ARTICLES

Articles consist of indefinite articles ("a"/"an") and the definite article ("the").
Indefinite Articles.
"a"/"an"
"a"
Used with nouns that begin with a consanant sound or 'you' sound.
Examples:
a bird
a man
a got
a university

"an"
Used with nouns that begin with a vowel sound or a silent 'h'.
Examples:
an apple
an eel
an idol
an hour

Definite article ("the")

Used to refer to a particular person, animal or thing
Examples:
the police,
the tiger,
the bus
Used to show something that is the one of its kind
Examples:
the sun
the moon
Used before a noun that represents a whole class
Examples:
I have a bird.
I feed the bird once a day.
Used with the superlative adjectives and adverbs
Examples:
the youngest child
run the fastest
Used before names of seas, rivers, mountain, ranges, islands, important buildings and musical
instruments
Examples:
the Alps
the Taj Mahal
the blue
PRONOUNS
A pronoun is a word that replaces a noun.
Examples:
John is a friendly boy.
He is my best friend.

Type of Pronouns
Personal Pronouns
(a) Subject Pronouns: Examples - I, he, they...
(b) Object Pronouns: Examples - me, him, them...
Possessive Adjectives
Examples - my, his,hers, theirs...
Reflexive Pronouns
Examples - myself, himself, themselves...
Relative Pronouns
Examples - who, whom, whose, which...
Demonstrative Pronouns/Adjectives
Examples - this, that, these, those...

Personal Personal Possessive Possessive

Subject Object Adjectives Pronouns
I me my mine
you you your yours
we us our ours
they them their theirs
he him his his
she her her hers
it it its -

Personal Subject:
Used in front of a VERB.
Example: I like him. (like = verb)
Personal Object:
Used behind a VERB/PREPOSITION.
Examples:
He likes me (likes = verb)
Wait for us. (for = preposition)
Possessive Adjectives
Used in front of a noun.
Examples:
Look at my car. (car = noun)
Possessive Pronouns
Used at the end of a sentence.
That car is mine. (mine - at the end of a sentence)
Interrogative Pronouns
We use wh-words to ask questions.
What is used to ask questions about people, animals and things.
What is your name?
What is the weight of the puppy?
What is the title of the book?
We use who to ask about people.
Who likes to eat grapes?
We use where to ask about places.
Where is the museum?
Where can I get a box of flour?
We use when to ask about date and time.
When is your birthday? )
When will the show begin?
We use which to ask questions about objects with one choice or more.
Which colour do you like?
We use why to ask questions about reasons.
Why is the sky blue?
Why is eating vegetables good for you?
We use how to ask questions about ways or manners.
How do we get from here to the library?
How are you doing today?

THE SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is used:
(a) to show a repealed or habitual action.
Examples: Nina goes to bed at ten every night.
(b) to state a fact or general truth
Examples: Bees and ants are insects.

The simple present tense is used:

to show a repeated or habitual action
Example: Nina goes to bed at ten every night.
to state a fact or general truth
Example: Bees and ants are insects.

Subject am/base form Example:

I are/base form I usually go fishing when
you/we/they/ I am free
plural nouns Babies always cry when
they are hungry.
he/she/it singular is/ He usually goes fishing
nouns + -s/-es/-ies when he is free.
The baby always cries when
he/she is hungry.
Suitable time expressions:
every day/week
often, always
usually
sometimes

THE SIMPLE PAST TENSE

The simple past tense is used to show an action that began and ended in the past.
e.g. Johan went to Ipoh yesterday.
We visited the orphanage last week.
Subject Verb Example

you + -d/-ed They moved to Kedah 3

we years ago.
they Xiu Lin called me this
he morning.
she change letters partly or She felt sleepy so she went
it completely to bed early last night.
singular/
plural nouns remain the same form I read the news just now.

Suitable time expressions:

last night/month ago yesterday just now

this morning

Take note:
The Simple Past Tense
Used to show that an action began and ended at a particular time in the past
I answered the phone call at 10:00 p.m. last night.
More examples
He slept at 12:00 midnight yesterday. (sleep slept slept - sleeping)
Mother went to the market two days ago. (go went gone going)
Mimi walked to school last week. (walk walked - walked walking)
I drank the milk an hour ago. (drink drunk drunk drinking)
She returned to her house just now. (return - returned - returned returning)
I walked to my office three years ago but now I drive to work. (walk walked - walked
walking)

Simple Past Tense shows an activity that took place at a given point in time, in the
past.
Examples: yesterday, last week, ten years ago, two minutes ago, six days ago.
I visit my grandmother today. (now)
I visited my grandmother yesterday. (past tense)
I shall visit my grandfather tomorrow. (future tense)
THE PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE
The past continuous tense is used:
(a) to show an action or two stimultaneous actions going on in the past.
Examples:
The plants were growing fast.
Susan was reading while her brother was playing badminton.
(b) To show an ongoing past action interrupted by a shorter action
Examples:
I was watching television when the lights suddenly went off.

