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  • Balancing Basics - Scenck

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    Dynamic balancing basics

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    151 vizualizări14 pagini

    Balancing Basics - Scenck

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    feni4ka
    Dynamic balancing basics

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    ‘Schenck - Balancing Machines & Vibration Analysis Equipment & SCHENCK Balancing and Diagnostic Systems WETS iad to Schenck-USA.com WA Schenck Trebel Cor Schenck Rotec Co! |ECH%20LIB)Vibration/Balancing%20and9420Alignment/Schenck?¥20-%20Balancing%20Home. htm [11/24/2008 12:25:51 PM] ‘Welcome to Schenck-usa.com 7 Over 100 years of experience behind every rotor! 3 SCHENCK y 2 Y Baaneng mdDiagroste Sten CO) sescrouate.[—_—+d + Welcome + Home: schenck-usa.com * Literature Request 2 comprehensive resource for the © Request Propasal | O°oduction, maintenance and repair of SSS rotating components! + Email Us ; Nearly anything that rotates, or is supported in bearings that sensed allow itt rotate, needs balancing to insure quality + Site Map. performance. From the smallest rotors for dental drill instruments to large power generating turbines, and from (ou) ‘electric motor armatures to the largest jet engines, all require sound balancing techniques for reliable, cost-effective History ofbalancing operation. * Schenck in the USA Schenck offers a complete range of products and services for the production, maintenance and repair of any rotating ‘component - from a fraction of a gram to over 600,000Ibs! The ‘Log In to our Literature Library Balancing and Diagnostic Systems Group in the US is Log In ‘comprised of two organizations, Schenck Trebel Corporation, Deer Park, NY, and Schenck RoTee Corporation, Troy, Ml Free Registraton Both organizations are subsidiaries of Schenck RoTec GmbH, ——= Darmstadt, Germany, the world's largest manufacturer of ‘dynamic balancing equipment This web site provides complete information about the products and services that are available from the Schenck Balancing and Diagnostic Systems Group in the Americas. In ‘our library section, you will ind a variety of useful information about balancing, along with technical artcies, textbooks and, ‘ther industry links that you may find helpful. We also offer a ‘comprehensive seminar program to improve your balancing skills and train your experts of the future! The new CS30 dynamic balancing machine allows high- performance crankshaft shops to completely balance crankshafts at one convenient workstation, More. See nee cme filo: )TECH%20LIB/Vibration/Balancing%20a...0AlignmenyWeleome%20to%420Schenck-usa_com.him (1 of 2) [11/24/2003 12:26:41 PM] ‘Welcome to Schenck-usa.com ‘Schenck Trebel Corporation | 535 Acorn Street - Deer Park, NY 11729 USA ‘Schenck RoTec Corporation | 2890 John R. Road - Troy, Ml 48083 USA 1-800-TREBEL-2 (1-800-873-2852) | Te: (681) 242-4010 - Fax: (631) Tel: (248) 689-9000 - Fax: (248) 689-7680 242-4147 ‘Schenck is the world's largest manufacturer of dynamic balancing equipment including manual and automated balancing machines and Instrumentation, vibration analyzers, condition monitoring systems, laser alignment apparatus, PI, VAD, NVH test systems, leak and test systems, ‘as well as moment weighing systems, spin testers, and high speed and overspeed facilities. Used and pre-owned machinery is available for all Industries from automotive, electronic armatures, jet engines and industrial turbines, aerospace, pulp and paper, tools and toolholders, computer Peripheral manufacture and much more. (©2003 Schenck Corporation All Rights Reserved fil:/0)TECH%¢20LIB/Vibration/Balancing%20a...AlignmenyWeleome%20to%420Schenck-usa_com.him (2 of 2) [11/24/2003 12:26:41 PM] History of Balancing CS) SCHENCK \&t2 2222202 ofexrrionce bend even rtor Balancing and Diagnostic Systems Search our site History of Balancing. TESTE The first patont or balancing technology was fed by Henry Martinson of Canada in 1870, four yoars after tho + Home development of the dynamo by Siemens. Near te tun of he century, Akio (USA) and Sodola Swizeiand) Tinecoturs Reavear 7 attempted to develop Martinson's technology and apply it for industal use Literature Request However. it was in 1907 when a modified version of the ‘technology was patented 7 Request Proposal by Dr. Franz Lawaczek, and offered to Carl Schenck, Darmstadt, Germany, for Reates Proposal — development. Schenck