Me Paper 1

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: 2 : ESE 17 _ Conventional Paper 1

MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

PAPER I REVIEW

Except one out of scope question from IC Enigne, remaining questions in the paper can be
easily attempted. Particularly in this paper selection of Questions plays a vital role in securing
a good score. For example Section B is relatively tougher than Section A, so choosing 3
questions from Section A will fetch you a big advantage.

SUBJECT WISE REVIEW

Subjects Level Marks
Basic thermodynamics Easy 32
Refrigeration & Air conditioning Moderate to tough 84
IC Engine Moderate to tough 64
Power plant Easy to moderate 100
Renewable sources of Energy Easy to moderate 96
Heat transfer Easy to tough 52
Fluid Mechanics & Hydraulic Machines Moderate to tough 52

Getting 150 to 175 marks is a great achievement inview of time constraints and QCAB.

Subjects Experts,
ACE Engineering Academy

: 3 : Mechanical Engineering

Section A
01.
(a) A refrigerator machine uses R-12 as the working fluid. The temperature of R-12 in the
evaporator coil is 5C, and the gas leaves the compressor as dry saturated at a temperature
of 40C. The mean specific heat of liquid R-12 between the above temperatures is 0.963
kJ/kgK. The enthalpy of evaporation at 40C is 203.2 kJ/kg. Neglecting losses, find the COP.
(12 M)
Sol: (h2 h3) = 203.2 kJ/kg
203.2 T
(s2 s3) = = 0.6492 kJ/kgK
313
40C 3 2
s2 = s1 , h3 = h4
(s1 s3) = 0.6492 kJ/kgK
5C 4f
4 1
313
(s3 s4f) = 0.963 ln = 0.1495 kJ/kg
268
s
(s1 s4f) = (s1 s3) + (s3 s4f)
= 0.6492 + 0.1495 = 0.7987 kJ/kgK
(h1 h4f) = 268 (0.7987) = 214.05 kJ/kg
Net refrigerating effect,

(h1 h4 ) = (h1 h4f) (h4 h4f) = 214.05 (h3 h4f)
(h3 h4f) = cp (T3 T4f) = 0.913 (40 (5))
(h3 h4f) = 0.963 (45) = 43.335
(h1 h4) = 214.05 43.335 = 170.7 kJ/kg
Work of compression,
(h2 h1) = (h2 h3) (h1 h3)
= 203.2 (h1 h4) = 203.2 170.7 = 32.485 kJ/kg
COP
h1 h 4 = net refrigerant effect kJ / kg
h 2 h1 work of compression kJ / kg
170.7
5.25
32.5


(b). Compare the knocking phenomena in SI and CI engines. Explain clearly the factors which
tend to prevent knock in SI engines in fact promote knock in CI engines. (12 M)
Sol: If the ignition delay of the fuel is long, a considerable part of the fuel injected will accumulate and
when ignition begins it will suddenly burn, causing rapid pressure rise and pressure fluctuations.
This will result in vibrations and audible knocks occur near the starting of combustion is called
diesel knock.
1. In the SI engine, the detonation occurs near the end of combustion whereas in the CI engine
detonation occurs near the beginning of combustion.
2. The detonation in the SI engine is of a homogeneous charge causing very high rate of pressure
rise and very high maximum pressure. In the CI engine the fuel and air are imperfectly mixed
and hence the rate of pressure rise is normally lower than that in the detonating part of the
charge in the SI engine.
3. Since in CI engine the fuel is injected into the cylinder only at the end of the compression
stroke there is no question of pre-ignition or premature ignition, as in the SI engine.
4. In the SI engine it is relatively easy to distinguish between knocking and non-knocking
operation as the human ear easily finds the distinction. However, in the case of the CI engine
the normal ignition is itself by auto-ignition and hence most CI engine have a sufficiently high
rate of pressure rise per degree of crank angle to cause audible noise. When such noise
becomes excessive or there is excessive vibration in engine structure, in the opinion of the
observer, the engine is said to knock.
Factors which tend to prevent knock in SI engines.
S.NO Factors SI engine

1 Self-ignition temperature of fuel High
2 Time lag or delay period for fuel Long
3 Compression ratio Low
4 Inlet temperature Low
5 Inlet pressure Low
6 Combustion chamber wall temperature Low
7 Speed High
8 Cylinder size Small


Factors which tend to promote knock in CI engines.
S.NO Factors CI engine

1 Self-ignition temperature of fuel High
2 Time lag or delay period for fuel Long
3 Compression ratio Low
4 Inlet temperature Low
5 Inlet pressure Low
6 Combustion chamber wall temperature Low
7 Speed High
8 Cylinder size Short
(c). A laboratory wind tunnel has a test section that is 305mm square. Boundary layer velocity
profiles are measured at two cross-sections and displacement thicknesses are evaluated from
the measured profiles. At section 1, where the free stream speed is u1 = 26m/s, the
displacement thickness is 1 1.5 mm. At section 2, the displacement thickness is
2 2.1 mm. Calculate the change in static pressure between sections 1 and 2 as a fraction of
the free stream dynamic pressure at section 1. (12 M)
Sol:
* *
W W - 2* (2) W - 22*
W - 21*
(1)
W - 2*
W
The displacement boundary layer can be considered as an imaginary growth in thickness of wall
and the flow in core region can be treated as uniform flow.


By continuity equation,
A1V1 = A2V2
i.e, (w - 21*)2 V1 = V2 (w - 22*)2
V2 26
305 2 1.52
305 2 2.12
V2 = 26.21 m/s
Applying Bernoullis equation between (1) & (2)
V12 V 2
P1 P2 2
2 2
2
P1 P2
2
V2 V12
P1 P2 V22
1 = 0.0162 = 1.62 %
V12 V12

2
(d). A drying oven consists of a long semicircular duct of diameter D = 1 m as shown in Fig.1
below. Materials are to be dried over the base of the oven while the wall is maintained at
1200 K. What is the drying rate per unit length of the oven if a water-coated layer of
material is maintained at 325 K during the drying process? Blackbody behavior may be
assumed for the water surface and the oven wall.
T1 = 1200 K
T2 = 325 K
D=1 m (12 M)
Fig.1
Sol: Assumptions:
Neglecting convection effect
Surfaces are black
L=1m


Given, D = 1m,
T1 = 1200 K, T1 = 1200 K
T2 = 325 K
Net heat transfer rate : T2 = 325 K
Qnet = A2 F2-1 (T24 T14) D=1 m
= D L 1 5.67 108 (3254 12004)

= 1 115.67 108 (3254 12004)
= 116940.53 W/m
Net heat transfer rate : = Qnet = 116.94 kW/m
Cpw T h fg
Net heat transfer to water = m
4.18373 325 2257 (hfg of water at 100C and atmospheric pressure = 2257 kJ/kg)
116.94 m
= 0.04758 kg/sec = 171.29 kg/hr
m
Drying rate per meter length = 171.29 kg/hr
(e). Explain the desirable properties of refrigerants. List all the possible alternative refrigerants
to CFCs and HCFCs. (12 M)
Sol: The desirable properties of an ideal refrigerant are divided into three categories.
1. Thermodynamic properties.
2. Safe working properties
3. Physical properties.
(i) Thermodynamic properties:

A good refrigerant should have low boiling point at atmospheric pressure.
If the boiling point of the refrigerator is high, the compressor has to be operated at high vacuums.
On the other hand, it is desirable that the operating pressures should be positive. i.e., above
atmospheric pressure so that there is no leakage of air or moisture in the system.