Subject Verb Example

you we they plural were ' The baby was sleeping
nouns , + -ing verb was J soundly all night.
Mrs Liu was cooking
while her children were
I playing chess.
he They were making a lot
she of noise when the
it teacher entered the
singular nouns classroom.

THE SIMPLE FUTURE TENSE/GOING TO FORM

The simple future or going to form can be used to show a future action.
Examples:
I shall meet you tomorrow morning.
You will get your test results next week.
They are going to watch a film tonight.

Subject Verb Example

I/we shall will + base We shall finish all the projects by
you they he/she/it form Friday.
singular/ plural She will take a few days off to
nouns rest at home.
Aisyah will cook chicken
porridge tomorrow.
I am I am going to join the club next
you are term.
we They are going to leave now
they + going + base to My friends and I are going for a
plural nouns form school trip next week.
he/she/it He is going to cook dinner
singular nouns is tonight.

Suitable time expressions:

tomorrow tonight later soon afterwards
next day/week
VERB TO BE
Verb to be has three forms in the present: am, are, is

Subject Verb to be
I am very happy now.
you/we/they/plural nouns are
he/she/it/singular nouns is

VERBS
Verbs can be divided into regular verbs and irregular verbs.
Regular verbs
The past tense and past participle are formed by adding -ed or -d (for verbs ending in -
e).

Infinitive/ Past Particle Continuous

Base form Tense
accept accepted accepted accepting
borrow borrowed borrowed borrowing
escape escaped escaped escaping
follow followed followed following
help helped helped helping
import imported imported importing
joke joked joked joking

Irregular verbs
The past tense and past participle have totally different forms from the infinitive/base
form. Some do not change at all.

Infinitive/ Past Past

Base form Tense Participle Continuous
arise arose arisen arising
blow blew blown blowing
choose chose chosen choosing
cut cut cut cutting
do did done doing
eat ate eaten eating
run ran run running
see saw seen seeing
wake woke woken waking
CONJUNCTIONS (joining words)
A conjunction is a part of speech that is used to connect words, phrases,
clauses, or sentences. (or)
Conjunction is a word used to connect clauses or sentences or to coordinate
words in the same clause. (or)
A conjunction is a word that joins two or more words, phrases, or clauses.
Think of them as gluing words. They glue words, phrases, and clauses together.
Conjunctions are considered to be invariable grammar particle, and they may or may
not stand between items they conjoin.
Below is several examples of the conjunction words (e.g., and, or, but, because, so, if ..).
Examples:
and - joins two words, phrases or sentences
If you go to the canteen, please buy a plate of noodles and a cup of water.
or - to show a choice between two things
You can eat the cake or the pie.
but - joins two ideas that are different
Suzan wanted to enter the contest but her mother said no.
because - shows reasons
The dress is expensive because it is imported from France.
so - shows results
Come closer so I can see you better.

PREPOSITIONS
Prepositions are words used before a noun or pronoun to show how the noun or
pronoun is linked to another word in the sentence.
The table below shows different types of prepositions and its examples.
(Time, location, Direction, and Other uses)

Prepositions of time
- show when something happens
Examples: about/around, after, at,
before, by, during, for, from, in, on, since, till/until, to He was born in 1990.
I will be there before August next year.
She was here since last two years.

Prepositions of location
Prepositions of location show where a person, animal or object is at.
The prepositions of location are: on, above, in front of, between, against, in,
under, behind, beside, at.
Examples:
Sheila puts the bag on the chair.
Sanny hung a picture above the window.
The boy is standing in front of the car.
Rosli sits between Rani and Ani.
The spoon is in the glass.
The girl sits under a shady tree.
There is a cat behind her.
Puan Asiah sits beside/next to Encik Maslan.
Marina is waiting for her father.
Raju puts the ladder against the wall.

Note: Location - Show where someone or something is.

The dog rested under the tree.
Examples: above, against, among, at, behind,
below, by/beside, between, in, inside, near, on, opposite, outside, under

Prepositions of Direction
Prepositions of direction show the movement of someone or something from one place
to another.
The prepositions of direction are: up, out, down, over, to, from, along, across,
around.
Examples:
The boy is climbing up the tree.
Lily threw the pen out of the window.
The girls run down the stairs.
Line is going to the library.
The dog jumps over the fence.
The boy runs across the road.
The boys walk along the beach.

Note: Direction - show which way someone or something is moving towards

She walks to school every day.
Examples: across, along, around, about,
down, from, to, into, off, out, over, past, round, through, towards, up

Other uses - show manner, condition, purpose, method, relationship

The shirt is made of wool.
Examples: at, by, for, from, in, of, with