bull he frst industrial two-piane balancer, and * Email Us subsequently bought exclusive world rights to the dynamic balancing machine in 1915. + Webmaster = Welcome Through the years, craftsmanship and quality have + Site Map ®_ been the hallmarks of Schenck products. i Technology advancements gave way io improved sensitivity, frequency selectivity and URI plane separation capability. The development of electronics and mechanical’electrical fransducers, greatly reduced balancing time and paved the way for modern balancing technology. ‘Today Schenck balancing equipment is used with confidence for a wide range of applications - trom the smallest rotors for dental dil instruments to the largest steam turbines in the world. Our precision balancing machines assure accurate, dependable rotor operation and are available in nearly any configuration for rotors weighing as much as 600,000 Ibs. ecko ‘Schenck Trebel Corporation | 585 Acorn Street - Deer Park, NY 11729 USA ‘Schenck RoTec Corporation | 2890 John R. Road « Troy, Ml 48083 USA 1-800-TREBEL-2 (1-800-873-2858) | Tel: (631) 242-4010 - Fax: (631) Tel: (248) 689-9000 - Fax: (248) 689-7680 242-4147 ‘Schenck is the world's largest manufacturer of dynamic balancing equipment including manual and automated balancing machines and instrumentation, vibration analyzers, condition monitoring systems, laser alignment apparatus, Pl, VAD, NVH test systems, leak and test systems, as well as moment weighing systems, spin testers, and high speed and overspeed facilities. Used and pre-owned machinery is available for all industries from automotive, electronic armatures, jet engines and industrial turbines, aerospace, pulp and paper, tools and toolholders, computer peripheral manufacture and much more. (©2008 Schenck Corporation All Rights Reserved fil: )PTECH%20LIB/VibrationBalancing’%20and%420Alignment/History%200"%420Balancing. him [11/28/2003 10:51:10 AM] ‘What is Unbatance? According to DIN/ISO 1925 Unbalance is “that condition which exists in a rotor when vibratory force or motion is imparted to its bearings asa result of centrifugal forces." Why Balance? ‘An unbalanced rotor will cause vibration and stres in the rotor itself and in its supporting structure. Bal of the rotors, therefore, necessary to accomplish one or more of the following: Increase quality of product Minimize vibration Minimize audible and signal noises Minimize structural stresses Minimize operator annoyance and fatigue Increase Bearing Minimize power loss life Unbalance in just one rotating component of an assembly may cause the entire assembly to vibrate. This induced vibration in turn may cause excessive wear in bearings, bushings, shafts, spindles, gears, etc. substantially reducing their service life. Vibrations sct up highly undesirable altemating siresses in siuctural supports and housings, which may eventually lead to theit complete failure. Performance is decreased because of the absorption of energy by the supporting structure. Vibrations may be transmitted through the floor to adjacent machinery and seriously impair its accuracy or proper functioning, ‘Unbatance vs. Centrifugal forces Centrifugal foree acts upon the entre mass of a rotating component, impelling each particle outward and away from the axis of rotation ina radial direction, If the mass of a rotating component is evenly distributed about ils shaft axis, the partis "balanced" and rotates without vibration, However, ifan excess of mass exists on one side ‘of a rotor, the centrifugal force acting upon this heavy side exceeds the centrifugal force exerted by the light side and pulls the entire rotor inthe direction of the heavy side. ‘This igure shows the side view ofa rotor having an excess mass m on one side. Due to centrifugal force exerted. bby m during rotation, the entire rotor is being pulled in the direction ofthe arrow F. Radius of —— | Unbatanee () Rotor Mass Certitugel \ ree \\ unpaiance Wass () Shatt Axis Figure 1 (Contifugal force increases with the square of the speed A rotating element having an uneven mass distribution, i., unbalance, will vibrate due to the excess centrifugal force exerted during rotation by the heavier side of the rotor. When at rest, the excess mass exerts no centrifugal force and, therefore, causes no vibration, Yet the actual unbalance ig still present. Unbalance, therefore, is independent of rotational speed and remains the same, whether the parti at rest or is rotating (provided the part oes not deform during