impossible to assign responsibility among them.

We share the opinion that

the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with Chiles unusual electoral rules.
Harbingers of the ConcertacinsESTUDIO demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards
MAPUDUNGUWELAYMI AM? of multiparty
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
ACASO YA NO HABLAS MAPUDUNGUN?
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
ACERCA DEL ESTADO ACTUAL DE LA LENGUA MAPUCHE
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
general disillusionment that goes Fernando
with holding the reins of power for so
Ziga
www.cepchile.cl

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
El presenteto
necessarily devastating artculo esboza unasurvival
the coalitions evaluacin
for tentativa
a number de of
la vitalidad
reasons.
etnolingstica actual de la lengua mapuche en Chile en el
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years marco de
los parmetros propuestos por Landweer (2000) y sobre la base de
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
los resultados de la encuesta especfica realizada por el Centro de
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Estudios Pblicos en 2006. La principal conclusin es que el ma-
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
pudungun parece encontrarse en un estado de precariedad sociolin-
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
gstica, y que slo polticas pblicas e iniciativas privadas que
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
conduzcan a una revitalizacin efectiva y eficaz en el corto plazo
lograrn salvar a la lengua de la extincin inminente.

FERNANDO ZIGA. Ingeniero Comercial Economista de la Pontificia Universi-

dad Catlica de Chile, Magster y Doctor en Lingstica Comparada de la Universidad de
Zrich, Suiza. Se ha desempeado como docente e investigador en el rea de la lingsti-
ca comparada en diferentes universidades (Zrich, Leipzig, Mnchester, La Trobe, Ore-
gn) y como investigador del Centro de Estudios Pblicos. Actualmente es docente e
investigador en el Departamento de Lingstica General de la Universidad de Zrich.
N. del E.: Sobre los resultados de la encuesta mapuche realizada por el CEP
(2006), vanse tambin en esta edicin los trabajos de Eduardo Valenzuela,
Ignacio Irarrzaval y M. de los ngeles Morand, Aldo Mascareo, Rolf Foerster y
Sonia Montecino, Juan M. Ossio, as como el comentario de Jorge Larran al artculo de
Aldo Mascareo y la presentacin de Carolina Segovia y Lucas Sierra.

Estudios Pblicos, 105 (verano 2007).

 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 10Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Introduccin
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially

americano
I
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s, so as time ncluso
permite
un conocimiento
passes, the compelling
concluir que los
superficial
force ofdethat
ltimos
la historia del continente
initial motivation
quinientos aos no han sido
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
especialmente favorables al desarrollo de las lenguas
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided indgenas. El mapu-
dungun o lengua mapuche de Chile y Argentina no
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth ha sido una excepcin:
por Finally,
control. un lado,by enthe
las 2005
primeras pginas
elections, thedeConcertacin
la ms temprana descripcin
will have held thede la
lengua and
presidency mapuche Valdivia
a majority in the (1606),
Chamber of su Deputies
autor deca que
(the legislative house
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
[e]n todo el Reino de Chile no ay mas de esta lengua que
coalitions anywhere,
corre desde much lessdeamong
la Ciudad Coquimbo Latin Americas
y sus terminos,presidential
hasta las
systems, theyslasConcertacin
de Chilue isy geriatric,
mas adelante, bearingporthe scars casi
espacio of miscellaneous
de quatro-
corruptioncientascharges against
leguas de Norte members,
a Sur queincluding
es la longitud thedelstripping
Reyno de of
parliamentary rights
Chile, from el
y desde five
pieofdethela coalitions
Cordillera deputies in 2002,
grande neuada, andlathe
hasta
mar, que es el
general disillusionment thatancho
goes de aquel
with reyno,the
holding porreins
espacio de veynte
of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

leguas.
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
undermine Sin the embargo, en el prefacio
Concertacin, but wededosunot gramtica
regard mapuche de haceaspoco
these factors
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of prever
ms de un siglo, Flix Jos de Augusta aseveraba que es fcil reasons.que el
In theidioma indgena
first place, the se hablareconomy
Chilean en Chilehas de aqu
comea through
unos cientheaos (1903:
last five viii). A
years
comienzos del siglo XX, Pascual Coa (2002: 25) afirmaba:
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Fewla kalewetuy mongen; tfachi weche mtewe wingka-
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
tuingn; allwe ngoymarpuingn tai kpal i nglam ka i
economic stewardship. Next, many
dungu; kalli rupape kie mufof the issues feymew
tripantu, surrounding the non-
epe kimwer-
democraticpulayaylegacyiofmapudungun
the Pinochet engn.era including the renowned
En nuestros das la vida ha cambiado; la generacin nueva
se ha chilenizado mucho; poco a poco ha ido olvidndose del
designio y de la ndole de nuestra raza, que pasen unos cuan-
tos aos y casi ni sabrn ya hablar su lengua nativa.

En efecto, un visitante del Cono Sur a comienzos del siglo XXI pue-
de llevarse la impresin de que, si bien parte importante de la poblacin es
mestiza, la cultura indgena tiene un rol tan marginal que la hace virtualmen-
te invisible, y el mapudungun no est presente en los medios de comunica-
cin ni en la calle de ninguna ciudad de la regin. Al igual que en vastas
extensiones de Norteamrica y otras regiones de Sudamrica, los habitantes
del territorio creen tener buenas razones para pensar que la lengua indgena
ha desaparecido dejando vestigios aislados en el folclor, la toponimia y la
patronimia.
Afortunadamente, el sombro pronstico de Augusta y Coa no se
ha cumplido: afirmar que la cultura y la lengua indgenas han desaparecido
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusualZIGA
electoral rules. 11
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
es todava indiscutiblemente un error. Los historiadores, socilogos, antro-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
plogos y lingistas continan documentando y profundizando el conoci-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
miento que se tiene acerca de ellas tanto en su dimensin diacrnica, con
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
el fin de comprender mejor los procesos histricos que las han moldeado,
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
como en su dimensin sincrnica, arrojando luz sobre sus contenidos y su
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
dinmica actuales y sus relaciones con la cambiante e influyente cultura
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
hispanochilena. No obstante, el diagnstico superficial respecto de la
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
notoria disminucin de importancia y vitalidad del mapudungun parece se-
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
guir siendo vlido en cierto sentido, y la pregunta que nos interesa en este
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
contexto es: cul es la pujanza del mapudungun hoy?
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
El presente artculo busca delinear al menos algunas respuestas a
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
esta significativa pregunta sobre la base de los resultados de la encuesta
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
elaborada y realizada por el Centro de Estudios Pblicos en 2006 (CEP,
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
2006). Para ello, la seccin 1 esboza algunos parmetros que permiten eva-
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