The boiling points of some of the commonly used refrigerants are indicated below:
Refrigerant Boiling point at atmospheric pressure
NH3 30.2C
CO2 73.5C
SO2 10C
Freon-11 23.3C
Freon-12 29.8C
Freon-22 41.2C
Freezing Point: As quite low evaporator temperatures are required in a refrigeration system
It is desirable that the freezing point of the refrigerant should be much lower than the evaporator
temperature so that the refrigerant does not freeze in the evaporator.
Latent heat. Since the cooling in a refrigeration cycle is produced by the evaporation of liquid
refrigerant, it is desirable that the refrigerants should have high latent heat.
Thus for a refrigerant having high latent heat, the refrigerating effect per kg of refrigerant will be
more and weight of refrigerant per ton of refrigeration will be less.
Evaporator and condenser pressures. The operating pressures in the evaporator and condenser
should be positive but not very high as it would result in high capital as well as operating costs.
As discussed earlier, positive pressure in evaporator and condenser is desirable to avoid leakage of
air or moisture in the system.
The evaporator and condenser pressures for some of the refrigerants are indicated below:
Refrigerant at - 15C in kgf/cm2 Condenser pressure at 29C

Evaporator pressure in kgf/cm2
NH3 2.34 11.5
CO2 23.7 71.2
SO2 0.823 4.4
Freon-11 0.205 1.285
Freon-12 1.8 7.32
Freon-22 3.03 12.26


Coefficient of performance and power per ton.
These two parameters are vital in selecting a refrigerant. The table below indicates the value of these
for some of the refrigerants.
Coefficient of
Refrigerant H.P/Ton
Performance
NH3 4.76 0.989
CO2 2.56 1.84
SO2 4.73 0.995
Freon-11 5.09 0.93
Freon-12 4.70 1.00
Freon-22 4.66 1.01
Critical temperature and pressure. The critical temperature of a vapour is the temperature above
which the vapour cannot be condensed irrespective of the pressure on the system.
It is desirable that the critical temperature of the refrigerant should be above the condenser
temperature to facilitate easy condensation
The critical temperature and pressure of some of the refrigerants are indicated below:
Coefficient of
Refrigerant H.P/Ton
Performance
NH3 13.8 112.0
CO2 30.5 72.8
SO2 157.0 77.5
Freon-11 197.5 43.2
Freon-12 112.1 40.6
Freon-22 95.4 48.7
(ii) Safe working properties:

Flammability: It is desirable that the refrigerants should be non-flammable and non-explosive
individually and when mixed with lubricating oil or air.
Ammonia when mixed with air in concentrations of 16 to 25% (ammonia) by volume is explosive.


Some hydrocarbons such as propane, butane, ethane, methane etc. are highly flammable.
However, widely used refrigerants are non flammable
Toxicity: Leakage of the refrigerant from the refrigeration system is inevitable. It is therefore
desirable that it does not have any adverse effect on the human beings. If the refrigerant is toxic, it
can cause serious injury resulting in death if its concentration in the air is increased. Thus it is one of
the most important considerations in selecting a refrigerant. Some refrigerants are in-toxic in nature
but become toxic when mixed with air. Fluorocarbon group of refrigerants fall in this category.
Effect on refrigerated products:

It is desirable that the refrigerants which are used in applications such as domestic refrigerator or
cold storage plants where materials are stored for preservation do not adversely affect these products
if by accident it comes in contact with these.
Most fruits and vegetables are acidic in nature. If ammonia is used as refrigerant, it is likely to
damage these products as it is highly soluble in water. When dissolved in water, it becomes alkaline
in nature. Thus the taste of fruits and vegetables becomes alkaline in nature. Thus the taste of fruits
and vegetables will be spoiled if ammonia comes in contact with them.
On the other hand SO2 becomes acidic in nature when dissolved in water and will therefore not
affect fruits and vegetables which are also acidic in nature. Freon group of refrigerants have no
adverse effect on the products.
Non-Corosivity:
The refrigerant should not affect the materials used in the refrigeration system. Keeping in mind the
refrigerant to be used for the system, the materials are selected. NH3 in the presence of water reacts
with copper, brass or cuprous alloys. Thus iron or steel is used in the construction of refrigeration as
long as water is not present.
A halogenated hydrocarbon reacts with zinc. Freon group of refrigerants do not react with steel,
copper, brass, zinc, tin but it is corrosive to Magnesium and Aluminium. This group of refrigerants
also reacts with natural rubber. Thus the gaskets used in the system should not be made of natural
rubber but of synthetic rubber.


Chemical Stability:
The refrigerants should be chemically stable at the temperatures and pressures normally encountered
in the system. If the refrigerants decompose, non-condensable gases will be formed which would
adversely decompose, non-condensable gases will be formed which would adversely effect the
system as the condensing pressure will rise and vapour lock may form which might choke the
refrigerating piping. Some refrigerants decompose at high temperatures such as SO2 decomposes at
16000C and Freon group of refrigerants decompose when temperature above 6000C are encountered.
(iii) Physical Properties:

Leak-tendency: The refrigerant may either leak out of the system or air may leak in the system. The
most common causes of leakage are wearing out of joints or the materials used for the fabrication of
the system. A dense refrigerant will have fewer tendencies to leak as compared to less density
refrigerant. Moreover the detection of leaks should be easy to avoid loss of refrigerant. In systems
where ammonia is used as refrigerant, leakage can be easily detected because of its distinct odor
whereas the entire refrigerant may leak unnoticed if Freon is used, as it is odorless. Leakage of Freon
group of refrigerants is detected by observing the color of alcohol or prestolite gas torch. Light blue
flame of the detector lamp turns blue green in the presence of refrigerant. Electronic leak detector is
also used for detection of leakage and it is very sensitive.
Viscosity: Viscosity of refrigerant both in liquid and vapour state plays an important role as it
determines the heat transfer rate in evaporator and condenser. Lower the viscosity better is the heat
transfer rate.
Thermal conductivity: Thermal conductivity also determines the heat transfer rate in evaporator and
condenser. Higher thermal conductivity of refrigerant is desirable.
Dielectric strength: The dielectric strength or electric resistance of the refrigerant is to be considered
while selecting refrigerant for hermetically sealed compressor where refrigerant is in contact with
the motor. The relative dielectric strength of refrigerant vapour is defined as the ratio of dielectric
strength of N2.
Specific heat: As the specific heat of refrigerant in liquid and vapour state is different in order to get
maximum refrigerating effect it is desirable that liquid refrigerant should have low specific heat to
increase the sub-cooling of liquid and vapour refrigerant, high specific heat to decrease the super
heating of liquid. The overall effect of this will be an increase in the refrigerating effect.


Substitutes for CFC 11
R 11 chillers represented one of the most efficient application of electrical energy in air
conditioning.
The substitute for R 11 must have high molecular mass and N.B.P close to that of R 11 of 23.7C.
The substance having N.B.P close to this is R 123. therefore, has been found to be the most
favoured transitional alternative to CFC R 11. It is close to a drop-in substitute, although it gives
about 10-15% reduction in capacity. Toxicity of R 123 is relatively high compared to R11. Due to
toxicity of R 123 and because of it being HCFC, it is very critical to identify a long term substitute
for R 11.
Substitutes for HCFC 22.

