence of
Gravitation. other masses.
Suppose there are n particles of masses m , m , m in
1 2, n
Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation the space. What is the total gravitational force acting on
particle m due to rest of the particles?
According to Newton's Universal Law of Gravitation, the 1
force of attraction F between two point masses m and Just find the individual attractive gravitational forces
1
acting on particle m due to rest of the particles. Let the
m is directly proportional to the product of their 1
2
magnitude of these attractive forces be F , F ,F
masses and inversely proportional to the square of the 12 13 1n
distance r between them and is directed along the line respectively. Here F = attractive gravitational force on
1n
joining them. particle 1 because of the nth particle.
Therefore,
r NOTE: Gravitational force F is a vector whose
F m1m2 m2 1n
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
attract a body outside its surface as though all the mass GMm
were concentrated at its centre. =
Hence, F = mg h
( R + h)
2
M
At a particular instant when the distance of particle from R
Earth centre is r, gravitational force is given by GM
gh = (i)
( R + h)
2
GmM
F=
r2 We want to write this expression in terms of acceleration
Using Newton's Second Law of Motion (F = m a = mg) due to gravity near Earths surface, i.e., in terms of
GmM GM
and Newton's Law of Gravitation F = , we get g= . Therefore, we multiply & divide denominator
r2 R2
2
GmM of expression (i) by R . Thus, we get,
F = = mg
r2 2
GM GM h
GM =gh = 2 1 +
g= 2 2 h
2
R R
r R 1 +
Note that this acceleration is independent of the mass of R
the body itself. GM
If the body is near the Earths surface, we can replace r As, g = = acceleration due to gravity at Earths
R2
with radius R of the Earth. Therefore, acceleration due to surface. Therefore,
gravity near the Earths surface is 2
h
=g h g 1 +
GM R
g= (accln due to gravity near Earths surface)
R2 (acceleration due to gravity at a height h from surface)
The value of g is typically taken to be 9.8 m/s 2 near the In general, we are interested in those bodies which are not
Earths surface. very far away from the surface. Therefore, for the case,
when h is much smaller than R, i.e., h << R, we have
Important Points to note about acceleration due to Gravity from Binomial Expansion,
2
GM h 2h
The expression g = 2 for acceleration due to gravity is 1 + =
1
R R R
deduced assuming Earth to be a uniform sphere and Hence,
neglecting effect of Earths rotation.
We are going to study the variation in acceleration due to 2h
=
g h g 1 (for h << R)
gravity because of following effects: R
1. Altitude (height) above the earths surface (acceleration due to gravity at a height h from surface)
2. Depth below the Earths surface
3. Rotation of Earth (Variation with latitude).
Thus, the value of gravitational acceleration decreases
linearly as one moves away from the surface of the Earth.
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Funda Session: The main idea here is that the body will Discussion
be attracted by the mass of the Earth which is enclosed in
Acceleration due to gravity near the Earths surface
a sphere of radius (R h). There will be no net attraction
GM
from the mass of the Earth which lies outside the sphere g=
of radius (R h). R2
Reason: A uniform shell of matter exerts no net Acceleration due to gravity at a altitude (height) h above
gravitational force on a particle located inside it and the Earths surface
2
earth can be considered as a nest of such shells. Hence 1+ h
shells outside this body produces no net attraction gh = g
R
Variation of acceleration due to gravity with For the case when Body is not very far away from the
Depth below Earths surface surface, i.e., for h << R
Consider a body of mass m taken to a depth h inside the 2h
Earth's surface. Let us consider Earth to be a uniform =
g h g 1
R
sphere of mass M and radius R.
Clearly, g decreases with increase in height h from the
h
Let us find the mass of this portion of the sphere which
Earths surface.
lies inside radius (R h).
Acceleration due to gravity at a depth h below the
M M
Mass per unit volume of the earth = = Earths surface
V 4
R3
3 2h
=
g h g 1
Hence, mass of the Earth inside the radius (R h), R
M' = (Mass per unit volume) Clearly, g decreases with decrease in depth h from the
h
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Gravitational Potential Energy of four mass system Orbital Velocity and time period of a satellite
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
( R + x) Escape Velocity
3
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
GM
Gravitational Field due to a Point Mass
R2
We wish to find out the gravitational field intensity E due to a
point mass M at a point P which is r distance from it. For this,
we have to place another small test mass m at point P.
o R r
M E P
F m0
r Gravitational field due to a Uniform Hollow Sphere
Test mass
Source mass Field at an external point at distance r from centre:
A hollow sphere acts as a point mass at its
Now magnitude of gravitational force acting on a particle of
centre when another particle is outside it. Therefore,
mass m placed at point P is GM
E= 2
GMm0 r
F=
r2 Field at an internal point at a distance r from centre:
Therefore, magnitude of Gravitational field at that point is We know that a uniform shell of matter exerts no net
F gravitational force on a particle located inside it. Thus, electric
E=
m0 field inside a uniform hollow sphere is zero.