luar la vitalidad de una lengua determinada (as como, hasta cierto punto, de
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
la cultura que la alberga y a la cual sirve de instrumento). La seccin 2
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
examina los datos arrojados por la encuesta a la luz del marco conceptual
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
introducido en la seccin 1. Por ltimo, la seccin 3 presenta las conclusio-
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
nes que se pueden sacar desde una perspectiva sociolingstica y mencio-
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
na algunas cosas que pueden hacerse si el objetivo es aumentar la vitalidad
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
del mapudungun.
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
economic stewardship. Next,1. many of theetnolingstica
La vitalidad issues surrounding the non-
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Aun cuando la preocupacin por la inminente extincin de un gran
nmero de las lenguas del mundo por parte de los estudiosos y de quienes
estn involucrados con el diseo y la prctica de polticas lingsticas no es
reciente, la ltima dcada ha visto surgir un inters particularmente grande a
nivel mundial por el tema; algunos de los trabajos, recientes o por aparecer,
que dan cuenta de ello son Crystal (2002), Nettle y Romaine (2002), Brenzin-
ger (2007) y Moseley (2007). El reverso lgico de las razones que llevan a la
extincin de algunos idiomas es el conjunto de causas de que otras lenguas
gocen de buena salud, y de esto se preocupa un creciente volumen de
literatura que estudia los casos fallidos de revitalizacin lingstica, as
como tambin los exitosos; baste mencionar aqu estudios sinpticos y
tericos recientes como Grenoble y Whaley (1998, 2005), Fishman (2001),
Hinton y Hale (2001) y Tsunoda (2005). En trminos muy sucintos, baste
decir aqu, a partir de las experiencias recogidas y las observaciones hechas
en la literatura, que
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 12
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
(a) ha habido extincin de lenguas en diferentes perodos de la histo-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
ria, pero que actualmente dicho proceso ha alcanzado proporciones consi-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
derables a nivel mundial;
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
(b) es posible elaborar un diagnstico acerca de cun vital es una
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
lengua en un momento y un lugar determinados; y
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
(c) es posible disear e implementar polticas de revitalizacin exito-
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
sas si las condiciones sociolgicas, antropolgicas, histricas y polticas
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
son propicias.
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
elected by Basada
popular sobre
vote) suforpropia
16 years. By thecon
experiencia standards
lenguasofdemultiparty
Papa Nueva
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin
Guinea, as como sobre aquella de otros investigadores en esaAmericas presidential
misma regin
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of
y otros sitios del mundo durante las ltimas tres dcadas, Landweer (2000)miscellaneous
corruption
propone charges against
los siguientes ochomembers,
indicadores including
de vitalidad the etnolingstica
stripping of que
parliamentary
han resultado tiles para pronosticar la viabilidad de una lenguaand
rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, the
determina-
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

da en una regin dada en el corto, el mediano y el largo plazo. Naturalmente,

long.laOne might conclude,
interaccin entre losthen, that the
diversos coalition
factores is simplypor
capturados ready to expire.
dichos indicadores
puede ser distinta en diferentes partes del mundo, y tambin indeed
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could variar a lo
undermine
largo delthe Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
tiempo:
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
In the first place, the Chilean
1) Posicin relativaeconomy has comeurbano-rural;
en el continuum through the last five years
in far better2)shape
mbitosthan
de that
uso de of laany of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
lengua;
employment3)and growth
diglosia figures
y code rebounded in first months of 2003. The
switching;
Concertacin may well be in a position
4) dinmica poblacional y de grupo; in 2005 to claim credit for good
economic stewardship.
5) distribucin Next,
de losmany of the
hablantes issues surrounding
al interior the non-
de sus redes sociales;
democratic6)legacy of the Pinochet
fuerza identitaria era including
de la comunidad lingstica; the renowned
7) prestigio de la lengua; y
8) acceso a una base econmica estable y aceptable.

A continuacin explicamos brevemente cada uno de estos parme-

tros (cada uno con cuatro valores o posiciones a lo largo de una escala),
incluyendo informacin general acerca de dnde se ubica el mapudungun
mejor dicho, donde puede ubicarse el mapudungun hablado por diferen-
tes grupos en diferentes sitios de Chile.
La posicin relativa en el continuum urbano-rural no slo se refiere a
si la lengua en cuestin se habla en un entorno rural o urbano se ha
observado que una lengua minoritaria o minorizada tiene menos posibilida-
des de sobrevivencia en una ciudad, sino tambin al tipo de conexiones
que puedan existir entre reas urbanas y rurales relevantes, as como al uso
que los hablantes hagan de dichas conexiones. Por ejemplo, puede que la
lengua minoritaria se hable en una zona rural, pero las vas de acceso a una
ciudad cercana sean buenas y los hablantes hagan uso frecuente de ellas
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusualZIGA
electoral rules. 13
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
con el objeto de participar en el comercio o las actividades productivas
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
ofrecidas por la urbe. De este modo, el continuum urbano-rural puede arti-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
cularse en torno a cuatro posiciones que probablemente reflejen una vitali-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
dad creciente: (i) la lengua amenazada se encuentra en la ciudad, (ii) la
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
lengua amenazada se encuentra en la periferia de algn centro urbano, con
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
acceso fcil a l, (iii) el acceso de los hablantes de la lengua amenazada al
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
centro urbano es difcil o marginal, y (iv) la lengua minoritaria se encuentra
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
en una zona remota, ya sea por la distancia de las ciudades o por los malos
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
accesos. Tanto la informacin censal como la observacin directa permiten
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
concluir que hablantes del mapudungun se encuentran en cada una de
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
estas cuatro situaciones; parece razonablemente claro que el porcentaje de
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
hablantes urbanos (i) y (ii) va en aumento.
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
La vitalidad de una lengua ser mayor mientras ms mbitos de uso
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
tenga. Se ha observado repetidamente y en todos los continentes que el
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