It is seen that short-term substitutes for HCFC 22 remain HCFC 22 by itself, and HFC 134a both.
HFC 134a may well remain the long-term substitute also if no other suitable refrigerent is found.
However, the average of bubble and dew temperatures of HFC R 407C, a mixture of R32, R125
and R134a, is closest to 40.8C the N.B.P of HCFC 22. and R410A is a near azeotropic mixture
of HFCs R 32 and R 125. At present, these two blends are serious contenders to replace HCFC 22.
02.
(a). In aircraft refrigerating unit using air cycle, 50 kg/min of air at 180 cm Hg gauge and 205C
are bled off the air compressor serving the jet engine of an airplane. The bled air is passed
through a heat exchanger leaving at 175 cm Hg gauge and 75C. At this point, it is expanded
through a small cooling turbine to 20 cm Hg vacuum and 10C. The air exhausted out of the
plane is at 25C. Assume Cp = 1.0 kJ/kg K.
(i) Find the cooling in ton (refrigeration).
(ii) If the compressor receives air at stagnation state of 2 cm Hg gauge and 50C and if the
small air-cooling turbine output serves the centrifugal fan for passing coolant air
through the heat exchanger, determine the input power for the refrigerant plant.
(iii) What is the COP based on input power to bled off air? (20 M)


Sol:
m
a (1)
Fan
Compressed 1
air T
Heat 2
exchanger
0
3 4
Cooling
(2) turbine
(3)
T3
(0) Cooling air s
To Cabin
Massflow rate of air through the compressor m

a = 50 kg/min,
Pressure at the end of compression,

256
P1 = Patm + Pg = 76 + 180 = 256 cms of Hg 101.325 = 341.3 kPa
76
Temperature at end of compression
T1 = 273 + 205 = 478 K
Pressure at end of cooling
251
P2 = Patm + Pg = 76 + 175 = 251 cms of Hg 101.325 = 334.64 kPa
76
Temperature at end of cooling
T2 = 273 + 75 = 348 K
Pressure at end of expansion from turbine,
56
P3 = Patm Pvac = 76 20 = 56 cm of Hg 101.325 = 74.66 kPa
76
Temperature at end of expansion from turbine,
T3 = 273 10 = 263 K
T4 = cabin temperature = 25C = 298 K
C p T4 T3
Cooling load = m
50
1298 263 = 29.166 kW
60
29.166
8.293 T R
3.517


Pressure at inlet to the compressor,
78
P0 = Patm + Pg = 76 + 2 = 78 cm of Hg 101.325 = 103.99 kPa
76
Temperature at inlet to the compressor,
T0 = 273 + 50 = 323 K
50
a C p T1 T0
Compressor work = WC = m 1 478 323 = 129.16 kW
60
50
a C p T2 T3 =
Turbine work = WT = m 1 348 263 = 70.83 kW
60
Power output of cooling turbine = power input to fan = 70.83 kW
Net power input to system = WC = 129.16 kW
Cooling loadkW 29.166
COP 0.2258
WC kW 129.16
(b). The pressure in an automobile tire depends on the temperature of the air in the tire. When
the air temperature is 25C, the pressure gauge reads 210 kPa. If the volume of the tire is
0.65 m3, determine the pressure rise in the tire when the air temperature in the tire rises to
50C. Also determine the amount of air that must be bled off to restore pressure to its
original value at this temperature. Assume atmospheric pressure to be 100 kPa and
R = 0.287 kJ/kg K. (20 M)
Sol: Initial pressure of air, P1 = Patm + Pg = 100 + 210 = 310 kPa

Initial volume of air, V1 = 0.65 m3
Initial temperature of air, T1 = 273 + 25 = 298 K ,
Final temperature of air on heating, T2 = 323 K
R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
P1v1 310 0.65
Mass of air, m1 = 2.356 kgs
RT1 0.287 298
V=C
P2 P1

T2 T1


T2 323
Final pressure of air, P2 P1 310 = 336 kPa
T1 298
Pressure rise in tire = P2 P1 = 336 310 = 26
Let m2 be the mass at T2 which gives a pressure 310 kPa
P1v1 310 0.65
m2 = 2.1736 kg
RT2 0.287 323
Amount of mass to be removed = m1 m2 = 2.356 2.1736 = 0.1824 kgs
(c). The temperature distributions within a series of one-dimensional plane walls at an initial
time (t =0), at steady state (t = ) and at several intermediate times are as shown in Fig.2
below (Case A and Case B). For each case, write the appropriate form of diffusion
equation. Also write the equations for the initial condition and the boundary condition that
are applied at x = 0 and x = L. If the volumetric generation occurs, it is uniform throughout
the wall. The properties are constant.
t= t=0
T=T Ti
Increasing time
Increasing time
t=0 t=
T=Ti
L L
x x
Case - A Case - B
Fig.2 (20 M)
Sol: Case (A) :
1-D, heat diffusion equation t=
T q 1 T
2
T=T

x 2 k t Increasing time
Boundary condition, t=0

T=Ti
T is a function of distance x and time t
L
T= T(x,t)
x
T(x,0) = Ti Case - A


T(L,t) = T
T
0, t 0
x
Case (B) :
1-D heat diffusion equation
t=0
T q 1 T
2
Ti

x 2 k t
Increasing time
Boundary condition t=
T is a function of distance x and time t
L
T= T(x,t)
x
T(x,0) = Ti Case - B
T(L,t) = Ti
T
0, t 0
x
Where, q = uniform volumetric thermal energy generation
= thermal diffusivity
k = thermal conductivity of the wall
03.
(a). Determine the change of air-fuel ratio of an airplane engine carburetor when it takes off
from sea level to a height of 5000 m. The carburetor is adjusted for 15:1 ratio at sea level,
where the air temperature is 27C and pressure 1 bar.
Assume the variation of temperature of air with altitude as t = ts 0.0065h, where h is in
meter and t is in C. The air pressure decreases with altitude as per the relation h = 19200
log10(1/p), where p is in bar. Evaluate the variation of air-fuel ratio with respect to altitude in
steps of 1000 m on the trend. Show the variation on a graph and discuss. (20 M)


Sol: Altitude = 5000 m,
Air fuel ratio at sea level = (AFR)SL = 15:1
Temperature at sea level, T0 = 27C = 300 K
Pressure at sea level, P0 = 100 kPa
Density of air at sea level
P0 100
o 1.1614 kg / m 3
RT0 0.287 300
1
h = 19200 log10
P
h
1
1019200
P
1
P= h
1019200
t = ts 0.0065 h
Parameters Formula Height

1000 m 2000 m 3000 m 4000 m 5000 m
Temperature t = ts =27 0.0065 = 27 0.0065 = 27 0.0065 = 27 0.0065 = 27 0.0065
0.0065 h 1000 = 20.5C 2000 = 14C 3000 = 7.5C 4000 = 1C 5000 = 5.5C
(C)
Pressure P 1 1 1 1 1
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
1 19200 19200 19200 19200 19200
= h
10 10 10 10 10
10 19200 = 0.887 bar = 0.7867 bar = 0.6978 bar = 0.6188 bar = 0.549 bar
(bar) = 88.7 kPa = 78.67 kPa = 69.78 kPa = 61.88 kPa = 54.9kPa
Density P 88.7 78.67 69.78 61.88 54.9

=
RT 0.287 293.5 0.287 287 0.287 2805 0.287 274 0.287 267.5
(kg/m3) = 1.053 kg/m3 = 0.955 kg/m3 = 0.867 kg/m3 = 0.7869 kg/m3 = 0.715 kg/m3
Air Fuel (AFR)SL 1.053 0.955 0.867 0.7869
15 15 0.715
15 15 15
Ratio at 1 1.1614 1.1614 1.1614 1.1614 1.1614
13.61
altitude o = 14.28 12.96 12.34 = 11.77
Change of air fuel ratio at 5000 m altitude = (AFR)5000m (AFR)SL = 11.77 15 = 3.23