E=0
GM
E =2
r
E
(Gravitational field due to a point mass M at a distance r)
GM
The direction of E is along F.
R2
Force on a point mass placed in a Gravitational Field
Suppose a particle of mass m is placed in a gravitational field
R r
at a point where intensity of gravitational field is E . Then
particle experiences a force F in the direction of E , which is
given by
F = mE
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Gravitation Potential
Potential at an Internal point
The work done in bringing a unit mass from infinity to a point The potential due to a uniform spherical shell is constant
in the gravitational field is called the gravitational potential at throughout at any point inside the shell and this is equal to
that point. GM
.
W Wg U R
V =ext = =
m0 m0 m0
(i) Potential due to a point Mass Relation between gravitation field and potential
Suppose a point mass M is situated at a point O. We want
to find the gravitational potential due to this mass at a Gravitational potential is a field function . It depends on the
point P a distance r from O. For this let us find work done position of the point where potential is desired. Gravitation
in taking the unit mass from P to infinity. This will be, potential are related by the following relation.
GM GM
=W = Fdr 2= .dr
r r V V V
r r
E= i+ j+ k
M p x y z
O r
V
Here, = partial derivative of potential function V w.r.t. x,
Hence, the work done in bringing units from infinity to P x
GM i.e., differentiate V w.r.t. x assuming y and z to be constant
will be . Thus , the gravitational potential at P will
r
be, Eq.(i) can be written in following different forms.
GM
V= dv
r i. E= , if gravitational field is along x-direction only
dx
(ii) Potential due to a Uniform Solid Sphere ii. dV = E.d r ,
Potential at an External point Here,
The gravitational potential due to a uniform sphere at an
external point is same as that due to a single particle of d r = dxi + dy j + dzk
same mass placed at its centre. Thus,
GM and E = Ex i + EY j + Ez k
V (r ) = r >R
r
GM
=
At the surface, r R= and V -
R
Potential at Internal Point
At some internal point, potential at a distance r from the
centre is given by,
GM 3 1
V (r ) = 3 R2 r 2 r < R
R 2 2
GM
At r = R, V =
R
1.5GM
while at r = 0, V =
R
i.e., at the centre of the sphere the potential is 1.5 times
the potential at surface.
(iii) Potential due to a Uniform Thin Spherical Shell
Potential at an External point
To calculate the potential at an external point , a uniform
spherical shell may be treated as a point mass of same
magnitude at its centre. Thus, potential at a distance r is
given by,
GM
V (r ) = , r >R
r
GM
V = , at r =R,
R
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
Physics Class Schedule for Std XIIth (Session 2014-15) by Pranjal Sir
Sl. No. Main Chapter Topics Board level JEE Main Level JEE Adv Level
Vectors, FBD, Work, Energy, Rotation, rd th
Basics from XIth 3 Mar to 4 Apr 14
SHM
1. Electric Charges and Coulombs Law 5th & 6th Apr 5th & 6th Apr 5th & 6th Apr
Fields Electric Field 10th & 12th Apr 10th & 12th Apr 10th & 12th Apr
Gausss Law 13th & 15th Apr 13th & 15th Apr 13th & 15th Apr
Competition Level NA 17th & 19th Apr 17th & 19th Apr
2. Electrostatic Potential Electric Potential 20th & 22nd Apr 20th & 22nd Apr 20th & 22nd Apr
and Capacitance Capacitors 24th & 26th Apr 24th & 26th Apr 24th & 26th Apr
Competition Level NA 27th & 29th Apr 27th & 29th Apr, 1st, 3rd
& 4th May
PART TEST 1 Unit 1 & 2 4th May NA NA
NA 11th May 11th May
3. Current Electricity Basic Concepts, Drift speed, Ohms 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th 6th, 8th, 10th, 13th May
Law, Cells, Kirchhoffs Laws,
May May
Wheatstone bridge, Ammeter,
Voltmeter, Meter Bridge, Potentiometer
etc.