ltimo mbito en ser abandonado es el familiar o domstico, con lo cual los

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
cuatro valores de este parmetro son: (i) la lengua minoritaria se utiliza slo
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
en el mbito domstico, e incluso all en combinacin con un idioma externo,
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
(ii) la lengua minoritaria se utiliza en el mbito domstico y en eventos
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
culturales (fiestas, ceremonias, etc.), pero tambin se la combina con un
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
idioma externo, (iii) la lengua minoritaria se usa en el mbito domstico,
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
cultural y social, y (iv) la lengua minoritaria se utiliza en todos los mbitos
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
de la vida comunitaria. Los datos de la encuesta, presentados y comentados
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
en la prxima seccin, arrojan alguna luz sobre el valor emprico de este
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
parmetro.
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
Diglosia es el trmino empleado en sociolingstica para denominar
una situacin en la cual una comunidad lingstica utiliza dos variedades
lingsticas sean stas registros de una misma lengua, dialectos o len-
guas diferentes segn un patrn relativamente rgido de diferentes fun-
ciones sociales: por ejemplo, una comunidad puede usar una lengua global
en el mbito de la religin, la educacin y eventos festivos u oficiales, y una
lengua local en el mbito del hogar y el comercio; la referencia clsica es
Ferguson (1959). Code switching (CS) significa que miembros de una comu-
nidad lingstica utilizan una variedad lingstica o cdigo en algunos
mbitos de modo variable y menos rgido que en la situacin diglsica; se
puede hablar incluso de CS entre oraciones o sea, un hablante dice algu-
nas oraciones en una lengua y otras en otra, durante el mismo discurso
acerca del mismo tema y en la misma situacin y al interior de oraciones
es decir, parte de una oracin, ya sea algunas palabras o unidades ma-
yores, estn en una variedad lingstica y el resto en otra. Los cuatro
valores de este parmetro son: (i) CS frecuente, (ii) CS poco frecuente,
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 14
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
(iii) bilingismo o diglosia estables, y (iv) mayora de la poblacin monolin-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
ge en la lengua minoritaria. Los datos de la encuesta no son buenos indi-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
cadores de este parmetro, y un estudio sociolingstico detallado es la
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
herramienta deseable en este sentido; aun as, la informacin recogida por
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
parte del autor sugiere que la mayora de los hablantes se encuentra en las
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
situaciones (i) o (ii).
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
En cuanto al tercer parmetro mencionado, la dinmica poblacional y
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
de grupo, una de las observaciones recurrentes es que una comunidad
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
lingstica debe contar con una masa crtica para ser viable, si bien dicha
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
masa crtica puede variar grandemente de un lugar a otro, o aun a lo largo
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidential
del tiempo. No obstante, no slo el nmero relativo de hablantes de una
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous
lengua minoritaria es relevante: tambin lo es el comportamiento de inmi-
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
grantes que lleguen a la zona tradicionalmente asociada con la comunidad
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
lingstica, el cual est relacionado con el factor de la masa crtica de modo
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

complejo. As, las posiciones de este parmetro son: (i) los inmigrantes
long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire.
mantienen su idioma e insisten en que quienes interacten con ellos tam-
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed
bin lo hablen, sin desarrollar siquiera una competencia pasiva en la lengua
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
minoritaria, (ii) los inmigrantes interactan con los nativos en una lengua
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
distinta de la propia y de la minoritaria (p. ej., una lingua franca como el
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
ingls), (iii) los inmigrantes comprenden la lengua minoritaria pero no la
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
hablan, interactuando con los nativos en su propia lengua o en una lingua
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
franca, y (iv) los inmigrantes son bilinges y utilizan la lengua minoritaria
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
activamente. Si bien en el pasado, as como actualmente en algunas zonas
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
relativamente remotas de las regiones VIII y IX, parece haber habido casos
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including the renowned
numerosos de (iv), actualmente la situacin (i) parece ser absolutamente
dominante. Algunos datos de la encuesta avalan esta observacin.
Las redes sociales en las cuales viven los hablantes de una lengua
son ms densas en la medida en que las diferentes personas estn relacio-
nadas unas con otras (va parentesco, vecindad, oficio, etc.), y las relacio-
nes son mltiples si, por ejemplo, dos personas dadas estn relacionadas de
ms de una forma son vecinas y a la vez primas, y trabajan juntas
(Landweer, 1991). Las posiciones de la escala para este parmetro, que to-
man en cuenta tanto estos dos aspectos como la interaccin con redes
externas a la comunidad lingstica, son: (i) los individuos son relativamente
independientes en redes poco densas y no mltiples, (ii) existen sistemas de
redes densas, pero estn abiertos hacia el exterior, donde hay hablantes que
no utilizan la lengua minoritaria, (iii) existen sistemas de redes densas con
poca necesidad de utilizar una lengua diferente de la minoritaria en la inte-
raccin con redes externas, y (iv) las redes sociales son densas y mltiples,
y todas las necesidades comunicacionales se satisfacen a travs de la len-
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusual ZIGA
electoral rules. 15
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
gua minoritaria. La encuesta no arroja informacin respecto de este parme-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
tro, y no soy un antroplogo con conocimiento amplio de este tipo de
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
variables en el mundo mapuche rural y urbano, por lo cual evito pronunciar-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
me al respecto aqu.
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
La relacin entre la eleccin de una lengua y la identidad tnica
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
puede ser estrecha, as como es posible que vaya en ambas direcciones: la
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
eleccin de una lengua dada puede servir como marca de identidad tnica, y
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
una identidad tnica fuerte puede influir en la eleccin de la lengua que se
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house
electedhabla en dichavote)
by popular etnia.for
En 16esteyears.
sentido,Bylosthevalores del sexto
standards parmetro men-
of multiparty
cionado anteriormente dicen relacin con el
coalitions anywhere, much less among Latin Americas presidentialhecho de que exista un recono-
cimiento
systems, interno y/oisexterno
the Concertacin de bearing
geriatric, la comunidad
the scars lingstica como grupo al
of miscellaneous
interior de la sociedad ms amplia que la
corruption charges against members, including the stripping alberga, as como con la ausencia
of o
presencia de marcas culturales (ya sean stas objetos
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the o costumbres de
generalsignificado particular
disillusionment that ygoes
especfico al interior
with holding the de la etnia):
reins of power (i) tanto
for sointerna
www.cepchile.cl