Variation of air fuel ratio with altitude :
15
14
13
AFR 12
11
10
SL 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

Altitude
Discuss: As altitude increases richness of air fuel ratio increases. Hence an altitude compensating
device must be used for proper combustion of fuel.
(b). Consider the laminar flow of a fluid layer falling down on a plane at an angle with the
horizontal. If h is the thickness of the layer in the fully developed state, then
(i) show that the velocity distribution is U = g sin(h2y2)/2v, where v is the kinematic
viscosity (the x-axis points along the free surface and the y-axis points towards the
plane);
(ii) develop the expression for volume flow rate per unit width;
(iii) develop the expression for frictional stress on the wall. (20 M)
Du p 2u 2 y
Sol: 2 2 g x
dt x x y
d 2u
g sin x
dy 2 y
Integrating w.r.t y
gsin
du g
sin y c1
dy
gcos
2
g y g
u sin c1 y c 2
2


du
At y = 0 , 0 [c1 =0]
dy
At y = h, u = 0
g h2
c2 sin
2
g sin 2
u
2

h y 2 ------ (1)
h
Q udy 1
0
g sin h 2

2 0

h y2
h
g sin 2 y3
h y
2 3 0
g sin h 3
Q
3
du
w
dy yh
g sin
u h

g sin h
= g sin h





(c). Derive the Eulers equation for turbo-machines and show that for single-stage axial impulse
turbine, work done can be represented as W

1 2
2

V1 V22 where V1 and V2 are absolute
velocities at inlet and exit of rotor blades. (20 M)
Sol:
V1 = absolute velocity at inlet, VF2
Va2
V2 = absolute velocity at outlet
V2
Vw1 = Whirl velocity at inlet,
Vw2 = whirl velocity at outlet,
VW2
At inlet angular momentum / mass = Vw1 r1
r1
At outlet angular momentum/mass = Vw2 r2 Va1
Torque (on control volume) Vw1
T = change in angular momentum VF1 V1
Vw 2 r2 Vw1r1
Tm
Where, m
= mass flow rate
V2 Vr2
Power, E = T Vf2
2
2
Vw 2 u 2 Vw1u1
m
Vw2
Power of wheel,
U2
Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2
Em
E 1
Vw1u1 Vw 2 u 2
m
g g
This is Eulers equation for turbomachines
Velocity triangle for a generalized rotor

V1 Vr1
From inlet triangle
1 1
Vr12 = V12 + u12 2u1V1cos 1
VW1
= V12 + u12 2u1Vw1 ------ (1) U1


From outlet triangle,
Vr22 = V22 + u22 2u2V2cos 2
= V22 + u22 2u2Vw2 ------ (2)
Putting Equation (1) & (2) in Eulers equation
We get, H
1
2g

V12 V22 u12 u 22 Vr22 Vr21
For single stage axial impulse turbine
u1 = u2
Vr1 = Vr2 (as pressure is constant)
Work done per unit mass flow rate = gH

1 2
2

V1 V22
04.
(a). Explain the working of electrostatic precipitator and discuss variation of its collection
efficiency with operating parameters like collector area, migration velocity and mass flow
rate. (20 M)
Sol: ELCTROSTATIC PRINCIPLE :

An electrostatic precipitator (ESP) is an device that removes dust particles from a flowing gas
(such as air) using the force of an induced electrostatic attraction (i.e, like charges repel; unlike
charges attract).
Electrostatic precipitators are highly efficient filtration devices that allow the flow of gases
through the device, and can easily remove fine particulate matter such as dust and smoke from the
air stream.
Components Used In Electrostatic Precipitator

Electrodes
440V 50HZ 3 AC supply
High voltage transformer
Rectifier
Insulators
Hooper


BASIC DIAGRAM OF AN ELECTROSTATIC PRECITATOR
20 80 KV dc
440V, 50Hz
Clean gas
Discharge
electrode
Control High voltage Rectifier Collector

Dust gas
cabinet transformer electrode
Hooper
Control cabinet: Control cabinet is used to interconnect the 3 ac supply and transformer
through wires.
Transformer: Transformer is used to step up or step down the voltage as per the design of
Electrostatic precipitator.
Rectifier: Rectifier is used to convert the given ac supply into dc supply.
Hooper: Hooper is used to store the dust particles and ash content coming out from the
Electrostatic precipitator.
Electrodes: Based on DC current flow terminals elctrodes can be divided as below:
Discharge electrode: Electrodes wire which carries negatively charged high voltage (between 20
to 80KV) act as discharge or emitting electrodes.
Collector electrode: Electrode wire which carries positively charged high voltage act as
Collecting electrodes. Collector
electrodes
Discharge
electrode
Electrostatic
precipitators


Working of Electrostatic Precipitator :
Stage - 1
Several things happen very rapidly (in a matter of a millisecond) in the small area around the
discharge electrode. Electric field is emerged due to dc terminal arrangement. The applied (-)
voltage in discharge electrode is increased until it produces a corona discharge, which can be
seen as a luminous blue glow around the discharge Electrode.
Due to the formation of corona discharge, free electrons are emitted with high velocity from
discharge electrode.
This fast moving free electrons strikes the gas molecule thus emission of free electron from gas
molecules takes place. The positive ion molecule move towards discharge electrode by
electrostatic attraction.
As a result using gas molecule more free electrons are emitted near the discharge electrode.
Stage - 2
As the electrons leave the strong electrical field area around the discharge electrode, they start
slowing down. This free electron again strikes the gas molecule but this time they are captured
by gas molecule and became negatively charged ion.
As the gas molecule are negatively ionized they move towards the (+) electrode (i.e., collector
electrode).
This negative gas ion fills the space of Dust particle and becoming negatively charged particle.
This particle are captured by collector electrode using electrostatic attraction.




(b). What are the three different types of fuel cell reactions? Give the hydrogen-oxygen, carbon-
oxygen and methane-oxygen fuel cell reactions. (20 M)
Sol: Fuel cell: A fuel cell is a electro-chemical device that converts the chemical energy of a fuel into
electricity.
Fuel cell construction:
H2 fuel (H2/H2 rich gas)
2e
Anode
()
H+ H+ electrolyte
H+
Cathode
(+) 2e
Oxidant H2O
(O2/air)
Fuel cell mainly uses H2 as a fuel and O2 as a oxidant.