rotation), Centrifugal force, however, varies with speed. The higher the speed, the greater the centrifugal force exerted by the unbalance and the more violent the vibration. Centrifugal force increases proportionately to the square of the increase in speed. If the speed is doubled, the centrifugal force quadruples; if the speed is tripled, the centrifugal force is multiplied by nine Causes of Unbalance ‘The excess of mass on one side ofthe rotor in figure - 1, is called unbalance. Inthe example illustrated, itis the "heavy spot". Unbalance may also occur due to lack of mass (such as a drill hole, porous spot, etc.) in which case itis called the "Tight spot”. Either one may be caused by a variety of reasons, including the following: 4. Tolerances in fabrication, including casting, machining, and assembly. ». Variation within materials, such as voids, porosity, inclusions, grain, density, and finishes €. Nonsymmetrical design, including motor windings, part shapes, location, and density of finishes. 4d, Nonsymmetrical in use, including distortion, dimensional changes, and shifting of pats duc to rotational stresses, aerodynamic forces, and temperature changes, Symmetrical design and careful setting of tolerances and fits can oflen minimize balancing problems. Large amounts of unbalance require large cortections, If such corrections are made by removal of material, additional ‘machining cost is involved and part strength may be affected. If corrections are made by addition of material, cost is again a factor and space requirements forthe added material may be a problem, ‘Manufacturing processes are the major source of unbalance. Unmachined portions of castings or forgings, which feannot be made concentric and symmetrical with respect to the shaft axis, introduce substantial unbalance. ‘Manufacturing tolerances and processes, which permit any eccentricity or lack of squareness with respect to the shaft axis, are sources of unbalance, The tolerances, necessary for economical manufacturing and assembly of several elements of a rotor, permit radial displacement of parts ofthe assembly and thereby introduce unbalance. Limitations imposed by rotor design often introduce unbalance effects that cannot be corrected adequately by rofinement of the design itself. For example, electrical design considerations impose a requirement that one coil be uta greater radius than the others in a certain type of universal motor armature. It is impractical to design a ‘compensating unbalance into the armature Fabricated parts, such as fans, often distort nonsymmetrcally under service conditions. Design and economic considerations prevent the adaptation of methods that might eliminate this distortion and thereby reduce the resulting unbalance. Ideally, rotating parts should always be designed for inherent balance, whether a balancing operation is to be performed or not, Where low service speeds are involved and the effects of a reasonable amount of unbalance ‘ean be tolerated, this practice may eliminate the need for balancing. In pars that requite unbalanced masses for functional reasons, these masses ean often he counterbalanced by designing for symmetry about the shaft axis, Correction Methods Corrections for rotor unbalance are made either by the addition of mass to the rotor, by the removal of material, or in some eases, by relocating the shaft axis (“mass centering"). The selected correction method should ensure that there is sufficient space or material to allow correction of the maximum unbalance, which may occur. The ‘deal correction method permits a reduction of the maximum initial unbalance to less than balance tolerance in a single correction step. However, this is often diffieult to achieve. The more common methods described below. eg. drilling, usuelly permit a single step reduction of 10:1 in unbalance if carried out carefully. Milling and arinding are less accurate, unless carried out in automatic or semi-automatic balancing machines, which have integrated mass correction devices. The addition of mass may achieve a reduction ratio as large as 20:1 or higher, provided the mass and its position are closely controlled. Ifthe method selected for reduction of maximum intial unbalance cannot be expected to bring the rotor within the permissible residual unbalance in a single correction step, a preliminary correction is ‘made, Then a second correction follows to reduce the remaining unbalance to is permissible value, on of Mass 1. Addition of two-component Epoxy: It is difficult to apply the material so that its center-of-gravity is precisely at the desired correction location. Variations in location introduce errors in correction. This ‘method is often used in balancing of wound armatures, 2, Addition of Bolted or Riveted Standard washers: This method is quick, but somewhat limited in Accuracy because the washers come in incremental sizes, i, the mass of one washer may vary ‘considerably from the mass of the next washer of the same type and size, This method is oflen sed in balancing of AC motor rotors. 