como
long. One externamente,
might la comunidad
conclude, then, recibe una
that the coalition valoracin
is simply readynegativa,
to expire.y prcti-
camente no hay marcas culturales, (ii) internamente
Any of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed la valoracin positiva es
undermine the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors ascultura-
tenue, externamente la valoracin es neutral y hay algunas marcas
les, (iii)
necessarily internamente
devastating to thela coalitions
valoracin survival
es fuertemente positiva,ofexternamente
for a number reasons. la
valoracin es neutral y existen marcas culturales importantes,
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years y (iv) la valo-
in far racin positiva
better shape es that
than fuerte
of tanto
any ofinterna como externamente
its Southern Cone neighbors, y hay
andmarcas
culturales
employment and importantes.
growth figures Estarebounded
variable esininteresante
first months en ofel mundo
2003. The mapuche,
por cuanto
Concertacin maylawellvaloracin,
be in a tanto interna
position in 2005comotoexterna,
claim creditpareceforhaber
goodsufrido
cambios
economic positivosNext,
stewardship. importantes
many of en the
las issues
ltimassurrounding
dos dcadas. theEst
non-de ms
decir que
democratic la situacin
legacy of thevara marcadamente
Pinochet segn se trate
era including the derenowned
hablantes urba-
nos o rurales, o segn se trate de Temuco, Concepcin o Santiago, e inclu-
so de qu sectores de esta ltima ciudad. Los datos de la encuesta son,
cuando mucho, indicadores indirectos de las relaciones de valoracin ac-
tuales.
El prestigio de la lengua es, sin lugar a dudas, un factor que determi-
na de modo importante su viabilidad en el mediano y largo plazo. Los valo-
res del parmetro 7) son: (i) la lengua est desacreditada, (ii) la lengua tiene
un estatus neutral, (iii) la lengua es una suerte de lingua franca en la regin
(o sea, sus propios hablantes nativos y hablantes nativos de otras lenguas
la utilizan en contextos religiosos, sociales y/o comerciales), y (iv) la lengua
es prestigiosa, reconocida como lingua franca no slo en la regin, sino
nacional o internacionalmente. Tambin esta variable ha cambiado favora-
blemente a lo largo de los ltimos veinte aos, si bien no puede afirmarse
que el mapudungun haya alcanzado los valores (iii) (su valor a la llegada de
los europeos, segn Luis de Valdivia) o (iv).
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 16
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
El ltimo parmetro de aquellos discutidos por Landweer, llamado
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
acceso a una base econmica estable y aceptable, se refiere al hecho de que
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
una de las causas ms comunes de que una comunidad abandone una
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
lengua determinada para adoptar otra es que se cree que dicha adopcin
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
ser econmicamente beneficiosa. Dicho beneficio puede ser percibido o
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
concebido tanto en el corto plazo (necesidades productivas, comerciales o
over legales
social inmediatas)
issues, suchcomo as theenlegal status
el largo plazoof (lo
divorce and access
cual lleva a elegirtouna
birth
lengua
control. Finally,para
prestigiosa by the 2005 elections,
la educacin formal, thepor
Concertacin
ejemplo). Los will have held
valores de estethepar-
presidency and a(i)majority
metro son: in the Chamber
la comunidad depende por of Deputies
completo(the legislative
de un house
sistema econmico
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards
que prescinde de la lengua minoritaria, (ii) existe una economa de subsis-of multiparty
coalitions anywhere, much
tencia relativamente marginallessqueamong
utilizaLatin Americas
la lengua presidential
minoritaria pero requiere
systems, the Concertacin
ser complementada porisinteraccin
geriatric, bearing the scars
con el sistema of miscellaneous
econmico ms amplio,
corruption charges against members, including
(iii) la comunidad participa de un sistema econmico dual en el cual the stripping of se
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002,
utilizan la lengua minoritaria y la lengua externa en sus respectivos mbitos and the
general disillusionment
(p. ej., uno agrario that y otrogoes with holding
industrial), y (iv)the
la reins of power
comunidad for so
dispone de un
www.cepchile.cl

long.sistema
One might conclude,
econmico then, ythat
estable the coalition
aceptable que seissirve
simplyde ready to expire.
la lengua minoritaria
Any of these
y prescinde de una forces,
lenguaorexterna
some combination of them, could
para su funcionamiento. indeed
A este respecto,
undermine the Concertacin,
las comunidades de hablantes butdelwemapudungun
do not regard these factors
se encuentran en unaasposi-
necessarily devastating(i)
cin desfavorable to theloscoalitions
urbanos y survival for aalgunos
(ii) al menos numberde oflos
reasons.
rurales,
In thesegn
first place,
algunos thedatos
Chilean
de laeconomy
encuesta.has come through the last five years
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertacin may well be in a position 2. Losindatos
2005 to claim credit for good
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
democraticNolegacy es una of exageracin
the Pinochet decir que
era las fuentes de informacin
including the renowned disponi-
bles hasta la fecha acerca de cuntos hablantes tiene el mapudungun no
son ni particularmente detalladas ni confiables. Gordon (2005), una de las
fuentes comnmente citadas, da 202.000 hablantes para el mapudungun en
Chile en 1982 (incluyendo los dialectos pehuenche y huilliche, este ltimo
listado como lengua aparte en el Ethnologue) y 100.000 hablantes en Ar-
gentina segn estimaciones del ao 2000. Un estudio realizado por el CEP
en 2002 sugera que el 16% de quienes se autodefinan como mapuches
deca hablar la lengua en algn grado (CEP, 2002: 27). Un estudio del Minis-
terio de Planificacin (Mideplan) arrojaba datos de un orden de magnitud
ms auspiciosos: un 16,8% de la poblacin indgena de Chile deca hablar
su lengua originaria, mientras que un 18,9% deca entenderla (Mideplan,
2005: 70). Segn veremos a continuacin, los resultados de la encuesta del
CEP sugieren que el nmero de hablantes en Chile hoy en da se encuentra
entre unas 140.000 y unas 400.000 personas, dependiendo de qu significa
ser hablante y de cuntas personas se autoidentifican como mapuches.
Antes de discutir estas cifras, sin embargo, veamos datos desagregados
respecto de competencia lingstica para poder comprenderlas mejor.
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusual ZIGA
electoral rules. 17
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
En el Cuadro N 1-A se aprecia cmo se autoevalan los encuesta-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
dos mapuches (M) y no mapuches (NM), tanto aquellos que viven en zonas
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
urbanas (U) como los residentes de zonas rurales (R), en relacin con su
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
competencia lingstica. 55 personas de un total de 2.968 declararon hablar
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
el mapudungun mejor que el castellano, de las cuales 53 se identificaron
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
como mapuches, de las cuales a su vez 43 vivan en zonas urbanas. De
over social
modoissues,
similar,suchde aslosthe175legal status of que
encuestados divorce and hablar
dijeron access ambas
to birthlenguas
control.igualmente
Finally, bybien,
the 2005
162 eranelections, the Concertacin
mapuches, la mayora dewill have
ellos held
(121) the Las
rurales.
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative
cifras comienzan a revertirse en la categora de quienes hablan la lengua house
electedindgena
by popularpeor vote)
que el for 16 years.
castellano (168Byen the standards
total), of multiparty
de los cuales los 139 mapu-
coalitions
ches se distribuyen casi por partes iguales en trminos presidential
anywhere, much less among Latin Americas territoriales: 68 de
systems, theson
ellos Concertacin
urbanos y 71 is rurales.
geriatric,364
bearing the dijeron
personas scars ofentender
miscellaneous
el mapudun-
corruption
gun pero no hablarlo, y en este grupo predominan los mapuchesof
charges against members, including the stripping urbanos
parliamentary
(204) sobrerightslosfrom five(89).
rurales of the coalitionsaquellas
Finalmente, deputiespersonas
in 2002, que and dijeron
the no
generalentender
disillusionment
ni hablarthat goes with ascienden
mapudungun holding the reins of
a 2.206, de power for la
las cuales so mayor
www.cepchile.cl