Different types of fuel cell reactions:
(i) Reaction at anode:
H2 2H+ + 2e (oxidation)
(ii) Reaction at cathode:
1
O 2 2H 2e H2O (reduction)
2
(iii) Overall Reaction:
1
H2 O 2 H2O
2
Or, H 1 O fuel
H2O + Electrical energy + Heat energy released
2 2
2 cell
(i) Hydrogen Oxygen fuel cell reaction:

Hydrogen as a fuel used at anode and oxygen as oxidant used at cathode.
Ex: Phosphoric acid fuel cell
At anode: H2 2H+ + 2e


Net reaction: H2 + O2 H2O
Electrolyte is used to carry the hydrogen ions from anode to cathode.
The reaction in a single fuel cell typically produces only 0.7 Volt.
(ii) Carbon-oxygen fuel cell reaction:

In this type of fuel cell carbon rien material like biomass is used as a fuel at the anode.
Ex: solid oxide fuel cell
At the anode
C + 2O
C + O CO2 + 4e
C + O CO + 2e
Indirect reaction CO + O CO2 + 2e
At the cathode O2 + 4e 2O
Net reaction C + O2 CO2
(iii) Methane oxygen fuel cell :

At the anode methane rich fuel is used.
Ex: biogas
At the anode CH4 + 2H2O CO2 + 8e + 8H+
Electrons flow through external load to produce electricity and positive ions migrate from
electrode to the cathode, where they combine with electrons.
At the cathode: 8e + 8H+ + 2O2 4H2O
Net reaction: CH4 + 2O2 CO2 + 2H2O
(c). Steam enters the condenser of a steam power plant at 20 kPa and a quality of 95% with a
mass flow rate of 20000 kg/h. It is circulating the water through the tubes within the
condenser. To prevent thermal pollution, the river is not allowed to experience a
temperature rise above 10C. If the steam is to leave the condenser as saturated liquid at 20
kPa, determine the mass flow rate of the cooling water required.
Data from steam table: At 20 kPa, hf = 251.4 kJ/kg; hfg = 2358.3 kJ/kg;
Specific heat of water = 4.18 kJ/kg C. (20 M)


Sol: x1 = 0.95,
h2 = (hf)20 kPa = 251.4 kJ/kg
T
h1 = hf + x1 (hfg)
= 251.4 + 0.95 2358.3 = 2491.79 kJ/kg
Mass flow rate of steam = m
s = 20000 kg/hr
20 kPa
Mass flow rate of cooling water = m
w =? 2
1
Specific heat of water = Cpw = 4.18 kJ/kgK
s
Rise in temperature of water = (T)w = 10C
Heat gained by water = heat lost by steam
w kg / sec C pw kJ / kgK T w m
m s kg / sech1 h 2
s h1 h 2
m
w
m
C pw T w
20000
2491.79 251.4
3600
4.18 10
= 297.77 kg/sec
Section B
05.
(a). A 30 kg iron block and a 20 kg copper block both initially at 80oC are dropped into a large
lake at 20C. Thermal equilibrium is established after a while as a result of heat transfer
between the blocks and the lake water. Determine the total entropy change for this process.
For copper and iron, specific heats are respectively 0.386 kJ/kg K and 0.46 kJ/kg.K.
(12 M)
Sol: Mass of iron block = mi = 30 kg,

Specific heat of iron = Cpi = 0.46 kJ/kgK
Mass of copper block = mc = 20 kg
Specific heat of copper block = Cpc = 0.386 kJ/kg
Initial temperature of both copper and iron = T1 = 273 + 80 = 353 K


Final temperature of both copper and iron blocks = Tf = 273 + 20 = 293 K
Heat lost by copper and iron to lake = Q = m i C pi m c C pc (T1 Tf )
Q = (30 0.46 + 20 0.386) (353 293)

= (13.8 + 7.72) (60) = 1291.2 kJ
T
Entropy change of iron = m i C pi n f
T1
ds i 30 0.46 n 293 = 2.5708 k/K

353
T
Entropy change of copper = m c C pc n f
T1
ds c 20 0.386 n 293 = 1.4382 kJ/K

353
Q 1291.2
Entropy change of lake (ds)lake = = 4.4068 kJ/K
Tf 293
Entropy change of process = (ds)i + (ds)c + (ds)lake
= (2.5708) + (1.4382) + 4.4068 = 0.3978 kJ/K > 0
(b). The wind speed V1 at a location is 4.472 m/s, the speed at turbine rotor is 60% of this value
and the speed at the exit is 30% of V1. The rotor diameter is 9 m, density = 1.293 kg/m3.
Calculate (i) the power available in the undisturbed wind at the turbine rotor, (ii) the power
in the wind at outlet, (iii) the power developed by the turbine and (iv) the coefficient of
performance. (12 M)
speed
Sol:
(1) (2) (3) (4)
Pressure
Patm


1
(i) Power available = AV13
2
1
= 1.293 92 4.4723 = 3678.3 W
2 4
(ii) Power developed =

1
2

V12 V42
m
1
AV2 V12 V42
2

1
2

1.293 9 2 0.6 4.472 4.472 2 0.32 4.472 2 = 2007.3 W
4

1
(iii) Power in the wind at outlet = V42
m
2
1
AV2 V42
2
1
1.293 9 2 0.6 4.472 0.3 4.472 = 198.63 W
2

2 4
(iv) Coefficient of Performance (cp) :

Power developed 2007.3
cp = 54.57 %
power available 3678.3
(c). It has been seen that long blades are twisted along the height. With proper figure, explain
reasons for twisting. (12 M)
Sol:
(a) Usually wind turbines blades are made tall in order to produce maximum amount of energy.
(b) Wind turbines used to convert the wind energy (Kinetic Energy) into shaft power (mech. energy)
(c) Wind turbines usually worked over drag mechanism or lift mechanism.
(d) The blades are made curved in order to produce the lift force, as in the case of Aeroplane wing.
(e) Because of curved shape, low pressure is created on the top side of blade, while the high pressure
created beneath the blade.


The result of this is the generation of lift force perpendicular to the flow direction.
FC
wind F
` stream
FD
F = total aerodynamic force,

FD = drag force in the direction of flow,
FL = Lift force perpendicular to the direction of flow
(f) Lift force is produced because of asymmetry of flow which is produced because of
twisted/curved shape of blade along the height.
(d). Show all the heat losses taking place from flat plate solar collector with the help of a sketch.
Using energy balance, develop performance equation and explain graphically also. (12 M)
Sol: Flat plate solar collector:

cover plate
Collector box
Absorber
plate
Insulation
Pipes to
carry water
Heat can be loss from qtop
(a) Cover plate (convection + radiation) It
(b) bottom (conduction) qsides

(c) sides of collector box negligible Ac
Total heat loss = qL qbottom

0
qL=qtop + qbottom + qsides


qtop = Ut.Ac(Tpm Ta)
qbottom = Ub.Ac (Tpm Ta)
Ut = overall heat loss coefficient from the top

Ub = overall heat loss coefficient from the bottom
Ac = area of absorber plate
Tpm = mean temperature of absorber plate.
Ta = ambient temperature
qL = UtAc(TpmTa) + UbAc(TpmTa)
qL = UL.Ac(TpmTa)
UL = overall heat loss coefficient for flat plate collector.
Performance equation:
By energy balance: It
qu = S.Ac - qloss qloss
S = flux absorbed by absorber plate
S = ..It
It = total flux striking on the surface of the collector. quseful
= transmissivity of cover plate.

= absorptivity of absorber plate.
qu = useful heat carried away by water.
C p Tfo Tfi
qu m
m
= mass flow rate of fluid
Cp = specific heat of fluid
Tfo = outlet fluid temperature
Tfi = inlet fluid temperature.
C p Tfo Tfi = S.Ac - UL.AC (TpmTa) (performance equation)
m


(e). Briefly discuss rubbing, pumping and auxiliary frictional losses in IC engines. (12 M)
Sol: Rubbing losses: Rubbing losses area defined as those which result from relative motion between
solid surfaces in the engine. they include friction between the piston rings, piston skirt, and the
cylinder wall, friction in the wrist pin, big end, crankshaft, and cam shaft bearings, friction in the
valve mechanism, friction in the gears, pulley or belts, which drive the camshaft and engine
accessories.
Pumping losses: Pumping losses are defined as those which are associated with transporting fluids
through the cylinder and they are made up of intake and exhaust pumping. Intake pumping means
that fresh mixture is drawn through the intake system and into the cylinder, and the exhaust
pumping means that the burned gases are expelled from the cylinder and out of the exhaust system.
The pumping work is divided into two parts: one part is the throttling work, it includes the effect of
restrictions outside the cylinder in the inlet and exhaust systems, i.e, air filers, carburetor, throttle
valve, intake manifold, exhaust manifold and tail pipe, catalytic converter and muffler. The other
parts is the valve flow work. It corresponds mainly to pressure losses in the inlet and exhaust
valves. As the load is reduced in an SI engine, the throttle restriction is increased, which increases
the throttling work and decreases the valve flow work. The increase in throttling work is much
more rapid than the decrease in valve flow work. Both throttling work and valve flow work
increase as speed increases at constant load.
Auxiliary component losses: Auxiliary component losses include both rubbing and pumping
losses due to driving of the engine accessories. These may include the fan, the water pump, the oil
pump, the fuel pump, the generator, a power steering pump, and air-conditioner, etc.
As all the above losses are eventually dissipated as heat, the term friction work or friction power is
therefore appropriate.


