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DRYING
Courtesy of:
Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mohd. Ghazali Mohd. Nawawi,
PhD (Canada) CEng (UK)
Drying It is expected that students
will be able to:
Introduction and
methods of Drying Explain the principle of
drying of materials
Equipment of Drying
Identify a different types
Vapor Pressure of Water
of dryers
and Humidity
Use the humidity chart to
Equilibrium Moisture
estimate humidity
Content
Calculate the equilibrium
Rate of Drying
moisture content of the
Constant-Rate Drying materials
Curve
Calculate the rate of
Calculation methods for drying
Constant-Rate Drying
Calculate drying time for
Period
constant-rate and falling-
rate period
Drying
Water vapor
Tray dryer
Drum dryer
pA
H R = 100
p AS
Note : MW of water 18.02 kg/kg mol and air
28.97 kg/kg mol
Vapor Pressure of Water
X = Xt X*
where ;
Time of Drying
LS dX
R=
A dt
This can be rearranged and integrated over
time interval to dry from X1 at t1 = 0 to X2 at t2
= t,
t 2 =t
LS X1dX
t = dt = X 2 R
t1 = 0 A
And R is a constant = Rc,
t=
LS
(X1 X 2 )
ARc
Calculation Methods for Falling-Rate
Drying Period
LS X1dX
t=
A X 2 R
Calculation Methods for Special Cases
in Falling-Rate
L X1dX
t=
A
S
X 2 R
R is linear in X
R=aX+b and dR=adX
R1
LS dR LS R1
t= = ln
aA R 2 R aA R2
R1 R 2
a = slope =
X1 X 2
R is linear through origin
R=aX and dR=adX
RC
a = slope =
XC
LS X C RC
t= ln
ARC R2
LS X C X C
t= ln
ARC X2
Tutorial