long. One
partemight
son conclude,
no mapuches then,(1.370),
that the ycoalition
en ambos is simply
gruposready to expire.
tnicos quienes viven
enAny of these forces,
asentamientos urbanosor some combination
superan a los rurales of(578
them,vs.could
258 yindeed
867 vs. 503,
undermine the Concertacin,
respectivamente). El Cuadro butNwe1-Bdo not regard
expresa theseen factors
estas cifras trminosasporcen-
necessarily
tualesdevastating
respecto del to total
the coalitions survival for a number of reasons.
de los encuestados.
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
CUADRO N 1-A: HABLANTES DEL MAPUDUNGUN, SEGN COMPETENCIA (ENCUESTADOS)
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit for good
MQC IQC PQC ENH NENH Total
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
democratic
MU legacy of 1 1 the Pinochet
41 era
6 8 including
204 the578renowned 902
MR 42 121 71 89 258 581
Total M 53 162 139 293 836 1.483
NMU 0 2 8 26 867 903
NMR 2 11 21 45 503 582
Total NM 2 13 29 71 1.370 1.485
Total M+NM 55 175 168 364 2.206 2.968

CUADRO N 1-B: HABLANTES DEL MAPUDUNGUN, SEGN COMPETENCIA (PORCENTAJES)

MQC IQC PQC ENH NENH Total

MU 0,4% 1,4% 2,3% 6,9% 19,5% 30,4%

MR 1,4% 4,1% 2,4% 3,0% 8,7% 19,6%
Total M 1,8% 5,5% 4,7% 9,9% 28,2% 50,0%
NMU 0,0% 0,1% 0,3% 0,9% 29,2% 30,4%
NMR 0,1% 0,4% 0,7% 1,5% 16,9% 19,6%
Total NM 0,1% 0,4% 1,0% 2,4% 46,2% 50,0%
Total 1,9% 5,9% 5,7% 12,3% 74,3% 100,0%
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 18Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
A pesar de lo trivial que pudiera parecer, estas cifras no dejan lugar a
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
dudas de que tanto la pertenencia a un grupo tnico como el lugar de
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
asentamiento son factores determinantes en el nivel de competencia lings-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
tica: los mapuches hablan mejor que los no mapuches y las personas de
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
residencia rural hablan mejor que aquellas de residencia urbana. Diferentes
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally2 divided
tests estadsticos relevantes para evaluaciones de este tipo ( , anlisis de
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
varianza, test exacto de Fisher, mtodos basados sobre aleatorizacin o
control. Finally, by the
randomizacin) 2005resultados
arrojan elections, concluyentes
the Concertacin willsentido.
en este have held the
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative
En segundo trmino, es posible resumir los diferentes valores houseasig-
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of
nados a la variable competencia lingstica de modo de binarizarlos: habla multiparty
coalitions
mapudungunanywhere,
vs. nomuch
hablaless among Latin
mapudungun. Hemos Americas
realizadopresidential
esta simplifica-
systems,
cin the Concertacin
de dos is geriatric,
maneras diferentes, bearing
a saber: unathe scarssegn
dura, of miscellaneous
la cual se consi-
corruption
dera quecharges
slo los against members,
tres primeros valores including
(habla mejor, thehabla
stripping
igual yofhabla
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies
peor que el castellano) corresponden a hablantes, y otra blanda, in 2002, andsegn
the la
general
cual los cuatro primeros valores (o sea, los tres de la interpretacin so
disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for dura
www.cepchile.cl

long.msOneaquellos
might conclude, then, that
encuestados que the coalition
dijeron is simply
entender ready to expire.
el mapudungun pero no
Any of lothese
hablarlo) son.forces, or some combination
La binarizacin dura pretende of them, could
dar una indeedde la
medida
undermine
competencia lingstica activa, mientras que la binarizacin blandaases un
the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors
necessarily
indicio devastating
acerca de la to the coalitions
competencia survival
lingstica for aynumber
activa of reasons.
pasiva. Las cifras agru-
In thepadas
first de
place,
estathe Chilean
manera economy
pueden has come
apreciarse en losthrough
Cuadros theNlast
2 yfive
N years
3, respec-
in fartivamente.
better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003. The
Concertacin
CUADRO Nmay 2: well be in a position
COMPETENCIA ACTIVA DEL inMAPUDUNGUN
2005 to claim credit for good
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
democratic legacy of the Pinochet CA era including SCA the renowned Total

MU 120 13,3% 782 86,7% 902

MR 234 40,3% 347 59,7% 581
Total M 354 23,9% 1.129 76,1% 1.483
NMU 10 1,1% 893 98,9% 903
NMR 34 5,8% 548 94,2% 582
Total NM 44 3,0% 1.441 97,0% 1.485
Total 398 13,4% 2.570 86,6% 2.968