06.
(a). Two identical vehicles are fitted with engines having the following specifications:
Engine 1: Naturally aspirated, swept volume 3.6 liters, brake mean effective pressure 9 bar,
speed 5000 r.p.m., compression ratio 8, efficiency ratio 0.5, mechanical efficiency 90% and
mass 250 kg
Engine 2: Swept volume 3.6 liters, brake mean effective pressure 12 bar, speed 5000 r.p.m.,
compression ratio 6, efficiency ratio 0.5, mechanical efficiency 90% and mass 260 kg
Identify the engines. If both the engines are supplied with just enough fuel for test run,
determine the duration of the test run so that the specific mass is same for both the
arrangements. Take the calorific value of the fuel as 43 MJ/kg. (20 M)
Sol: Engine (1)

No. of cylinders = x =1
Swept volume, Vs = 3600 c.c = (LA)
BMEP = 900 kPa
Speed = N = 5000 rpm
Assume 4-stroke cycle
Compression ratio = rk = 8
Efficiency ratio = R = 0.5
Mechanical brake efficiency = m = 0.9
Mass of engine = m = 250 kgs
Calorific value of fuel = CV = 43000 kJ/kg
1 1.4 1
1 1
Air standard efficiency = a 1 = 1 = 56.47%
rk 8
BRTh
R
air std
BRth
0.5
0.5647
BR.Th = Brake thermal efficiency = 0.50.5647 = 0.2824 = 28.24%


Pmb LAN x
Brake power (KW) = BP =
120
900 3600 106 5000 1
= = 135 kW
120
BPKW 3600
BR .th
f kg / hr CVkJ / kg
m
135 3600
0.2824
f 43000
m
135 3600
f
m
0.2824 43000
f = 40.022 kg/hr
m
mass of engine mass of fuel time of test
Specific mass =
BPKW
250 40.022 t
= ----------(1)
135
Engine (2):
No. of cylinders = x = 1
Wept volume, VS = 3600 c.c = (L.A)
BMEP = mg = 1200 kPa
Speed = N = 5000 rpm
Compression ratio = rk = 6
Efficiency ratio brake = R B 0.5
Mechanical efficiency = m = 0.9

4 stroke cycle ,
Mass of engine = m = 260 kgs
Calorific value of fuel = CV = 43000 kJ/kg
1 1.4 1
1 1
Air standard efficiency = R = 1 = 1 = 0.5116 = 51.16 %
rk 6


R Brake Br.Th.
a
Br.Th.
0.5
0.5116
Br.Th. = 0.2558 or 25.58%
Pmb LAN x
Brake power (KW) = BPKW
120
1200 3600 106 5000 1
= = 180 KW
120
BP(KW ) 3600
BR.Th.
f kg / hr C v kJ / kg
m
180 3600
0.2558
f 43000
kg
m
hr
180 3600
f
m = 58.912 kg/hr
0.2558 43000
Time of test = t hours

mass of engine mass of fuel time
Specific mass =
BPKW
260 58.912 t
= -----------(2)
180
Equations (1) = (2)
250 40.022 t 260 58.912 t
=
135 180
45000 + 7203.96 t = 35100 + 7953.12 t
7953.12t 7203.96 t = 45000 35100
45000 35100 9900
t =13.214 hours
7953.12 7203.96 749.16




(b). Steam at 175 bar and 550C expands to 0.1 bar in a steam turbine. The blade peripheral
velocity is 250 m/s. The nozzle angles for impulse and reaction stages are 15 and 20
respectively. If all the stages are operated close to maximum efficiency, determine the
number of stages for the following arrangements:
(Take saturated water entropy, enthalpy, entropy of evaporation and enthalpy of evaporation
at 0.1 bar as 0.6493, 191.8, 7.5009 and 2392.8 respectively.)
(i) All reaction stages
(ii) First 2-row velocity compounding followed by 50% reaction stages. (20 M)
Sol: P1 = 175 bar, T1 = 550C ,

Assume, T
1
h1 = 3423.6 kJ/kg, s1 = 6.4266 kJ/kgK
175 bar
hf2 = h3 = 191.8 kJ/kg
sf2 = s3 = 0.6493 kJ/kgK 3
0.1 bar 2
sg = s3 + (sfg)
= 0.6493 + 7.5009 = 8.1502 kJ/kgK s
(sfg)0.1 bar = 7.5009 kJ/kgK
(hfg)0.1bar = 2392.8 kJ/kg
s1 = s2 = 6.4266 < 8.1502 kJ/kgK sg at 0.1 bar

s1 = sf2 + x2 (sg2 sf2)
6.4266 = 0.6493 + x2 (8.1502 0.6493)
6.4266 0.6493 5.7773
x2 = 0.77
8.1502 0.6493 7.5009
h2 = hf2 + x2 (hg2 hf2)
= 191.8 + 0.77 (2392.8) = 2034.26 kJ/kg
Enthalpy drop total = h1 h2 = 3423.6 2034.26

(h)Tot = 1389.34 kJ/kg


2-Row velocity compounding
Nozzle angle, 1 = 15 ,
Blade speed, u = 250 m/sec ,
No. of velocity compounding rows, n = 2
u cos 1
Optimum blade speed to steam speed ratio =
v1 2n
250 cos 15

v1 2 2
1000 1000
Velocity of steam, v1 1035.19 m / sec
cos 15 0.966
v1 44.72 h
1035.19 44.72 h s
2
h s 1035.19 = 535.85 kJ/kg

44.72
50% reaction stage,
u
Optimum blade speed to steam speed ratio = cos 2
v1
Nozzle angle, 2= 20 ,
Blade speed, u = 250 m/sec ,
Velocity of steam, v1
u

250
44.72
h s
cos 2 cos 20 2
250
44.72
h s
0.9397 2
2
h s 2 250 1 = 70.78 kJ/kg

0.9397 44.72
(i) All 50 % reaction stages,
No. of stages =
h tot
1389.34
19.62 ~ 20 stages
h s 70.78
20 50 % reaction stages


