Sunteți pe pagina 1din 54

CHAPTER 35:

INTERFERENCE
35.1 Interference and Coherent Sources

Determine the conditions for interference to occur

Relate path difference to two types of interference


(constructive and destructive interference)
Interference

Overlapping of two or more waves


Apply the principle of superposition of waves

Two types:
Constructive interference

Destructive interference
The Principle of Superposition

When two or more waves overlap, the


resultant displacement at any point and at
any instant is found by adding the
instantaneous displacements that would
be produced at the point by the individual
waves if each were present alone.

y x, t y1 x, t y2 x, t
The Principle of Superposition
Interference in Two or Three Dimensions
"snapshot" or "freeze-
frame" of a single source S1
of sinusoidal waves and some of the
wave fronts produced by this source
if the waves are 2D, the circles
represent circular wave fronts
if the waves propagate in 3D, the
circles represent spherical wave
fronts spreading away from S1
sinusoidal waves of single
frequency characteristic of
monochromatic light
Coherent Sources
A "snapshot' of sinusoidal waves
spreading out from two coherent
sources S1 and S2
Two monochromatic sources of
the same frequency and with any
definite, constant phase
relationship (not necessarily in
phase) are said to be coherent.
If the coherent waves are
transverse, sinusoidal waves also
have the same polarization (they
lie along the same line).
Conditions for Constructive Interference
when waves from two or more
sources arrive at a point in
phase, the amplitude of the
resultant wave is the sum of
the amplitudes of the
individual waves

path difference between the


two waves are an integral
multiple of wavelength

r2 r1 m
m 0, 1,2,...
Conditions for Destructive Interference
waves from the two sources
arrive at point c exactly a half -
cycle out of phase.
the resultant amplitude is the
difference between the two
individual amplitudes
path difference between the
two waves are half integral
multiple of wavelength

1
r2 r1 m
2
m 0,1,2,...
EXAMPLE 35.1: Constructive
Two coherent sources emit light of the same wavelength (=500 nm). If
the 2 beams from the 2 sources intersect in space, which of the
following path differences between the 2 beams will you observe
constructive interference?

A. 1200 nm
B. 1250 nm
C. 1500 nm r2 r1 m
D. 1750 nm
EXAMPLE 35.2: Destructive
Destructive interference is observed when the two interfering sources
emitting light of the same wavelength have a path difference of 600
nm. Which among the following is/are the possible wavelengths of
the two sources?

A. 240nm m = 2 1
r2 r1 m
B. 300nm 2
C. 400nm m = 1
D. 500nm r2 r1

1
m
2
35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light

Locate the spatial points where constructive and


destructive interference takes place
Water Ripples from Two Sources

Where will we have


constructive interference?
Destructive?
35.2 Two-Source Interference of Light
1800: two source
interference of light
experiment was
demonstrated

Thomas Young
Youngs Experiment
Youngs Experiment

Path Difference

r2 r1 d sin
Constructive and Destructive
Two-Slit Interference
Constructive
(bright bands)

d sin m

Destructive
(dark bands)

1
d sin m
2
Distance from the Center of the Pattern Ym

ym

R
ym
tan m ym R tan m
R
Distance from the Center of the Pattern Ym

tan m sin m

m
ym R sin m R
d
Distance from the Center of the Pattern Ym

m
ym R
d
2
ym 2 R
d


ym 1 R
d

y m 0 0
Distance from the Center of the Pattern Ym
Bright Fringe

m
ym R
d
Dark Fringe

1
m
ym R 2
d
Factors Affecting Fringe Separation
Fringe separation is increased if distance R to the
screen is increased.
Fringe separation is decreased if slit separation is
increased.
Fringe separation is increased as wavelength of light
is increased.
Factors Affecting Fringe Separation
EXAMPLE 35.3: Youngs Experiment
In Youngs experiment, coherent light passing through two slits (S1 and
S2) produces a pattern of dark and bright areas on a distant screen. If
the wavelength of the light is increased, how does the pattern
change?
A. The bright areas move closer together.
B. The bright areas move farther apart.
m
C. The spacing between bright areas
remains the same, but the color
ym R
changes.
d
D. any of the above, depending on
circumstances
EXAMPLE 35.4: Distance from Central Bright Fringe
In a 2 slit experiment with slit separation of 1 mm and wavelength of
500 nm, what is the distance of the 1st bright fringe from the central
fringe if the screen is 1 m away from the slits?

m
Bright fringes ym R
d
For the central bright fringe, m = 0
For the first bright fringe, m = 1


ym1 ym0 R 0
d
6
y m 500 10 m
EXAMPLE 35.5: Wavelength
In a two-slit interference experiment, the slits are 0.200 mm apart,
and the screen is at a distance of 1.00 m. The third bright fringe
(m=3) is found to be displaced 9.00 mm from the central fringe.
What is the wavelength of the light used?

m ym d
Bright fringe ym R
d mR
For m = 3


9.00 x10 m0.2 x10 m
3 3

31.00m
0.6 10 m
6
REMINDERS:

1. Instruct your drivers not to "wait" along the road in front of the NIP main
entrance. It is causing blockage to the narrow roadway. It is impolite. Instead walk
to the lot where your cars are waiting with your drivers.