Competition Level NA 15th & 16th May 15th, 16th, 17th, 18th &
19th May
PART TEST 2 Unit 3 18th May NA NA
NA 20th May 20th May
SUMMER BREAK 21st May 2013 to 30th May 2013
4. Moving charges and Force on a charged particle (Lorentz 31st May, 1st & 31st May, 1st & 31st May, 1st & 3rd Jun
force), Force on a current carrying wire,
Magnetism 3rd Jun 3rd Jun
Cyclotron, Torque on a current carrying
loop in magnetic field, magnetic
moment
Biot Savart Law, Magnetic field due to a 5th, 7th & 8th Jun 5th, 7th & 8th Jun 5th, 7th & 8th Jun
circular wire, Ampere circuital law,
Solenoid, Toroid
Competition Level NA 10th & 12th Jun 10th, 12th, 14th & 15th
Jun
PART TEST 3 Unit 4 15th Jun NA NA
NA 22nd Jun 22nd Jun
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Gravitation Author: Pranjal Kr. Bharti (B. Tech., IIT Kharagpur)
5. Magnetism and Matter 17th, 19th & 21st 17th, 19th & 21st Not in JEE Advanced
Jun Jun Syllabus
6. Electromagnetic Faradays Laws, Lenzs Laws, A.C. 24th, 26th & 28th 24th, 26th & 28th 24th, 26th & 28th Jun
Generator, Motional Emf, Induced Emf,
Induction Jun Jun
Eddy Currents, Self Induction, Mutual
Induction
Competition Level NA 29th Jun & 1st Jul 29th Jun, 1st, 3rd & 5th
Jul
PART TEST 4 Unit 5 & 6 6th Jul NA NA
NA 13th Jul 13th Jul
7. Alternating current AC, AC circuit, Phasor, transformer, 8th, 10th & 12th 8th, 10th & 12th 8th, 10th & 12th Jul
resonance,
Jul Jul
Competition Level NA 15th July 15th & 17th July
8. Electromagnetic Waves 19th & 20th July 19th & 20th July Not in JEE Advanced
Syllabus
PART TEST 5 Unit 7 & 8 27th Jul 27th Jul 27th Jul
Revision Week Upto unit 8 31st Jul & 2nd 31st Jul & 2nd 31st Jul & 2nd Aug
Aug Aug
Grand Test 1 Upto Unit 8 3rd Aug 3rd Aug 3rd Aug
9. Reflection 5th & 7th Aug 5th & 7th Aug
5th & 7th Aug
Refraction 9th & 12th Aug 9th & 12th Aug
9th & 12th Aug
Ray Optics Prism 14th Aug 14th Aug14th Aug
Optical Instruments 16th Aug 16th Aug
Not in JEE Adv
Syllabus
Competition Level NA 19th & 21st Aug 19th, 21st, 23rd, 24th Aug
th th
10. Huygens Principle 26 Aug 26 Aug 26th Aug
th th th th
Interference 28 & 30 Aug 28 & 30 Aug 28th & 30th Aug
st st
Wave Optics Diffraction 31 Aug 31 Aug 31st Aug
nd nd
Polarization 2 Sep 2 Sep 2nd Sep
th th
Competition Level NA 4 & 6 Sep 4th, 6th, 7th, 9th, 11th Sep
th th
PART TEST 6 Unit 9 & 10 14 Sep 14 Sep 14th Sep
th th
REVISION ROUND 1 (For JEE Main & JEE Advanced Level): 13 Sep to 27 Sep
Grand Test 2 Upto Unit 10 28th Sep 28th Sep 28th Sep
DUSSEHRA & d-ul-Zuha Holidays: 29th Sep to 8th Oct
11. Dual Nature of Photoelectric effect etc 9th & 11th Oct 9th & 11th Oct 9th & 11th Oct
Radiation and Matter
Grand Test 3 Upto Unit 10 12th Oct 12th Oct 12th Oct
12. Atoms 14th & 16th Oct 14th & 16th Oct 14th & 16th Oct
13. Nuclei 18th & 19th Oct 18th & 19th Oct 18th & 19th Oct
X-Rays NA 21st Oct 21st & 25th Oct
PART TEST 7 Unit 11, 12 & 13 26th Oct NA NA
14. Semiconductors Basic Concepts and Diodes, transistors, 26th, 28th, 30th 26th, 28th, 30th Not in JEE Adv
logic gates
Oct & 1st Nov Oct & 1st Nov Syllabus
15. Communication System 2nd & 4th Nov 2nd & 4th Nov Not in JEE Adv
Syllabus
PART TEST 8 Unit 14 & 15 9th Nov 9th Nov NA
Unit 11, 12 & 13 Competition Level NA 8th, 9th & 11th 8th, 9th, 11th, 13th & 15th
Nov Nov
PART TEST 9 Unit 11, 12, 13, X-Rays NA 16th Nov 16th Nov
Revision Round 2 Mind Maps & Back up classes for late 18th Nov to 18th Nov to 18th Nov to Board
registered students
(Board Level) Board Exams Board Exams Exams
Revision Round 3 18th Nov to JEE 18th Nov to JEE 18th Nov to JEE
(XIth portion for JEE)
30 Full Test Series Complete Syllabus Date will be published after Oct 2014
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