(ii) First 2 Row velocity compounding
Rest 50% reaction stages.
(h)tot = 1389.34 kJ/kg
2-row velocity compounding enthalpy drop
(h)s = 535.85 kJ/kg
Remaining enthalpy drop = 1389.34 535.85 = 853.49 kJ/kg
853.49
No. of 50% reaction stages in remaining enthalpy drop = = 12.05 12 stages
70.78
One two row velocity compounding stage is followed by 12 50% reaction stages.
(c). A solar flux of 800 W/m2 is incident on a flat plate solar collector used to heat water. The
area of the collector is 4 m2 and 90% of the solar radiation passes through the cover glass and
is absorbed by the absorber plate as shown in Fig. 3. The remaining 10% is reflected away
from the collector. Water flows through the tube passages on the back side of the absorber
plate and is heated from an inlet temperature, Ti to an outlet temperature, T0. The cover
glass operating at a temperature of 30C has an emissivity of 0.94 and experiences radiation
exchange with the sky at 10C. The convection coefficient between the cover glass and the
ambient air at 25C is 10 W/m2K.
(i) Obtain an expression for the rate at which useful heat is collected per unit area of the
collector, qu by performing an overall energy balance on the collector.
(ii) Determine the value of qu
(iii) Calculate the temperature rise of the water, T0Ti, if the flow rate is 0.01 kg/s. Assume
the specific heat of water to be 4179 J/kg K.
(iv) Calculate the collector efficiency. Note that the collector efficiency is defined as the ratio
of the useful heat collected to the rate at which solar energy is incident on the collector.
Date: = 5.67 10-8 W/m2 K4 (20 M)
GS
Cover glass
Air space
Absorber plate
Water tubing
Insulation
Fig.3


Sol:
Gs
Gs qrad qconv
Tg = 30C
qu
qrad = radiation heat transfer from cover to sky at 10C ,

qconv = convective heat transfer from cover to environment at 25C
Given data,
Reflectivity () = 0.1, Tg = 30C , Tambient = 25C
Tsky = 10C, Gs = 800 W/m2 , Acollector = 4 m2
= 0.94
Energy balance ,
Gs = Gs + qrad + qconv + qu
(i) qu = Gs - Gs qrad - qconv
= Gs 0.1 Gs - (Tg4 Tsky4) h (Tg Tambient)
= 0.9 Gs 0.94 5.67 108 (3034 2634) 10 (30 25)
= 0.9 800 0.94 5.67 108 (3034 2634) 10 5
(ii) qu = 475.7532 W/m2
Total useful heat absorbed by absorber plate = 475.75 4 W = 1903.012 W
(iii) Useful heat absorbed by absorber plate = heat gained by water
cp T
1903.0128 = m
1903.0128 = 0.01 4179 T
T = 45.53C (temperature rise of water)
qu 475.5732
(iv) Collector efficiency (c) = = 0.59469 = 59.469 %
GS 800


07.
(a). Air at 12C DBT and 70% RH is to be heated and dehumidified to 36.5C DBT and 21C
WBT. The air is preheated sensibly before passing to the air washer in which water is
recirculated. The RH of the air coming out of the air washer is 70%. This air is again
reheated sensibly to obtain the final derived condition. Determine the (i) temperature to
which the air should be preheated, (ii) total heating required, (iii) make-up water required in
the air washer and (iv) humidifying efficiency of the air washer. (20 M)
Sol:
70% RH
c
b 2
WBT=21C
1
a
DBT=12C DBT=36.5C
Mark point (1) on psychrometric chart at 70% RH 12C DBT

From chart, 1 = 0.006 kgvap/kg.d.a, h1 = 27 kJ/kg.d.a
Mark point (2) on pschrometric chart at DBT = 36.5C, WBT = 21C

From chart, h2 = 60.8 kJ/kg, 2 = 0.0092 kgvap/kgd.a
from point (2) Drop a horizontal on to 70% RH line which intersects at (b).
from (b) draw a constant enthalpy line.

From chart, b = 2 = 0.0092 kgvap/kgd.a , hb = 42 kJ/kg d.a , Tb = 18.2C
From (1) drop a horizontal on to constant enthalpy line through (b) which intersects at (a)
From chart,
ha = hb = 42 kJ/kgd.a , a= 1 = 0.006 kgvap/kg, Ta = 26.8C


Extend a b which intersects RH 100 % line at C
From chart, c = 0.0105 kgvap/kgd.a , hc = 42 kJ/kg d.a , Tc = 15C
Temperature to which air is preheated = Ta = 26.2C

Total heating = (ha h1) + (h2 hb)
= (42 27) + (60.8 42)
= 15 + 18.8 = 33.8 kJ/kg
Make up water required in air washer = b a
= 0.0092 0.006 = 0.0032 kgvap/kg d.a
b a 0.0032
Humidifying efficiency =
c a 0.0105 0.006
0.0032
0.7111 = 71.11%
0.0045
(b). The pump characteristic of a centrifugal pump with impeller diameter, D = 200 mm
operating at 1170 r.p.m. is given by
H1 = 7.6 1.95 10 4 Q12
where H is in m and Q is in m3/h. For this pump operating at this speed (N1 = 1170 r.p.m.),
the best efficiency point corresponds to flow rate of 68 m3/h and head equal to 6.7 m. You
need to develop an equation at N = 1750 r.p.m. for the same pump expressed as
H 2 H 02 A 2Q 22
Find out the value of H02 and A2. (20 M)
Sol: The manometric head of a pump is given by

k1u 2 Vw 2 V22
Hm k2
g 2g
Where, k1 = slip factor which accounts for slip due to circulatory flow
k2 = loss coefficient which account for frictional and shock losses.
DN
u2 a N (where a = positive constant)
60


Vf 2 Q
Vw 2 u 2 u2
tan 2 A f 2 tan 2
= aN bQ (where b = positive constant)
Vf 2 Q
V2
sin A f 2 sin
= c Q (where c = positive constant)
k1
Now, H m aN aN bQ k 2 c Q 2
g 2g
i.e., Hm = AN2 BNQ CQ2 ------ (1)
k1 2
where, A a = positive constant
g
k1 ab
B = positive constant
g
k 2 c2
C = positive constant
g
Comparing given equation with equation (1) it is clear that the constant term is proportional to
N2 and the coefficient of Q is independent of N
H 02 N 22

H 01 N12
2
1750
H2 7.6 = 17 m
1170
And A2 = A1 = 1.95 104
H2 = 17 1.95 104 Q2
(c). A tidal project has in installed capacity of 2176 MW in 64 units, each of 34 MW rated output.
The head at rated output is 5.52 m. The embankment is 6.4 km long. Assume 93%
efficiency for both turbine and generator. The generation works for 5 hours twice a day.
Calculate (i) the quantity of water flowing through each turbine and the total flow out of the
tidal basin, (ii) the surface area of the reservoir behind the embankment and the wash and
(iii) the energy produced in TWh per year. (20 M)


Sol: Assume area of basin/reservoir = A
The potential energy contained in a volume of water is
1
E A g h2
2
= density of sea water = 1025 kg/m3
A = basin area , h = tidal range,
this much energy is available two times a day.
1
E/day = 2 A g h2
2
E/day = A g h2
A g h 2 turbine gen
Power production
10hours
1025 A 9.81 5.52 0.93 0.93 J

2
= 7.36 A (Watt)
10 60 60 S
Total power production = 2176 MW
= 2176 106 W = 7.36 A (W)
A = 295.65 106 m2
A = 295.65 km2
(i) Total volume of water = A.h = 295.65 106 5.52 m3
= 1631.98 106 m3
1631.98 10 6 3
Total flow rate = m /s
10 60 60
Total flow rate = 45.33 103 m3/s
0.045 10 6 3
Flow rate from a turbine m / s = 7.03 102 m3/s
64
(iii) Annual energy production in (TWH)
Total working hours = 10 365 = 3650 hours
Energy / year = 2176 106 W 3650 hour
= 7.94 1012 Wh
Energy/year = 7.94 TWh