If this reminder do not produce the results expected we will be forced to have
a shame campaign by taking photos of your cars and posting them online.

2. Those who are using the NIP cafeteria should clean up after they have finished
with their meals. This means bussing the used utensils, properly disposing of the
debris and clearing the tables for use by the next person/s. This is considered
courteous behavior.

We will monitor the canteen area to see if this courtesy is being


followed. Otherwise we might also install monitoring devices and post
shameful behavior online.
SW24
1. 3D. In Youngs experiment, coherent light passing through two slits (S1 and S2)
produces a pattern of dark and bright areas on a distant screen. What is the
difference between the distance from S1 to the m = +3 bright area and the
distance from S2 to the m = +3 bright area?

A. three wavelengths C. three quarter-wavelengths


B. three half-wavelengths D. one third wavelengths

2. Fringe Logic. Three 2-slit interference setups, J, K, and L were prepared


identically except for the slit separations, dJ > dK > dL. Arrange the three setups
according to increasing width of the dark fringes.

J<K<L

3. Path Difference. Given a two slit interference experiment, a laser that has =
600 nm was used. In the m = 1 (first from the center) bright band, what must be
the path difference of the two waves?
600 nm
35.3 Intensity in Interference Patterns
Relate path difference to phase difference

Identify the type of interference, given the path


difference and the phase difference

Relate the effects of the slit separation, screen and


slit distance, and wavelength on the interference
pattern
What is the intensity at any point in the pattern?
Combine the two sinusoidal
waves
Account phase difference
The two waves have
identical polarization and
wavelength and have the
same amplitude.
Intensity is proportional to
the square of the amplitude.
Each source would have
intensity:

1
I oE 2

2
Amplitude in Two-Source Interference
E1 E cost
E2 E cost
phase angle
Apply Cosine Law
E p E E 2 E cos
2 2 2 2

2 E 2 2 E 2 cos
Use 1 +cos=2cos2(/2)

E p 2E 2 1 cos 4E 2 cos 2 / 2
2
Amplitude in Two-Source Interference


E p 2E cos
2
In phase ( =0):Ep = 2E
Half-cycle out of phase ( =): Ep = 0

The superposition of two sinusoidal waves


with the same frequency and amplitude
but with a phase difference yields a
sinusoidal wave with the same frequency
and an amplitude between zero and twice
the individual amplitudes, depending on
the phase difference.
Amplitude in Two-Source Interference

E p2
1
I S av 0 cE P
2 Intensity is
2 o c 2 proportional to the
square of the
I 2 0 cE cos / 2
2 2
amplitude.
I0 maximum intensity (=0) Note that IO is four
times greater than
I o 2 o cE 2 the intensity of each
source.

I I o cos 2

2
Phase difference and Path Difference
r2- r1
r2- r1 = =2 rad

Relationship of phase and path difference

r2 r1

2
2
r2 r1 k r2 r1

0
k nk 0
n
Intensity (far from two sources)


I I o cos d sin
2
d sin m

Intensity in Two Slit Interference (ym << R)
Ym
sin I I o cos d sin
2

dy m
I I o cos 2

R

kdym
I I o cos 2

2R
EXAMPLE 35.6: Phase Difference
Two sources have a wavelength of 0.2 m. Consider a point where the
path difference from the 2 beams is 0.5 m. What is the phase
difference at this point?

2
2 1 r2 r1

2
2 1 0.5m
0.2m

2 1 5
EXAMPLE 35.7: Intensity
In terms of the maximum intensity Io, what is the value of the intensity
at a point where the path difference of the interfering beams is /3?

2
I I o cos 2
2 1 r2 r1
2

I I o cos r2 r1
2
I I o cos 2

3


I I o cos 2
I Io / 4
3
35.4 Interference in Thin Films

Predict the occurrence of constructive and destructive


reflection from thin films, based on its thickness, index
of refraction, and wavelength of illumination
Interference in Thin films

Light shines on the upper


surface of the thin film with
index of refraction n and
thickness t.
Light is partially reflected at the
upper surface (path abc).
Colored rings or Fringes! Light transmitted through the
upper surface is partly reflected
at the lower surface (path abdef).