CUADRO N 3: COMPETENCIA ACTIVA Y PASIVA DEL MAPUDUNGUN

CAP SCAP Total

MU 324 35,9% 578 64,1% 902

MR 323 55,6% 258 44,4% 581
Total M 647 43,6% 836 56,4% 1.483
NMU 36 4,0% 867 96,0% 903
NMR 79 13,6% 503 86,4% 582
Total NM 115 7,7% 1.370 92,3% 1.485
Total 762 25,7% 2.206 74,3% 2.968
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusual ZIGA
electoral rules. 19
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
Al igual que con la variable competencia lingstica sin binarizar,
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
tanto en el caso del resumen duro como en el del blando la pertenencia
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s,aso grupo tnico
as time y el lugar
passes, the de residenciaforce
compelling son determinantes.
of that initial motivation
might naturally Unweaken.
resultado poco feliz
In addition, theque se aprecia con
Concertacin, and claridad en estos cuadros
even its component
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally autoidentifica-
resumidos es el hecho de que slo una minora de quienes se divided
ron como
over social issues,mapuches
such as dijera ser competente
the legal en la lengua:
status of divorce and access los mapuches
to birth que
control.sostienen
Finally, tener
by thecompetencia
2005 elections, activatheson menos de un
Concertacin cuarto
will have(354
held dethe1.483),
e incluso si se considera competencia activa y pasiva
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house son menos de la mitad
(647 de 1.483). Si extrapolamos estas cifras
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty a la poblacin total llegamos a
una estimacin
coalitions anywhere, de much cuntos
less hablantes
among Latin tiene Americas
el mapudungun hoy en Chile:
presidential
segn el censo de 2002, 602.677 personas se autoidentificaron
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous como mapu-
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of (com-
ches; por lo tanto, el nmero de hablantes se localizara entre 143.862
petenciarights
parliamentary activa,from
23,9%) fiveyof262.935 (competencia
the coalitions deputiesactiva y pasiva,
in 2002, and43,6%).
the Si
generaltomamos el dato poblacional
disillusionment that goes with de 1992 (muythe
holding superior
reins alof de 2002,for
power porsorazones
www.cepchile.cl

complejas
long. One y mltiples:
might conclude, then,928.060
that themapuches), dichas ready
coalition is simply cifras tollegan a 221.533
expire.
Any of ythese
(23,9%) 404.892forces, or some
(43,6%) combination of them, could indeed
respectivamente.
undermine the LasConcertacin,
cifras presentadas but hasta
we do notconstituyen
ahora regard these factorsque
elementos as confi-
necessarily devastating to the coalitions survival for a number
guran una suerte de fotografa de la situacin actual si bien, natural- of reasons.
In the first
mente,place,
debentheentenderse
Chilean economy sujetas has
a lascome through propias
limitaciones the last five years
del instrumento,
in far tanto
better metodolgicas
shape than thatcomo of any of its Southern
conceptuales. OtrosConedatosneighbors,
recogidos and por la en-
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months
cuesta complementan dichas cifras y aaden informacin que permite espe- of 2003. The
Concertacin may de
cular acerca well be in a position
la situacin futura. Porin ejemplo,
2005 to claim credit
el Cuadro N for good cifras
4 resume
economic stewardship.
respecto a con quin Next, many of quienes
aprendieron the issues dicensurrounding
saber algo de themapudungun
non-
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including
(el resto aparece bajo la categora residuo). Obsrvense nuevamente las the renowned
importantes diferencias entre zonas rurales y aquellas urbanas, as como
tambin entre mapuches y no mapuches. El grueso de estos ltimos dice
haber aprendido la lengua con conocidos aun cuando un porcentaje no
despreciable, al menos en trminos relativos (2,7%) de no mapuches rurales
dice aprenderlo de sus padres, mientras que la mayora de los mapuches
la ha aprendido con sus padres o abuelos. Ntese que, si se los compara
con los abuelos, los padres son mucho ms importantes para los mapuches
rurales que para los urbanos.
Veamos a continuacin dos datos ms pertinentes desde la pers-
pectiva de los indicadores de vitalidad etnolingstica esbozados en la sec-
cin 2. En primer lugar, se pregunt a los encuestados con qu frecuencia
hablaban en lengua mapuche; estos resultados se aprecian en el Cuadro
N 5. Tampoco aqu debera sorprender que los mapuches lo hablen con
mayor frecuencia que los no mapuches. Asimismo, en contextos rurales la
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 20
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
CUADRO N 4: CON QUIN SE APRENDE EL MAPUDUNGUN
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
MU MR NMU NMR Total
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
Padres
parties most notably 10,4%the Christian29,7%Democrats 0,2% are internally
2,7% divided9,6%
Padre/madre 6,1% 8,7% 0,1% 2,2% 4,0%
over Abuelos
social issues, such 9,5%
as the legal
9,3%
status of divorce
0,7%
and access
1,9%
to birth5,3%
control.
OtroFinally,
pariente by the 2005 elections,
2,5% 2,1% the Concertacin
0,3% will0,9%
have held the1,4%
Conocido
presidency and a majority4,0% in the Chamber
2,1% of Deputies1,7% (the legislative
3,6% house2,8%
Profesor 1,1% 0,9% 0,4% 0,2% 0,7%
elected
Otroby popular vote) 1,6% for 16 1,2% years. By the 0,6%standards 1,7%of multiparty1,2%
coalitions
(Residuoanywhere, much less46,1%
64,8% among Latin 96,0%Americas 86,8%presidential
74,9%)
systems,
Totalthe Concertacin
100,0% is geriatric,
100,0% bearing the scars of
100,0% miscellaneous
100,0% 100,0%
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
general disillusionment that goes with holding the reins of power for so
www.cepchile.cl

long.lengua indgena
One might se utiliza
conclude, then,ms
thatfrecuentemente
the coalition isque en contextos
simply urbanos. Lo
ready to expire.
queAny s es significativo y preocupante, sin embargo,
of these forces, or some combination of them, could indeed es el hecho de que
quienes the
undermine dicenConcertacin,
usar la lengua buta diario
we sean,
do not aunregard
en el contexto ms favorable
these factors as
(mapuches
necessarily rurales),totan
devastating thepoco numerosos
coalitions (17,5%
survival for del total; 32,3%
a number si se des-
of reasons.
In theestima el residuo).
first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far betterElshape
Cuadro thanNthat
6 combina
of any of lositsdatos de frecuencia
Southern con informacin
Cone neighbors, and
acerca de los temas que se tratan en lengua
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months of 2003.mapuche segn las declaracio-
The
nes de losmay
Concertacin encuestados
well be (R in arepresenta
position in el residuo). Obsrvese
2005 to claim creditenfor
este contex-
good
economic stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-muy
to lo bajas que son las cifras para temas que deberan mostrar cifras
superiores
democratic si el idioma
legacy of thefuera realmente
Pinochet eravital: incluso en the
including el campo, los temas
renowned
familiares y personales, y aun aquellos relacionados con ceremonias no se