08.
(a). A thermoelectric refrigerator is powered by a car battery and has a COP of 0.1. The
refrigerator cools a 0.35 10-3 m3 canned drink from 20C to 4C in 30 minutes. The
properties of canned drink and same as that of water at room temperature, i.e., = 1000
kg/m3 and C = 4.18 kJ/kg.K. Neglecting the heat transfer through the walls of the
refrigerator, determine the average electric power consumed by the thermoelectric
refrigerator. (20 M)
Sol: COP = 0.1,

Volume of drink = V = 0.35 103 m3
Density of drink = = 1000 kg/m3
Specific heat of liquid = Cpl = 4.18 kJ/kgK
Time required = t = 30 60 = 1800 seconds
Temperature change = T = 20 4 = 16C
Net Ref effect = m Cpl (T)/t
= Pv Cpl (T) / t
1000 0.35 10 3 4.18 16
= 0.013 kW = 13 W
1800
NRE
COP
W
NREW 13
W 130 W
COP 0.1
(b). Discuss the effect of regeneration in gas turbine cycle. Draw the cycle efficiency vs. pressure
ratio curve and explain why efficiency drops with increase in pressure ratio. (20 M)
Sol: Utilization of Exhaust Gas Heat (Regeneration):

In a gas turbine the exhaust gas, after expansion in the turbine leaves at a high temperature and
consequently a large amount of heat is carried away with it.
A part of this heat can be recovered and used to heat the air leaving compressor before it enters the
combustion chamber.


This pre-heating of the air will reduce the heat to be supplied by combustion of fuel in the
combustion chamber, and thus increase in the thermal efficiency of the cycle.
The arrangement used as shown in fig.
C T G
Fuel
2 4
3
CC 5
1
6 HE
In an ideal heat exchanger the exhaust gas from the turbine can be cooled down to T2 i.e. the
temperature of the air leaving the compressor and the air can be heated to T5.
But in actual practice the temperature of the exhaust gas leaving the heat exchanger is T6 which is
little higher than T2; and the temperature T3 of the air leaving the heat exchanger is a little less
than T5.
T act
Effectiveness of H.E =
T max
T T2
3
T5 T2
Notice that in the combustion chamber the temperature of the working substance is to be raised
from T3 to T4 instead of from T2 to T4.
Heat recovered from exhaust gases = heat supplied to air
(Cp)gas(T5 T6) = (Cp)air (T3 T2)
Heat supplied (Qs) = (Cp)air (T3 T2)
Heat rejected (QR) = (Cp)air (T6 T1)
Efficiency of ideal regenerative gas turbine cycle :

Tmin
rp
1
ideal 1
Tmax
If rp increases, thermal efficiency of ideal regenerative gas turbine cycle will decrease.


Comparison of Ideal Regenerative Cycle with simple Brayton Cycle:
At low pressure ratio, the ideal regenerative cycle efficiency is high when compared to simple
Brayton cycle.
t
If (rp) < (rp) critical, Ideal Reg > Brayton
If (rp) > (rp) critical, Ideal Reg < Brayton Brayton cycle
At (rp)critical
(th)Brayton = (th)idealregen Ideal regenerative
Cycle
1
1 Tmin
1 1
1 (rp ) c
Tmax
(rp ) c rp (rp)critical rp

T 2 ( 1)
(rp ) c max (rp ) max
Tmin
If pressure ratio in a regenerative cycle is greater than critical pressure ratio then the temperature
at the end of compression is greater than the temperature at the end of expansion from the gas
turbine. Hence, if a regenerator is used the compressed air gets cooled and exhaust gases gets
reheated. Hence a regenerator cycle is not recommended above critical pressure ratio as it leads to
fall in thermal efficiency.
Cycle efficiency VS pressure ratio curve 50

D T1=1500 F
D
40
T1=1200 F
C
T1=1200 F
30
Thermal efficiency in %
B T1=1200 F
A
Where 20
A: simple open cycle
T1=1200 F
B: open cycle with regeneration 10
C: open cycle with regeneration & intercooler
D: open cycle with regeneration,
intercooler & reheater 1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17
Pressure ratio p2/p1




(c). A thermal energy storage unit consists of a large rectangular channel which is well insulated
on its outer surface and encloses alternating layers of the storage material and the flow
passage as given below in Fig. 4. Each layer of the storage material is an aluminium slab of
width 0.05 m which is at an initial temperature of 25C. Consider conditions for which the
storage unit is charged by passing a hot gas through the passages with the gas temperature
and the convection coefficient assumed to have constant values of T = 600C and h = 100
W/m2 K throughout the channel.
(i) How long will it take to achieve 75% of the maximum possible energy storage?
(ii) What is the temperature of aluminium at this time?
Storage
material
Hot gas
Fig.4
T, h
(20 M)
Sol: Properties of Aluminium are not given in the question.

Assumptions:
kAl = 231 W/mK
Alumininum
CAl = 1033 J/kgK
Airflow
Al = 2702 kg/m3
Given data,
Ti = 25C ,
0.05 m
T = 600C ,
hair = 100 W/m2K


Actual energy storage = 0.75 maximum energy storage
m cp T = 0.75 m cp T
m cp (T2 25) = m cp (T Ti) 0.75
T2 = 25 + 0.75 (600 25)
T2 = 456.25C
(actual final temperature of aluminium at this time).
0.05
100
hs 2
Biot no. = 0.01082 < 0.1
k 231
Bi < 0.1
Lumped capacity analysis can be applied.
hA

Ti T V c
e p
T2 T

100
V
25 600 A c p
e
456.25 600

100
0 .05
2702 1033
4e 2
Taking log on both side

100
n 4
2702 0.025 1033
= 967.344 second
= 967.344 second will be required to achieve 75% of the maximum possible energy storage.



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: 2 : ESE 17 _ Conventional Paper 1

questions from Section A will fetch you a big advantage.

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Net refrigerating effect,

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Factors which tend to prevent knock in SI engines.

S.NO Factors SI engine

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S.NO Factors CI engine

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Qnet = A2 F2-1 (T24 T14) D=1 m

= D L 1 5.67 108 (3254 12004)

(i) Thermodynamic properties:

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Refrigerant at - 15C in kgf/cm2 Condenser pressure at 29C

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(ii) Safe working properties:

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Effect on refrigerated products:

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(iii) Physical Properties:

Substitutes for HCFC 22.

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Massflow rate of air through the compressor m

Pressure at the end of compression,

Sol: Initial pressure of air, P1 = Patm + Pg = 100 + 210 = 310 kPa

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Boundary condition, t=0

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Parameters Formula Height

Density P 88.7 78.67 69.78 61.88 54.9

SL 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000

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turbine, work done can be represented as W

velocities at inlet and exit of rotor blades. (20 M)

T = change in angular momentum VF1 V1

Velocity triangle for a generalized rotor

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Work done per unit mass flow rate = gH

Sol: ELCTROSTATIC PRINCIPLE :

Components Used In Electrostatic Precipitator

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Control High voltage Rectifier Collector

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Fuel cell mainly uses H2 as a fuel and O2 as a oxidant.

(i) Hydrogen Oxygen fuel cell reaction:

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(ii) Carbon-oxygen fuel cell reaction:

(iii) Methane oxygen fuel cell :

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Sol: Mass of iron block = mi = 30 kg,

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Q = (30 0.46 + 20 0.386) (353 293)

ds i 30 0.46 n 293 = 2.5708 k/K

ds c 20 0.386 n 293 = 1.4382 kJ/K

(1) (2) (3) (4)