The two reflected waves come


together at point P on the retina
of the eye. Depending on the
phase relationship, they may
interfere constructively or
destructively.
Phase Shifts

Air

Consider a thin film of water of uniform thickness


Part of the incident light is reflected from the air-water
interface and undergoes a 180 phase change (1).
There is a half cycle phase shift upon reflection.
Some of the light enters the film and is partially reflected
by the water-air interface (2).
There is no phase change in this reflected light.
Phase Shift (na>nb)

light travels more slowly


in material a than
in material b

the phase shift of the


reflected wave relative
to the incident wave is zero

na>nb
NO phase reversal
Phase Shift (na= nb)

the amplitude of the reflected


wave is zero

the incident light wave can't


"see" the interface

there is no reflected wave


na=nb
NO reflected wave
Phase Shift (na< nb)
light travels more slowly in
material b than in material a

the phase shift of the


reflected wave relative to the
incident wave is rad (180
or a half-cycle)

na<nb
180 phase reversal
Interference (no relative phase shift)
Constructive interference

2t m (m 0,1,2,...)
Wavelength in material
Film thickness
(vacuum/n)

Destructive interference

1
2t m (m 0,1,2,...)
2
Interference (w/ relative phase shift)
Constructive interference

1
2t m (m 0,1,2,...)

Film thickness
2 Wavelength in material
(0/n)
Destructive interference

2t m (m 0,1,2,...)
EXAMPLE 35.8: Minimum Refractive Index
What should be the minimum refractive index of a 100 nm thick
coating on glass if it is designed to ELIMINATE reflection at 500 nm in
air? (ncoating<nglass) 180o
180o
A.1.00 air
B.1.25 coating t =100nm
C.2.50 glass
D.3.75 air No phase shift Destructive interference

1 1 500
2t m 2(100nm) 0
2 2 ncoating
500 500
400nm ncoating 1.25
ncoating 400
EXAMPLE 35.9: Constructive Wavelength
Consider parallel glass plates separated by an air film of thickness t=200 nm.
Light in air is incident on the glass. Which of these illumination wavelengths
will produce CONSTRUCTIVE interference due to the two emerging beams?
A.300nm 0o 180o
B.400nm
air
C.600nm
glass
D.800nm air t =200nm
glass
air With phase shift Constructive interference

1 2(200nm)
2t m air air
2 1
m
2
EXAMPLE 35.10: Maximum Reflection
A monochromatic light with wavelength of 520nm in air is incident on
a soap film on glass as shown. What must be the thickness of the soap
film if you like to observe an interference maximum on the reflected
light? (nsoap=1.3, nglass=1.5)

2t msoap
180o 180o

air air 520nm


soap 400nm
soap t =? nsoap 1.3
glass
air No phase shift Constructive interference t m(200nm)

t 200nm, 400nm, 600nm,...


SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 35
Interference overlap of waves from two coherent sources
of monochromatic light
Coherent sources two waves with definite,
unchanging phase
Monochromatic light light with single frequency
r2 r1 m
Conditions for
Constructive Interference 1
r2 r1 m
Destructive interference 2
m 0,1,2,...
Two-Source Interference of Light
Dark Bands
Bright Bands
1
d sin m d sin m
2
SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 35
Distance from the central bright fringe
Bright Fringes Dark Fringes

m 1
ym R m
d ym R 2
d
Intensity in Interference Patterns


I I o cos 2

2
Phase Difference and Path Difference
2
r2 r1 k r2 r1

SUMMARY OF CHAPTER 35
Interference in Thin Films
No Relative Phase Shift
Constructive Destructive

2t m 1
2t m
2
With Relative Phase Shift
Constructive Destructive

1
2t m 2t m
2
REMINDER

Any form of CHEATING


in examinations or any
act of DISHONESTY in
relation to studies, such
as plagiarism, shall be
subject to disciplinary
action.
SW24
1. Path Difference. What is the minimum path difference that will produce a
phase difference of 180 for light of wavelength 800 nm?

2. Intensity. In a two-slit interference pattern, the intensity at the peak of the


central maximum is I0. At a point in the pattern where the phase difference
between the waves from the two slits is 60.0, what is the intensity?

3. Film. A thin layer of benzene (n = 1.501) ties on top of a sheet of fluorite


(n = 1.434). It is illuminated from above with light whose wavelength in benzene
is 400 nm. Which of the following possible thicknesses of the benzene layer
will maximize the brightness of the reflected light?

I.100 nm II. 200 nm III. 300 nm IV. 400 nm

A. I only B. II only C. I and III only D. II and IV only

S-ar putea să vă placă și