CUADRO N 5: CON QU FRECUENCIA SE HABLA EL MAPUDUNGUN

MU MR NMU NMR Total

A diario 1,9% 17,5% 0,1% 1,2% 4,3%

Varias/semana 1,7% 6,7% 0,2% 1,4% 2,1%
Una/semana 1,9% 3,3% 0,2% 2,1% 1,7%
Varias/mes 1,7% 2,6% 0,2% 0,2% 1,1%
Una/mes 1,2% 2,6% 0,1% 0,3% 1,0%
Varias/ao 4,0% 4,1% 0,1% 0,5% 2,1%
Ocasiones esp. 12,0% 9,4% 1,4% 3,2% 6,6%
(Casi) nunca 11,3% 8,7% 1,7% 4,6% 6,6%
(Residuo 64,5% 45,2% 95,9% 86,5% 74,6%)

Total 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0% 100,0%

 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusual ZIGA
electoral rules. 21
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
discuten frecuentemente en mapudungun, sino en castellano. Lo preo-
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
cupante no es slo el bajo porcentaje de hablantes en la columna frecuen-
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
temente, sino especialmente el alto nmero de hablantes en la columna
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
nunca. Incluso si las cifras del Cuadro N 6 reflejan la situacin de la
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
comunidad etnolingstica de modo aproximado, el panorama que dibujan
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally divided
slo puede calificarse de sombro.
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have held the
presidency
CUADROandNa 6:majority in the
DE QU Chamber
SE HABLA of Deputies (the legislative house
EN MAPUDUNGUN
elected by popular vote) for 16 years. By the standards of multiparty
coalitions anywhere, much less urbanos
Mapuches among Latin AmericasMapuches presidential
rurales
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric,
Frec. A veces Nunca
bearingR
the scars
Frec.
of miscellaneous
A veces Nunca R
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of
parliamentary rights from five of the coalitions deputies in 2002, and the
Familia 4,5% 13,2% 17,4% 64,9% 16,0% 24,4% 13,7% 46,0%
generalPers.
disillusionment3,2% that10,6%
goes with
21,3%holding
64,9%the 16,3%
reins of21,2%
power 16,6%
for so 45,9%
www.cepchile.cl

long. One
Saludmight conclude,
2,4% then,
10,0%that 22,6%
the coalition
65,0%is simply
18,3% ready to expire.
16,6% 19,2% 45,9%
Trabajo
Any of these3,1% forces,7,1%
or some24,6% 65,2% of
combination 18,3%
them,14,4% 21,4% 45,9%
could indeed
Deportes 0,9% 6,6% 27,5% 64,9% 9,8% 11,0% 32,9% 46,3%
undermine
Polticathe Concertacin,
0,7% 4,3%but30,0%
we do 65,0%
not regard 5,7% these factors
9,4% 38,4%as 46,5%
necessarily
Cerem.devastating3,8%to the coalitions
10,4% 20,8% survival
65,0% for13,4%
a number of reasons.
20,4% 20,0% 46,2%
In the first place, the Chilean economy has come through the last five years
in far better shape than that of any of its Southern Cone neighbors, and
employment and growth figures
Finalmente, el Cuadrorebounded in first
N 7 muestra lasmonths of 2003.
cifras ms The
preocupantes de
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit
todas: aquellas que dicen relacin directa con la transmisin del idioma for good
economic stewardship.
indgena y, por lo Next, many
tanto, con su of the issues
porvenir surrounding
inmediato. the non- urba-
De los mapuches
democratic
nos quelegacy
dijeronof the mapudungun,
hablar Pinochet eraslo including
un 2,4% (0,8% the respecto
renowned de 33,2%
+ 0,8%) dijo hablarlo normalmente con nios pequeos, ya fueran propios o
ajenos, en el lugar donde viva. Incluso los mapuches rurales se comunican
predominantemente en castellano con los nios de la zona: slo un 15,9%
(8,2% relativo a 43,5% + 8,2%) dijo utilizar el mapudungun. En el caso de
una lengua vigorosa pinsese, por ejemplo, en el castellano o el ingls en
ciudades como Santiago, Madrid, Londres o Chicago, estas cifras son
iguales a 100% en comunidades monolinges y ciertamente muy superiores
a 70% en comunidades plurilinges.

CUADRO N 7: EN QU IDIOMA SE HABLA CON NIOS PEQUEOS

MU MR

Castellano 33,2% 43,5%

Mapudungun 0,8% 8,2%
(Residuo 66,0% 48,3%)
Total 100,0% 100,0%
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 22
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
3. Conclusiones
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
Tanto los datos presentados en la seccin precedente como las con-
1980s, so as time passes, the compelling force of that initial motivation
sideraciones hechas en la seccin sobre la vitalidad etnolingstica del ma-
might naturally weaken. In addition, the Concertacin, and even its component
pudungun
parties most son alarmantes.
notably Obsrvese
the Christian que no hay
Democrats contradicciones:
are internally divided todo
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access toabandona-
apunta en la direccin de una lengua minoritaria que est siendo birth
control. Finally, by the 2005 elections, the Concertacin will have heldlathe
da por un nmero sustancial de sus hablantes. La preferencia por lengua
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house en
mayoritaria es mayor en ciertos grupos que en otros, as como tambin
ciertas
elected circunstancias
by popular vote) quefor 16en years.
otras, lo Bycual
the sugiere
standards que,of aun cuando las
multiparty
cifras anywhere,
coalitions no sean auspiciosas,
much less among no nosLatin encontramos
Americasan frente a una
presidential
lengua claramente moribunda sino a un idioma cuyo
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneous estado de salud es
corruption charges against members, including the stripping decisi-
crtico crtico en el sentido original de la palabra griega kritiks, of
vo, es decir,
parliamentary rightscuya
fromsobrevivencia se decidirdeputies
five of the coalitions en los prximos
in 2002, aos,
and thequizs
en eldisillusionment
general transcurso de la prxima
that goes withgeneracin.
holding the Si reins
no seofhace algofor
power quesotenga
www.cepchile.cl