3. Addition of Premanufactured weights: The same limitations as in (2) apply. A typical application is ‘addition of spring clips to the blades of aulomotive A/C blower wheels. 4. Addition of cut-to-size weights: This is practiced on drive shafts, for instance, by resistance welding. the weights to the oulside rolor surface, Welding provides a means of attaching a wide variety of ‘correction masses at any desired angular locations, Care must be taken that welding heat docs not distor the rotor. Removal of Mass 1, Drilling: Material is removed from the rotor by a drill, which penetrates the rotor to a measured depth, thereby removing the intended amount of material with a high degree of accuracy. A depth gage or limit switeh can be provided on the drill spindle to ensure that the hole is drilled to the desired depth. This is probably the most effective method of unbalance correction. 2, Milling, Shaping, or Fly Cutting: This method permits accurate removal of mass when the rotor surfaces, from which the depth of cut is measured, are machined surfaces, and when means are provided for accurate measurement of cut with respeet to those surfaces; used where relatively large corrections are required. 3. Grinding: In general, grinding must be considered a trial-and-etror method of correction. Its difficult, to evaluate the actual mass of the material, which is removed. This method is usually used only where the rotor design or material does not permit a moze economical type of correction, Mass Centering Such a procedure is used, for instance, o reduce initial unbalance in erankshatt castings or forgings. The shat is ‘mounted in a balanced cage or eradle, which in tum, is rotated in a balancing machine. The shaft is adjusted radially with respect to the cage until the unbalance indication for the combined shaft and cradle assembly is within a given tolerance. At this point the principal inertia axis of the shaft essentially coincides with the shaft axis ofthe balanced cage. Center drills, guided along the axis ofthe cage, then drill the shaft centers and thereby provide an axis in the crankshaft about which i is in balance. The subsequent machining of the crankshaft is carried out between these centers. Because material removal is uneven at different parts ofthe shaft the machining operation will introduce some new unbalance. A final balancing operation i, therefore, till required. It is generally accomplished by drilling into the crankshaft counterweights. However, final unbalance corrections are small and balancing time is significantly shortened. Furthermore, final correction (usually by drilling) does not exceed the material available for it, nor does it reduce the mass of the counterweights to a level where they no longer perform their proper function, namely to compensate for the opposed throws and erankpins of the cranksha Units of Unbalanee Unbalance is measured in ounee-inches, gram-inches, or gram-millimeters, al having a similar meaning, namely a mass multiplied by its distance from the shaft axis, ie, its "radius". An unbalance of 100 g-in, for example, indicates that one side ofthe rotor has an excess mass equivalent to 10 grams ata 10 inch radius, or 20 grams at aS inch radius, ~~ Ratt since rion [oe Mass ny x \ S NON prvatnce Eh urwaunce Mass.u= 109 Rods of Unbaianas \ N 4 —— ~ shat as Figure 2 View of rotor with 100 g-in Unbalance ‘In each case the mass, when multiplied by its distance from the shaft axis, amounts to the same unbalance value, namely 100 gram-inches. A given mass will create different unbalances, depending on its distance from the shaft axis. To determine the unbalance, simply multiply the mass by its radius Since a given excess mass at a given radius represents the same unbalance, regardless of rotational speed (provided the rotor does not change ils shape over speed), the speed al which the unbalance is measured is

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