Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
TELECOMMUNICATION
Varun Kumar Sen, RB6703B50, 3460070010
Dept. of ECE, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab. 144402
e-mail id: varunsen@ymail.com
ABSTRACT: 1. INTRODUCTION:
Modulation techniques are methods used to encode The techniques used to modulate digital information
digital information data in analog information. This so that it can be transmitted via microwave, satellite
term paper describes in detail various digital or down a cable pair is different to that of analogue
modulation techniques for telecommunication. transmission. The data transmitted via satellite or
Among others, these include quardrature phase shift microwave is transmitted as an analogue signal. The
keying(QPSK), used in second generation digital techniques used to transmit analogue signals are used
cellular mobile systems in North America and Japan, to transmit digital signals. The problem is to convert
Gaussian minimum-shift keying (GMSK), employed the digital signals to a form that can be treated as an
in the GSM system in Europe. In this paper I explain analogue signal that is then in the appropriate form to
all these techniques and application in either be transmitted down a twisted cable pair or
telecommunication system. In telecommunications, applied to the RF stage where is modulated to a
modulation is the process of varying a periodic frequency that can be transmitted via microwave or
waveform, i.e. a tone, in order to use that signal to satellite. The equipment that is used to convert digital
convey a message, in a similar fashion as a musician signals into analogue format is a modem. The word
may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by modem is made up of the words “modulator” and
varying its volume, timing and pitch. Normally a “demodulator”. A modem accepts a serial data stream
high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier and converts it into an analogue format that matches
signal. The three key parameters of a sine wave are the transmission medium. In the selecting a suitable
its amplitude ("volume"), its phase ("timing") and its modulation technique for telecommunication system,
frequency ("pitch"), all of which can be modified in consideration must be given to achieving the
accordance with a low frequency information signal following:
to obtain the modulated signal.
1. high bandwidth efficiency
2. high power efficiency
3. low carrier-to-co channel interference power
ratio
4. low out-of-band radiation
5. low sensitivity to multipath fading
6. low cost and ease implementation 2). Analog modulation:
To optimize all these features at the same time is not
In this type of modulation, modulation is applied
possible as each has its practical limitation and also is
continuously in response to the analog information
related to the others. For example, to achieve high
signal.
bandwidth efficiency one may choose to use high-
level modulation. However, if this is done two 3). Pulse modulation:
consequent disadvantages are introduced. Firstly, the
power efficiency of the system is reduced. Secondly, This method is used for transfer a narrowband analog
2. THEORY:
In amplitude modulation technique, it modified
Modulation is the process of varying one waveform
the amplitude of the carrier to represent 1 or 0.
in relation to another waveform and the device that
performs modulation is known as a modulation and
device that performs the inverse operation of
modulation is known as a demodulator. And the
device that can perform both operations is a modem.
There are basically three types of modulation:
keying (PSK). It uses two phases which are separated phase of the carrier at a 600 baud rate plus an
by 180° and so can also be termed 2-PSK. It does not encoding technique. QPSK is used in Bell 212A
particularly matter exactly where the constellation compatible modems and V.22 - both are 1200 bps
points are positioned, and in this figure they are Full Duplex standards. The originate modem
shown on the real axis, at 0° and 180°. This transmits at 1200 Hz and receives on 2400 Hz. The
modulation is the most robust of all the PSKs since it answer modem receives on 1200 Hz and transmits on
methods. For example, V.32bis (14.4 kbps) uses a 64 The result shows that in telecommunications,
point constellation to transfer 6 bits per baud. modulation is the process of varying a periodic
Compare that to the above 16 point constellation. waveform, i.e. a tone, in order to use that signal to
convey a message, in a similar fashion as a musician
Digital QAM may modulate the tone from a musical instrument by
varying its volume, timing and pitch. Normally a
Like all modulation schemes, QAM conveys data by high-frequency sinusoid waveform is used as carrier
changing some aspect of a carrier signal, or the signal. This term paper introduces the concepts of
carrier wave, (usually a sinusoid) in response to a digital modulation used in many communications
data signal. In the case of QAM, the amplitude of two systems today and modulation techniques like ASK,
waves, 90 degrees out-of-phase with each other (in FSK, BPSK, QPSK, and QAM.
Quadrature) are changed or modulated to represent
the data signal. represent the data signal. Amplitude REFERENCES:
modulating two carriers in quardrature can be
equivalently viewed as both amplitude modulating 1. Watkins-Johnson Company Tech-notes,
Vol. 8, Page no. 5, 1981
and phase modulating a single carrier. Phase
modulation (analog PM) and phase-shift keying 2. Taub, Herbert and Donald L. Schilling,
“Principles of Communication System”,
(digital PSK) can be regarded as a special case of Tata McGraw Hill Book Company”, 2003
QAM, where the magnitude of the modulating signal
3. Federal Communication System
is a constant, with only the phase varying. This can
also be extended to frequency modulation and 4. Electronics and Communication
Engineering Journal, Page no 125, June
frequency-shift keying (FSK), for these can be 1993
regarded as a special case of phase modulation.
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