long.unOne might importante,

impacto conclude, then, that the coalition
el pronstico is simply
de Augusta y Coaready to expire.
se har realidad, y
Any of these
la humanidad forces,
habr or some
perdido combination
una lengua ms; Chileof them, could habr
continental indeedperdi-
undermine the Concertacin,
do su ltimo idioma vernculo butenwe do not
cuanto regard
medio these factorsvivo
de comunicacin as y lo
necessarily devastating
ver engrosar to the
las filas de coalitions survivalcomo
objetos de museo, for a los
number of reasons.
recientemente extin-
In theguidos
first place,
ymana the yChilean
selknam. economy
Adems hasdelcome through (y
castellano thedellastingls),
five years
slo el
in faraimara
betternortino
shape than
y el that
rapaofnuiany of its servirn
insular SoutherndeCone neighbors,
recuerdos vivosandpor
employment and growth figures rebounded in first months
cunto tiempo ms? de una poca en que la riqueza cultural del territorio of 2003. The
Concertacin
chileno, almay menoswell enbe trminos
in a position in 2005 tobiolingstica,
de diversidad claim credit for era good
muy su-
economic
perior. stewardship. Next, many of the issues surrounding the non-
democraticPero legacy of the que
supongamos Pinochet era personas
suficientes including the renowned
no quieren que el mapu-
dungun muera. Qu puede hacerse, y quin debe hacerlo? Un plan de
revitalizacin detallado est ms all de lo que puede cubrir este breve
artculo, pero baste aqu mencionar algunas obviedades y acaso algunas
cosas menos obvias. El Ministerio de Educacin tiene parte de la responsa-
bilidad y de los recursos necesarios para, a travs de su Programa de Edu-
cacin Intercultural Bilinge, ayudar a revitalizar la lengua mapuche. El
prximo perfil sociolingstico detallado de las regiones VIII, IX y X, as
como de la Regin Metropolitana, deber complementar los indicios basa-
dos sobre los resultados de la encuesta del Centro de Estudios Pblicos
que hemos bosquejado aqu, ya sea confirmndolos, matizndolos o corri-
gindolos. Los mapuches urbanos (vase por ejemplo Foerster y Monteci-
no, este volumen), pero especialmente los mapuches rurales, asignan un rol
fundamental al mapudungun en el proceso de construccin de la identidad
indgena, pero normalmente carecen de la preparacin y de los recursos
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
FERNANDO
with Chiles unusual ZIGA
electoral rules. 23
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
necesarios para poder participar en un programa de revitalizacin, ya sea
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
ste formal o informal, de manera eficaz, slida, sostenida y competente. El
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
1980s,Programa
so as time Orgenes
passes,ythe la Corporacin
compelling Nacional
force of de thatDesarrollo Indgena deben
initial motivation
hacerse cargo
might naturally weaken.de sus respectivas
In addition, responsabilidades
the Concertacin, and evenen este sentido. Si bien
its component
el Estado ya destina recursos a estas tareas,
parties most notably the Christian Democrats are internally dividedlos serios problemas de legisla-
cin, planificacin, gestin e implementacin que
over social issues, such as the legal status of divorce and access to birth aquejan a la educacin
control.pblica
Finally,enbyChile son particularmente
the 2005 relevantes para
elections, the Concertacin willlohave
que aqu
held nos
the ocupa
el aprendizaje formal de la lengua indgena y
presidency and a majority in the Chamber of Deputies (the legislative house la formacin de profesores
electeddebyla popular
misma,vote) por loforque 16noyears.
es de Byesperar
the que las dificultades
standards de fondo se
of multiparty
resuelvan
coalitions en el corto
anywhere, muchplazo lesssin un esfuerzo
among Latin considerable por parte de todas
Americas presidential
las instancias involucradas (vase al respecto
systems, the Concertacin is geriatric, bearing the scars of miscellaneousel poco alentador panorama
descrito en PEIB, 2005). El propsito del
corruption charges against members, including the stripping of presente artculo no es evaluar el
desempeo
parliamentary de from
rights los programas
five of theestatales
coalitions implementados
deputies in 2002, hasta andla fecha;
the ms
generalbien el objetivo esthat
disillusionment llamar
goeslawith
atencin
holdingtantothede reins
autoridades
of power como for de
sola opi-
www.cepchile.cl

long. One might conclude, then, that the coalition is simply ready to expire. y, por
nin pblica sobre el hecho de que la vitalidad del mapudungun
Any
lo of these
tanto, tambinforces, or some combination
su viabilidad, parecen encontrarseof them,severamente
could indeedamena-
undermine
zadas.the Concertacin, but we do not regard these factors as
necessarily devastating
En el contextoto thedecoalitions survival
una valoracin for a number
positiva of reasons.
de la cultura mapuche en
In the first
Chileplace, the Chilean
por parte economypblica,
de la opinin has come through
como se hathevenido
last five years
observando al
in far menos
better shape
desde than that ofdeany
comienzos of its Southern
la dcada Cone an
de los noventa, neighbors, and por
queda mucho
employment
hacer, yand un growth figures rebounded
reconocimiento amplio del in first de
aporte months of 2003.
este pueblo The po-
originario
Concertacin may well be in a position in 2005 to claim credit
dra incluir una mayor presencia escrita de la lengua en las zonas de asenta- for good
economic
mientostewardship.
tradicionalNext, many Metropolitana
y la Regin of the issues (p. surrounding the non-letreros
ej., ms y mejores
democratic legacy of the Pinochet era including
en mapudungun, tanto de organismos del Estado como de privados, as the renowned
como sealizacin de toponimia y caminos). El objetivo de una poltica tal
como se ha visto en ejemplos anlogos de lenguas minoritarias euro-
peas no sera solamente simblico sino tambin prctico: los hablantes
aprenderan que la lengua mapuche sirve para algo, tambin en el marco
de la sociedad ms amplia, y podran verse motivados a emplearla en mbi-
tos hasta ahora reservados al castellano. Lo anterior nos lleva a un rea an
ms delicada, a saber, aquella del aprendizaje informal de la lengua en el
mbito familiar. El gran desafo planteado por la situacin actual del mapu-
dungun a los especialistas en educacin reside en cmo hacer que los
padres decidan hablarlo con sus hijos. Si no se logra este ltimo objetivo,
cualquier programa oficial est destinado al fracaso, logrando apenas el
mantenimiento del idioma vernculo como un componente ms del folclor o
un gabinete de curiosidades.
 impossible to assign responsibility among them. We share the opinion that
the Concertacin may well dissolve before Chiles next election, but not for
the reasons commonly cited. Our argument is based, instead, on the
structure of Chilean political careers, which in turn is connected inextricably
with 24
Chiles unusual electoral rules. ESTUDIOS PBLICOS
Harbingers of the Concertacins demise point out that the Chilean
economy has slowed somewhat since the coalitions early years in
BIBLIOGRAFA
government during the 1990s. Moreover, the coalition itself was initially
galvanized around opposition to the Pinochet regime of the 1970s and
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1980s, so as time passes,
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